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On Deification: Euhemerus’ Work and His Theological Theory

Year 2023, Volume: 42 Issue: 73, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023

Sultan Deniz Küçüker

https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215

Abstract

Ancient Greek writer Euhemerus lived at the court of Macedonian king Cassander about 300 BC and wrote a fictitious novel called the Sacred Scripture (Hiera Anagraphē) which we know thanks to the writings of later authors. In that novel, he claimed to have travelled to Panchaea, an island beyond Arabia in the Indian Ocean and described the way of life of the Panchaian society. In his narrative, based on the inscriptions he observed on a golden stele at the island’s main temple, Euhemerus stated that Olympian gods were prominent men and kings deified by their subjects in retun (in gratitude) for the benefits they recieved from their rulers and this narrative has been the source of euhemerism, a theory which claims that mythical stories are based on real people or events. In this study, the work of Euhemerus will be briefly discussed and the theological view put forward by the author will be evaluated in a historical context.

Keywords

Euhemerus euhemerism theology deification / apotheosis euergetism

References

  • Referans1 Aiskh. Suppl. (Aiskhylos, Supplices) = Aeschylus, Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound, trans. by A. H. Sommerstein, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009.
  • Referans2 Agri, D., “Euhemerism in Virgil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Metamorphoses”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 54-77.
  • Referans3 Antela-Bernárdez, B., “Like Gods among Men. The Use of Religion and Mythical Issues during Alexander's Campaign”, ed. K. Ulanowski, The Religious Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, Ancient Warfare, vol. 1, Leiden: Bril 2016, 235-255.
  • Referans4 Aristot. pol. (Aristoteles,Politica) = Aristotle, Politics, trans. by H. Rackham, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1932.
  • Referans5 Arr. anab. (Arrianus, Anabasis) = Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4, Volume II: Books 5-7, trans. by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1976, 1983.
  • Referans6 Balsdon, J. P. V. D., "The 'Divinity' of Alexander", Historia 1/3, 1950, 363-388.
  • Referans7 Baz, F., Roma İmparator Kültü, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul 1998.
  • Referans8 Bosworth, A. B., Büyük İskender’in Yaşamı ve Fetihleri, çev. Hamit Çalışkan, İstanbul: Dost Kitabevi 2005.
  • Referans9 Brown, T. S., “Euhemerus and the Historians”, The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 39/4, 1946, 259- 274.
  • Referans10 Burkert, W., Greek Religion, Archaic and Classical, trans. by John Raffan, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1985.
  • Referans11 Caspers, C. L., “Gods in Space and Time. Callimachus and Euhemerus”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021a, 36-53.
  • Referans12 Caspers, C. L., “Appendix: the Euhemerus testimonia”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 263-323.
  • Referans13 Chaniotis, A., “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers”, ed. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Blackwell: Oxford 2003, 431–445.
  • Referans14 Cicero, Tanrıların Doğası, çev. Gül Özaktürk, Ü. Fafo Telatar, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları 2021.
  • Referans15 Currie, B., Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.
  • Referans16 Digeser, E. D., The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000.
  • Referans17 Digeser, E. D. - Barboza, A., “Lactantius’ Euhemerism and its reception”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 78-103.
  • Referans18 Diod. (Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike) = Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, trans. by C. H. Oldfather, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press1939.
  • Referans19 DNP (Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike), ed. H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Band 12/2, Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler 2003.
  • Referans20 Dreyer, B., “Heroes, Cults, and Divinity.”, ed. W. Heckel, A. Lawrence, Alexander the Great. A New History, Wiley-Blackwell: Malden 2009, 218–235.
  • Referans21 Durvye, C., “The Role of the Gods in Diodoros' Universal History: Religious Thought and History in the Historical Library”, ed. Lisa I. Hau, Alexander Meeus, Brian Sheridan, Diodoros of Sicily: Historiographical Theory and Practice in the “Bibliotheke”, Leuven: Peeters Publishers 2018, 347–64.
  • Referans22 Erskine, A., “Ruler Cult and the Early Hellenistic City”, ed. H. Hauben, A. Meeus, The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323–276 B.C), Leuven: Peeters 2014, 579–597.
  • Referans23 Euripides Bacch. (Bacchae) = Euripides, Bacchae. Iphigenia at Aulis. Rhesus, trans. by David Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2003.
  • Referans24 Euseb. Praep. evang. (Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica) = Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, Book 2, chapter 2, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 275-278.
  • Referans25 Farnell, L. R., Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford: Clarendon Press 1921.
  • Referans26 Fischer-Hansen, T- T. H. Nielsen – C. Ampolo, “Sikelia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 172-248.
