Is COVID-19 building the future of tourism?

Year 2021, Issue: 79, 41 - 50, 31.12.2021

Bekir Derinöz

https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1000764

Abstract

It is known that international tourism growth has decreased by around 75% in 2020. This decrease has made the tourism sector one of the sectors most affected by the pandemic. The aim of this study is to investigate how the Covid-19 pandemic affects tourism, what kind of changes or transformations this effect has witnessed in tourism, and what kind of tourism approach(s) will the pandemic build in the future. For this purpose, the research questions determined within the scope of the research: What is the main effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourism? What changes and transformations has the pandemic witnessed in tourism? What/where will the basic dynamics of tourism, especially tourism destinations, evolve with the effect of the pandemic? Is the pandemic a good opportunity or a threat for tourism? In the research, literature review and document analysis methods from qualitative research methods were used. The results of the research show that tourism, which is an important industry for the world, has been heavily affected by the pandemic. This effect has started to make itself felt especially since the beginning of 2020, with the spread of the pandemic, the decline in tourism activities has accelerated and the crisis has deepened. In the next period, the development of tourism is closely related not only to the pandemic, but also to international developments. Countries have tried to develop new ways and methods in order to minimize the effects of the pandemic in tourism in the future. In this context, emphasis is placed on domestic tourism destinations, mass tourism is abandoned, special sustainable tourism approaches come to the fore and tourism becomes individualized.

Keywords

Tourism, Covid-19, Change-transformation in tourism, Pandemic

Turizmin geleceğini COVID-19 mu inşa ediyor?

Abstract

2020 yılında uluslararası turizm büyümesinin % 75 civarında azaldığı bilinmektedir. Bu azalma
turizm sektörünü pandemiden en çok etkilenen sektörlerden biri haline getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın
amacı Covid-19 pandemisinin turizmi nasıl etkilediği, bu etkinin turizmde ne tür değişim ya
da dönüşümlere neden olduğu ve gelecekte pandeminin nasıl bir turizm yaklaşımı/yaklaşımları
inşa edeceğini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla araştırma kapsamında belirlenen araştırma soruları: Covid-
19 pandemisinin turizmdeki temel etkisi nedir? Pandemi turizmde hangi değişim ve dönüşümlere
neden olmuştur? Başta turizm destinasyonları olmak üzere gelecekte turizmin temel dinamikleri
pandeminin etkisiyle neye/nereye doğru evrilecektir? Pandemi turizm için fırsat mıdır,
yoksa tehdit midir? Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması ve doküman
analizi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları dünya açısından önemli bir endüstri olan
turizmin temelde pandemiden ağır şekilde etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Bu etki özellikle 2020
yılı başından itibaren kendini hissettirmeye başlamış, pandeminin yaygınlaşmasıyla beraber turizm
faaliyetlerindeki düşüş hızlanmış, kriz de derinleşmiştir. Sonraki süreçte turizmin gelişimini
pandeminin dünyadaki seyri belirlemiştir. Ülkeler gelecekte turizmde pandeminin etkilerini en
aza indirebilmek için yeni yol ve yöntemler geliştirme çabasına girişmişlerdir. Bu kapsamda özellikle
iç turizm destinasyonlarına ağırlık verilmekte, kitle turizmi terkedilmekte, özel sürdürülebilir
turizm yaklaşımları ön plana çıkmakta ve turizm bireyselleşmektedir.