  • Referans27 Flensted-Jensen, P. “Karia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 1108-1137.
  • Referans28 Glover, D. B., Patterns of Deification in the Acts of the Apostles, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2022.
  • Referans29 Grimal, P., Mitoloji Sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma, çev. Sevgi Tamgüç, İstanbul: Kabalcı 2007.
  • Referans30 Hes. theog. (Hesiodos, Theogonia) = Hesiod. Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia, trans. by Glenn W. Mos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2018.
  • Referans31 Holt, P., “Herakles’ Apotheosis in Lost Greek Literature and Art”, L'Antiquité Classique 61, 1992, 38-59.
  • Referans32 Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homer. Iliad, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1924.
  • Referans33 Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homer. Odyssey, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919.
  • Referans34 Howatson, M.C., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989.
  • Referans35 Hymn. Dem. (Hymnos eis Demētran) = Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer, trans. by Martin L. West, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Referans36 Hyp. 6. (Hyperides Epitaph) = Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides, trans. by J. O. Burtt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1954.
  • Referans37 IG = Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– )
  • Referans38 Isoc. Ep. 3 (Isocrates, Epistulae, Ad Philippum) = Isocrates. Evagoras. Helen. Busiris. Plataicus. Concerning the Team of Horses. Trapeziticus. Against Callimachus. Aegineticus. Against Lochites. Against Euthynus. Letters, trans. by La Rue Van Hook, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1945.
  • Referans39 Johnston, P., “Vergil’s Conception of Saturnus”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 10, 1977, 57-70.
  • Referans40 Kaçar, T., Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2009.
  • Referans41 Kokolakis, M., “Zeus' tomb. An object of pride and reproach”, Kernos 8, 1995, 123-138.
  • Referans42 Lact. Div. inst. (Lactantius Divinae institutiones) = Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Book 1, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 278-288.
  • Referans43 Malkin, I., Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece, Leiden: Brill 1987.
  • Referans44 Muntz, C. E., Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
  • Referans45 OGIS = W. Dittenberger, Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae Leipzig 1903- 1905.
  • Referans46 Ovidius Met. (Metamorphoses) = Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume II: Books 9-15, trans by Frank Justus Miller, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans47 Öztürk, B., Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçükasya’sında Dionysos Kültü, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2010.
  • Referans48 Paus. (Pausanias) = Pausanias. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume III: Books 6-8.21, trans. by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1933.
  • Referans49 Pind. Pyth. (Pindaros, Pythian Odes) Pindar, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans50 Pind. Isthm. (Pindaros, Isthmian Odes), Nemea = Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes, Fragments, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans51 Plutarkhos, De Is. et Os.( De Iside et Osiride) = Plutarch, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi, The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse, The Obsolescence of Oracles, trans. by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1936.
  • Referans52 Plut. Per. (Plutarkhos, Perikles) = Plutarch. Lives, Volume III: Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus, trans. by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans53 Polybios (Historiai) = Polybius, The Histories, Volume VI: Books 28-39. Fragments, trans. by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2012.
  • Referans54 Pugh, S., “Introduction”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021, 1-35.
  • Referans55 Sacks, K., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  • Referans56 Sanders, L. J., “Dionysius I of Syracuse and the Origins of the Ruler Cult in the Greek World”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 40/3, 1991, 275-287.
  • Referans57 Spyridakis, S., "Zeus Is Dead: Euhemerus and Crete" The Classical Journal, 63/8, 1968, 337-340.
  • Referans58 Str. (Strabon, Geographika) = Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume IV: Books 8-9, trans. by Horace L. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917, 1927.
  • Referans59 SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden 1923 –
  • Referans60 Tod, GHI = Tod M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions I-II. Oxford 1933-1948.
  • Referans61 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans62 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans63 Walbank, F.W., “Monarchies and Monarchic Ideas”, ed. F.W. Walbank, A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, RM. Ogilvie, Cambridge Ancient. History 7, 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984, 62-100.
  • Referans64 Whitley, J., “The Monuments That Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Archaic Attica”, American Journal of Archaeology 98/ 2, 1994, 213-230.
  • Referans65 Winiarczyk, M., The Sacred History of Euhemerus of Messene, translated by Witold Zbirohowski-Kościa, Berlin: De Gruyter 2013.

Year 2023, Volume: 42 Issue: 73, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023

Sultan Deniz Küçüker

https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215

Abstract

References

  • Referans1 Aiskh. Suppl. (Aiskhylos, Supplices) = Aeschylus, Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound, trans. by A. H. Sommerstein, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009.
  • Referans2 Agri, D., “Euhemerism in Virgil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Metamorphoses”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 54-77.
  • Referans3 Antela-Bernárdez, B., “Like Gods among Men. The Use of Religion and Mythical Issues during Alexander's Campaign”, ed. K. Ulanowski, The Religious Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, Ancient Warfare, vol. 1, Leiden: Bril 2016, 235-255.
  • Referans4 Aristot. pol. (Aristoteles,Politica) = Aristotle, Politics, trans. by H. Rackham, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1932.
  • Referans5 Arr. anab. (Arrianus, Anabasis) = Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4, Volume II: Books 5-7, trans. by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1976, 1983.
  • Referans6 Balsdon, J. P. V. D., "The 'Divinity' of Alexander", Historia 1/3, 1950, 363-388.
  • Referans7 Baz, F., Roma İmparator Kültü, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul 1998.
  • Referans8 Bosworth, A. B., Büyük İskender’in Yaşamı ve Fetihleri, çev. Hamit Çalışkan, İstanbul: Dost Kitabevi 2005.
  • Referans9 Brown, T. S., “Euhemerus and the Historians”, The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 39/4, 1946, 259- 274.
  • Referans10 Burkert, W., Greek Religion, Archaic and Classical, trans. by John Raffan, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1985.
  • Referans11 Caspers, C. L., “Gods in Space and Time. Callimachus and Euhemerus”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021a, 36-53.
  • Referans12 Caspers, C. L., “Appendix: the Euhemerus testimonia”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 263-323.
  • Referans13 Chaniotis, A., “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers”, ed. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Blackwell: Oxford 2003, 431–445.
  • Referans14 Cicero, Tanrıların Doğası, çev. Gül Özaktürk, Ü. Fafo Telatar, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları 2021.
  • Referans15 Currie, B., Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.
  • Referans16 Digeser, E. D., The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000.
  • Referans17 Digeser, E. D. - Barboza, A., “Lactantius’ Euhemerism and its reception”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 78-103.
  • Referans18 Diod. (Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike) = Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, trans. by C. H. Oldfather, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press1939.
  • Referans19 DNP (Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike), ed. H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Band 12/2, Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler 2003.
  • Referans20 Dreyer, B., “Heroes, Cults, and Divinity.”, ed. W. Heckel, A. Lawrence, Alexander the Great. A New History, Wiley-Blackwell: Malden 2009, 218–235.
  • Referans21 Durvye, C., “The Role of the Gods in Diodoros' Universal History: Religious Thought and History in the Historical Library”, ed. Lisa I. Hau, Alexander Meeus, Brian Sheridan, Diodoros of Sicily: Historiographical Theory and Practice in the “Bibliotheke”, Leuven: Peeters Publishers 2018, 347–64.
  • Referans22 Erskine, A., “Ruler Cult and the Early Hellenistic City”, ed. H. Hauben, A. Meeus, The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323–276 B.C), Leuven: Peeters 2014, 579–597.
  • Referans23 Euripides Bacch. (Bacchae) = Euripides, Bacchae. Iphigenia at Aulis. Rhesus, trans. by David Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2003.
  • Referans24 Euseb. Praep. evang. (Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica) = Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, Book 2, chapter 2, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 275-278.
  • Referans25 Farnell, L. R., Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford: Clarendon Press 1921.
  • Referans26 Fischer-Hansen, T- T. H. Nielsen – C. Ampolo, “Sikelia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 172-248.
  • Referans27 Flensted-Jensen, P. “Karia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 1108-1137.
  • Referans28 Glover, D. B., Patterns of Deification in the Acts of the Apostles, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2022.
  • Referans29 Grimal, P., Mitoloji Sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma, çev. Sevgi Tamgüç, İstanbul: Kabalcı 2007.
  • Referans30 Hes. theog. (Hesiodos, Theogonia) = Hesiod. Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia, trans. by Glenn W. Mos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2018.
  • Referans31 Holt, P., “Herakles’ Apotheosis in Lost Greek Literature and Art”, L'Antiquité Classique 61, 1992, 38-59.
  • Referans32 Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homer. Iliad, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1924.
  • Referans33 Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homer. Odyssey, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919.
  • Referans34 Howatson, M.C., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989.
  • Referans35 Hymn. Dem. (Hymnos eis Demētran) = Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer, trans. by Martin L. West, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Referans36 Hyp. 6. (Hyperides Epitaph) = Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides, trans. by J. O. Burtt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1954.
  • Referans37 IG = Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– )
  • Referans38 Isoc. Ep. 3 (Isocrates, Epistulae, Ad Philippum) = Isocrates. Evagoras. Helen. Busiris. Plataicus. Concerning the Team of Horses. Trapeziticus. Against Callimachus. Aegineticus. Against Lochites. Against Euthynus. Letters, trans. by La Rue Van Hook, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1945.
  • Referans39 Johnston, P., “Vergil’s Conception of Saturnus”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 10, 1977, 57-70.
  • Referans40 Kaçar, T., Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2009.
  • Referans41 Kokolakis, M., “Zeus' tomb. An object of pride and reproach”, Kernos 8, 1995, 123-138.
  • Referans42 Lact. Div. inst. (Lactantius Divinae institutiones) = Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Book 1, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 278-288.
  • Referans43 Malkin, I., Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece, Leiden: Brill 1987.
  • Referans44 Muntz, C. E., Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
  • Referans45 OGIS = W. Dittenberger, Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae Leipzig 1903- 1905.
  • Referans46 Ovidius Met. (Metamorphoses) = Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume II: Books 9-15, trans by Frank Justus Miller, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans47 Öztürk, B., Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçükasya’sında Dionysos Kültü, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2010.
  • Referans48 Paus. (Pausanias) = Pausanias. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume III: Books 6-8.21, trans. by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1933.
  • Referans49 Pind. Pyth. (Pindaros, Pythian Odes) Pindar, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans50 Pind. Isthm. (Pindaros, Isthmian Odes), Nemea = Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes, Fragments, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans51 Plutarkhos, De Is. et Os.( De Iside et Osiride) = Plutarch, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi, The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse, The Obsolescence of Oracles, trans. by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1936.
  • Referans52 Plut. Per. (Plutarkhos, Perikles) = Plutarch. Lives, Volume III: Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus, trans. by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans53 Polybios (Historiai) = Polybius, The Histories, Volume VI: Books 28-39. Fragments, trans. by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2012.
  • Referans54 Pugh, S., “Introduction”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021, 1-35.
  • Referans55 Sacks, K., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  • Referans56 Sanders, L. J., “Dionysius I of Syracuse and the Origins of the Ruler Cult in the Greek World”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 40/3, 1991, 275-287.
  • Referans57 Spyridakis, S., "Zeus Is Dead: Euhemerus and Crete" The Classical Journal, 63/8, 1968, 337-340.
  • Referans58 Str. (Strabon, Geographika) = Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume IV: Books 8-9, trans. by Horace L. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917, 1927.
  • Referans59 SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden 1923 –
  • Referans60 Tod, GHI = Tod M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions I-II. Oxford 1933-1948.
  • Referans61 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans62 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans63 Walbank, F.W., “Monarchies and Monarchic Ideas”, ed. F.W. Walbank, A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, RM. Ogilvie, Cambridge Ancient. History 7, 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984, 62-100.
  • Referans64 Whitley, J., “The Monuments That Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Archaic Attica”, American Journal of Archaeology 98/ 2, 1994, 213-230.
  • Referans65 Winiarczyk, M., The Sacred History of Euhemerus of Messene, translated by Witold Zbirohowski-Kościa, Berlin: De Gruyter 2013.