Keywords

Turizm, Covid-19, Turizmde değişim-dönüşüm, Pandemi

References

• Acar, Y. (2020). Yeni koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgını ve turizm faaliyetlerine etkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, (1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.32572/guntad.703410.
• Aharon, D., Arie, J., Cohen, E., Tzur, J., & Qadan, M. (2021). Covid-19, government measures and hospitality industry performance. Plos One, Vol:16, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255819.
• Blake, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2003). Tourism crisis management. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 813-832.
• Çeti, B., & Ünlüönen, K. (2019). Salgın hastalıklar sebebiyle oluşan krizlerin turizm sektörü üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. AHBVÜ Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (2), 109-128.
• Çetin, G., & Göktepe, S. (2021). Covid 19 pandemisinin turizm endüstrisi üzerindeki etkileri. İÜ İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, İstanbul, https://doi.org/10.26650/B/SS46.2020.005.06.
• ETFI (European Tourism Futures Instıtute). (2021, 22 November). Reports. URL: https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/tourism/ trends
• Findlater, A., & Bogoch, I. (2018). Human mobility and the global spread of infectious diseases: a focus on air travel. Trends in parasitology, 34(9), 772-783.
• Fuste-Forne, F. and Michael, N. (2021). Limited tourism: travel bubbles for a sustainable future. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1954654.
• Gürsoy, D., Sarıışık, M., Nunkoo, R., & Boğan, E. (2021). Covid-19 and the hospitality and tourism industry. Edward Elgar Publishing, 400 pages, ISBN:9781800376236, UK.
• Hall, C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P., & Dyason, D. (2020). Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and Covid-19. Journal of Service Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0151.
• Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after Covid-19. Tourism Geographies. 22, https:// doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748.
• Hudson, S. (2020). Covid-19 and travel: Impacts, responses and outcomes. Goodfellow Publishers, ISBN: 9781911635703 (eBook), https://doi.org/10.23912/9781911635703-4387.
• Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 Salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0048.
• Kervankıran, İ., & Bağmancı, M. (2020). Bildiğimiz turizmin sonu mu? Covid-19’un Türkiye’deki turizm hareketliliğine etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 76, 19-32.
• Lew, A., Cheer, J., Brouder, P., & Mostafanezhad, M. (2021). Global tourism and Covid-19: Implications for theory and practice. Routledge, 1st Edition. 306 pages. ISBN: 9781032121369.
• Muller, T. (2021). Why the Corona Virus Crisis Is a Unique and Once in a Lifetime Opportunity for Destinations and the Tourism Industry. https://voyagesafriq.com/2020/03/23/why-the-corona-virus-crisis- is-a-unique-andonce-in-a-lifetime-opportunity-for-destinations- and-the-tourism-industry
• Newsome, D. (2020). The collapse of tourism and its impact on wildlife tourism destinations. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7, (3), 295- 302. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-04-2020-0053.
• Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020) The Socio-Economic Implications of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19): A Review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijsu.2020.04.018
• Niewiadomski, P. (2020). Covid-19: From temporary de-globalisation to a re-discovery of tourism?. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 651- 656, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.175774.
• Prideaux, B., Thompson, M., & Pabel, A. (2020). Lessons from covid-19 can prepare global tourism for the economic transformation needed to combat climate change. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 667-678. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762117.
• Rogerson, C. M., & Rogerson, J. M. (2020). Covid-19 Tourism impacts in South Africa: Government and industry. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 31 (3), Pages: 1083–1091. https://doi. org/10.30892/gtg.31321-544.
• Seyfi, S., Hall, C., & Shabani, B. (2020). Covid-19 and international travel restrictions: The geopolitics of health and tourism. Tourism Geographies Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/146166 88.2020.1833972.
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2021). Covid 19 and tourism: An update. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Report. 23 pages, Switzerland. https:// unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditcinf2021d3_ en_0.pdf
• UNWTO. (2020). International tourism trends report. WTO (World Tourism Organisation) 2020 edition, Madrid https://doi. org/10.18111/9789284422456.
• Varzaru, B., Bocean, C. and Cazacu, M. (2021). Rethinking Tourism Industry in Pandemic COVID-19 Period. Sustainability. 13. Williams, C. and Horodnic, I. A. (2021). Tackling Undeclared Work in the Tourism Sector. European Plaform Tackling Undeclared Work (EPTU), URL: https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet=22868&- langId=en
• WEF (World Economic Forum). (2020). Report. https://www.weforum. org/agenda/covid19-coronavirus-tourism-economy-gdp WTTC (2020). Coronavirus Brief April 2020. https://wttc.org/en-us/ COVID-19/MemberHub, E.T.