Year 2023, Volume: 42 Issue: 73, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023

Sultan Deniz Küçüker

https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215

Abstract

References

  • Referans1 Aiskh. Suppl. (Aiskhylos, Supplices) = Aeschylus, Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound, trans. by A. H. Sommerstein, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2009.
  • Referans2 Agri, D., “Euhemerism in Virgil’s Aeneid and Ovid’s Metamorphoses”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 54-77.
  • Referans3 Antela-Bernárdez, B., “Like Gods among Men. The Use of Religion and Mythical Issues during Alexander's Campaign”, ed. K. Ulanowski, The Religious Aspects of War in the Ancient Near East, Greece, and Rome, Ancient Warfare, vol. 1, Leiden: Bril 2016, 235-255.
  • Referans4 Aristot. pol. (Aristoteles,Politica) = Aristotle, Politics, trans. by H. Rackham, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1932.
  • Referans5 Arr. anab. (Arrianus, Anabasis) = Arrian. Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4, Volume II: Books 5-7, trans. by P. A. Brunt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1976, 1983.
  • Referans6 Balsdon, J. P. V. D., "The 'Divinity' of Alexander", Historia 1/3, 1950, 363-388.
  • Referans7 Baz, F., Roma İmparator Kültü, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul 1998.
  • Referans8 Bosworth, A. B., Büyük İskender’in Yaşamı ve Fetihleri, çev. Hamit Çalışkan, İstanbul: Dost Kitabevi 2005.
  • Referans9 Brown, T. S., “Euhemerus and the Historians”, The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 39/4, 1946, 259- 274.
  • Referans10 Burkert, W., Greek Religion, Archaic and Classical, trans. by John Raffan, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1985.
  • Referans11 Caspers, C. L., “Gods in Space and Time. Callimachus and Euhemerus”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021a, 36-53.
  • Referans12 Caspers, C. L., “Appendix: the Euhemerus testimonia”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 263-323.
  • Referans13 Chaniotis, A., “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers”, ed. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Blackwell: Oxford 2003, 431–445.
  • Referans14 Cicero, Tanrıların Doğası, çev. Gül Özaktürk, Ü. Fafo Telatar, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları 2021.
  • Referans15 Currie, B., Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.
  • Referans16 Digeser, E. D., The Making of a Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000.
  • Referans17 Digeser, E. D. - Barboza, A., “Lactantius’ Euhemerism and its reception”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London, New York: Routledge 2021, 78-103.
  • Referans18 Diod. (Diodoros, Bibliotheke Historike) = Diodorus Siculus. Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, trans. by C. H. Oldfather, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press1939.
  • Referans19 DNP (Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike), ed. H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Band 12/2, Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler 2003.
  • Referans20 Dreyer, B., “Heroes, Cults, and Divinity.”, ed. W. Heckel, A. Lawrence, Alexander the Great. A New History, Wiley-Blackwell: Malden 2009, 218–235.
  • Referans21 Durvye, C., “The Role of the Gods in Diodoros' Universal History: Religious Thought and History in the Historical Library”, ed. Lisa I. Hau, Alexander Meeus, Brian Sheridan, Diodoros of Sicily: Historiographical Theory and Practice in the “Bibliotheke”, Leuven: Peeters Publishers 2018, 347–64.
  • Referans22 Erskine, A., “Ruler Cult and the Early Hellenistic City”, ed. H. Hauben, A. Meeus, The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323–276 B.C), Leuven: Peeters 2014, 579–597.
  • Referans23 Euripides Bacch. (Bacchae) = Euripides, Bacchae. Iphigenia at Aulis. Rhesus, trans. by David Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2003.
  • Referans24 Euseb. Praep. evang. (Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica) = Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, Book 2, chapter 2, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 275-278.
  • Referans25 Farnell, L. R., Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford: Clarendon Press 1921.
  • Referans26 Fischer-Hansen, T- T. H. Nielsen – C. Ampolo, “Sikelia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 172-248.
  • Referans27 Flensted-Jensen, P. “Karia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 1108-1137.
  • Referans28 Glover, D. B., Patterns of Deification in the Acts of the Apostles, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2022.
  • Referans29 Grimal, P., Mitoloji Sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma, çev. Sevgi Tamgüç, İstanbul: Kabalcı 2007.
  • Referans30 Hes. theog. (Hesiodos, Theogonia) = Hesiod. Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia, trans. by Glenn W. Mos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2018.
  • Referans31 Holt, P., “Herakles’ Apotheosis in Lost Greek Literature and Art”, L'Antiquité Classique 61, 1992, 38-59.
  • Referans32 Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homer. Iliad, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1924.
  • Referans33 Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homer. Odyssey, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919.
  • Referans34 Howatson, M.C., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989.
  • Referans35 Hymn. Dem. (Hymnos eis Demētran) = Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer, trans. by Martin L. West, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Referans36 Hyp. 6. (Hyperides Epitaph) = Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides, trans. by J. O. Burtt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1954.
  • Referans37 IG = Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– )
  • Referans38 Isoc. Ep. 3 (Isocrates, Epistulae, Ad Philippum) = Isocrates. Evagoras. Helen. Busiris. Plataicus. Concerning the Team of Horses. Trapeziticus. Against Callimachus. Aegineticus. Against Lochites. Against Euthynus. Letters, trans. by La Rue Van Hook, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1945.
  • Referans39 Johnston, P., “Vergil’s Conception of Saturnus”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 10, 1977, 57-70.
  • Referans40 Kaçar, T., Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2009.
  • Referans41 Kokolakis, M., “Zeus' tomb. An object of pride and reproach”, Kernos 8, 1995, 123-138.
  • Referans42 Lact. Div. inst. (Lactantius Divinae institutiones) = Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Book 1, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 278-288.
  • Referans43 Malkin, I., Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece, Leiden: Brill 1987.
  • Referans44 Muntz, C. E., Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
  • Referans45 OGIS = W. Dittenberger, Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae Leipzig 1903- 1905.
  • Referans46 Ovidius Met. (Metamorphoses) = Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume II: Books 9-15, trans by Frank Justus Miller, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans47 Öztürk, B., Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçükasya’sında Dionysos Kültü, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2010.
  • Referans48 Paus. (Pausanias) = Pausanias. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume III: Books 6-8.21, trans. by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1933.
  • Referans49 Pind. Pyth. (Pindaros, Pythian Odes) Pindar, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans50 Pind. Isthm. (Pindaros, Isthmian Odes), Nemea = Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes, Fragments, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans51 Plutarkhos, De Is. et Os.( De Iside et Osiride) = Plutarch, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi, The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse, The Obsolescence of Oracles, trans. by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1936.
  • Referans52 Plut. Per. (Plutarkhos, Perikles) = Plutarch. Lives, Volume III: Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus, trans. by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans53 Polybios (Historiai) = Polybius, The Histories, Volume VI: Books 28-39. Fragments, trans. by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2012.
  • Referans54 Pugh, S., “Introduction”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021, 1-35.
  • Referans55 Sacks, K., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  • Referans56 Sanders, L. J., “Dionysius I of Syracuse and the Origins of the Ruler Cult in the Greek World”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 40/3, 1991, 275-287.
  • Referans57 Spyridakis, S., "Zeus Is Dead: Euhemerus and Crete" The Classical Journal, 63/8, 1968, 337-340.
  • Referans58 Str. (Strabon, Geographika) = Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume IV: Books 8-9, trans. by Horace L. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917, 1927.
  • Referans59 SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden 1923 –
  • Referans60 Tod, GHI = Tod M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions I-II. Oxford 1933-1948.
  • Referans61 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans62 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans63 Walbank, F.W., “Monarchies and Monarchic Ideas”, ed. F.W. Walbank, A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, RM. Ogilvie, Cambridge Ancient. History 7, 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984, 62-100.
  • Referans64 Whitley, J., “The Monuments That Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Archaic Attica”, American Journal of Archaeology 98/ 2, 1994, 213-230.
  • Referans65 Winiarczyk, M., The Sacred History of Euhemerus of Messene, translated by Witold Zbirohowski-Kościa, Berlin: De Gruyter 2013.

Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü

Year 2023, Volume: 42 Issue: 73, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023

Sultan Deniz Küçüker

https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215

Abstract

Hellenistik Dönem yazarlarından Euhemeros (İÖ c. 340–260), Makedonya Kralı Kassandros’un edebi koruması altında bulunmuş ve günümüze dolaylı aktarımları ulaşmış olan Hiera Anagraphē (Ἱερὰ Ἀναγραφή) adlı kurgu bir eser ortaya koymuştur. Bu eserinde Euhemeros, Hint Okyanusu üzerinde bulunduğunu iddia ettiği Pankhaia Adası’na yolculuğunu ve burada gördüklerini konu etmiştir. Anlatısı içinde, adanın en önemli tapınağında bulunan altın bir stel üzerindeki yazıtlara dayanarak mitolojik tanrıların vaktiyle dünya üzerinde hüküm sürmüş gerçek kişiler olduklarına değinmiş ve onun bu yazdıkları, euhemerizm olarak adlandırılan, mitolojik anlatıların gerçek kişi ya da olaylar üzerine kurulduğu yönündeki teoriye kaynak olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Euhemeros’un eserine özetle değinilecek ve yazarın ortaya sürdüğü teolojik görüşün tarihi bağlamda kısa bir değerlendirmesi yapılacaktır.

Keywords

Euhemeros euhemerizm teoloji tanrılaştırma euergetizm

References

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  • Referans13 Chaniotis, A., “The Divinity of Hellenistic Rulers”, ed. Erskine, A Companion to the Hellenistic World, Blackwell: Oxford 2003, 431–445.
  • Referans14 Cicero, Tanrıların Doğası, çev. Gül Özaktürk, Ü. Fafo Telatar, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları 2021.
  • Referans15 Currie, B., Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010.
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  • Referans19 DNP (Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike), ed. H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Band 12/2, Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler 2003.
  • Referans20 Dreyer, B., “Heroes, Cults, and Divinity.”, ed. W. Heckel, A. Lawrence, Alexander the Great. A New History, Wiley-Blackwell: Malden 2009, 218–235.
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  • Referans22 Erskine, A., “Ruler Cult and the Early Hellenistic City”, ed. H. Hauben, A. Meeus, The Age of the Successors and the Creation of the Hellenistic Kingdoms (323–276 B.C), Leuven: Peeters 2014, 579–597.
  • Referans23 Euripides Bacch. (Bacchae) = Euripides, Bacchae. Iphigenia at Aulis. Rhesus, trans. by David Kovacs, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2003.
  • Referans24 Euseb. Praep. evang. (Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica) = Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospels, Book 2, chapter 2, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 275-278.
  • Referans25 Farnell, L. R., Greek Hero Cults and Ideas of Immortality Oxford: Clarendon Press 1921.
  • Referans26 Fischer-Hansen, T- T. H. Nielsen – C. Ampolo, “Sikelia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 172-248.
  • Referans27 Flensted-Jensen, P. “Karia”, ed. Mogens Herman Hansen, Thomas Heine Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004, 1108-1137.
  • Referans28 Glover, D. B., Patterns of Deification in the Acts of the Apostles, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2022.
  • Referans29 Grimal, P., Mitoloji Sözlüğü: Yunan ve Roma, çev. Sevgi Tamgüç, İstanbul: Kabalcı 2007.
  • Referans30 Hes. theog. (Hesiodos, Theogonia) = Hesiod. Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia, trans. by Glenn W. Mos, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2018.
  • Referans31 Holt, P., “Herakles’ Apotheosis in Lost Greek Literature and Art”, L'Antiquité Classique 61, 1992, 38-59.
  • Referans32 Hom. Il. (Homeros, Ilias) = Homer. Iliad, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1924.
  • Referans33 Hom. Od. (Homeros, Odysseia) = Homer. Odyssey, Volume I: Books 1-12, trans. by A. T. Murray, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1919.
  • Referans34 Howatson, M.C., The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989.
  • Referans35 Hymn. Dem. (Hymnos eis Demētran) = Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer, trans. by Martin L. West, Harvard University Press, Cambridge 2003.
  • Referans36 Hyp. 6. (Hyperides Epitaph) = Minor Attic Orators, Volume II: Lycurgus. Dinarchus. Demades. Hyperides, trans. by J. O. Burtt. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1954.
  • Referans37 IG = Inscriptiones Graecae (1873– )
  • Referans38 Isoc. Ep. 3 (Isocrates, Epistulae, Ad Philippum) = Isocrates. Evagoras. Helen. Busiris. Plataicus. Concerning the Team of Horses. Trapeziticus. Against Callimachus. Aegineticus. Against Lochites. Against Euthynus. Letters, trans. by La Rue Van Hook, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1945.
  • Referans39 Johnston, P., “Vergil’s Conception of Saturnus”, California Studies in Classical Antiquity, 10, 1977, 57-70.
  • Referans40 Kaçar, T., Geç Antikçağ’da Hıristiyanlık, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2009.
  • Referans41 Kokolakis, M., “Zeus' tomb. An object of pride and reproach”, Kernos 8, 1995, 123-138.
  • Referans42 Lact. Div. inst. (Lactantius Divinae institutiones) = Lactantius, Divine Institutes, Book 1, trans. by Caspers, C. L., ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021b, 278-288.
  • Referans43 Malkin, I., Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece, Leiden: Brill 1987.
  • Referans44 Muntz, C. E., Diodorus Siculus and the World of the Late Roman Republic, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2017.
  • Referans45 OGIS = W. Dittenberger, Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae Leipzig 1903- 1905.
  • Referans46 Ovidius Met. (Metamorphoses) = Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume II: Books 9-15, trans by Frank Justus Miller, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans47 Öztürk, B., Roma İmparatorluk Çağı Küçükasya’sında Dionysos Kültü, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları 2010.
  • Referans48 Paus. (Pausanias) = Pausanias. Description of Greece, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume III: Books 6-8.21, trans. by W. H. S. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918, 1933.
  • Referans49 Pind. Pyth. (Pindaros, Pythian Odes) Pindar, Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans50 Pind. Isthm. (Pindaros, Isthmian Odes), Nemea = Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes, Fragments, trans. by William H. Race, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1997; Pindaros: Bütün Zafer Şarkıları, çev. Erman Gören, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları 2015.
  • Referans51 Plutarkhos, De Is. et Os.( De Iside et Osiride) = Plutarch, Moralia, Volume V: Isis and Osiris. The E at Delphi, The Oracles at Delphi No Longer Given in Verse, The Obsolescence of Oracles, trans. by Frank Cole Babbitt, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1936.
  • Referans52 Plut. Per. (Plutarkhos, Perikles) = Plutarch. Lives, Volume III: Pericles and Fabius Maximus. Nicias and Crassus, trans. by Bernadotte Perrin, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1916.
  • Referans53 Polybios (Historiai) = Polybius, The Histories, Volume VI: Books 28-39. Fragments, trans. by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2012.
  • Referans54 Pugh, S., “Introduction”, ed. S. Pugh, Euhemerism and Its Uses: The Mortal God, London-New York: Routledge 2021, 1-35.
  • Referans55 Sacks, K., Diodorus Siculus and the First Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
  • Referans56 Sanders, L. J., “Dionysius I of Syracuse and the Origins of the Ruler Cult in the Greek World”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 40/3, 1991, 275-287.
  • Referans57 Spyridakis, S., "Zeus Is Dead: Euhemerus and Crete" The Classical Journal, 63/8, 1968, 337-340.
  • Referans58 Str. (Strabon, Geographika) = Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2, Volume IV: Books 8-9, trans. by Horace L. Jones, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917, 1927.
  • Referans59 SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum, Leiden 1923 –
  • Referans60 Tod, GHI = Tod M. N., A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions I-II. Oxford 1933-1948.
  • Referans61 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans62 Van Nuffelen, P., “Le culte des souverains hellénistiques, le gui de la religion grecque”, Ancient Society, 29, 1998/9, 175-189.
  • Referans63 Walbank, F.W., “Monarchies and Monarchic Ideas”, ed. F.W. Walbank, A.E. Astin, M.W. Frederiksen, RM. Ogilvie, Cambridge Ancient. History 7, 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1984, 62-100.
  • Referans64 Whitley, J., “The Monuments That Stood before Marathon: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Archaic Attica”, American Journal of Archaeology 98/ 2, 1994, 213-230.
  • Referans65 Winiarczyk, M., The Sacred History of Euhemerus of Messene, translated by Witold Zbirohowski-Kościa, Berlin: De Gruyter 2013.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sultan Deniz Küçüker 0000-0002-9949-6805

Early Pub Date March 30, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 42 Issue: 73

Cite

APA Küçüker, S. D. (2023). Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 42(73), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215
AMA Küçüker SD. Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü. TAD. March 2023;42(73):1-21. doi:10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215
Chicago Küçüker, Sultan Deniz. “Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri Ve Teolojik Görüşü”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 42, no. 73 (March 2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215.
EndNote Küçüker SD (March 1, 2023) Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 42 73 1–21.
IEEE S. D. Küçüker, “Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü”, TAD, vol. 42, no. 73, pp. 1–21, 2023, doi: 10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215.
ISNAD Küçüker, Sultan Deniz. “Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri Ve Teolojik Görüşü”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 42/73 (March 2023), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215.
JAMA Küçüker SD. Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü. TAD. 2023;42:1–21.
MLA Küçüker, Sultan Deniz. “Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri Ve Teolojik Görüşü”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 42, no. 73, 2023, pp. 1-21, doi:10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1252215.
Vancouver Küçüker SD. Tanrılaştırma Üzerine: Euhemeros’un Eseri ve Teolojik Görüşü. TAD. 2023;42(73):1-21.
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