Effect of alkali modulus on the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of alkali-activated BFS/FS cement

Year 2022, , 63 - 68, 29.09.2022

Murat Dener

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1119179

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Portland cement, which has been used as an unrivaled binder material since its development has become one of major sources of greenhouse gas emission. Compared with the conventional cement, alkali-activated materials which based on the principle of activating precursor materials by means of alkali activators have comparable engineering properties and lower CO2 emission during its production. In this study, the effect of alkali modulus on the compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of granulated blast furnace slag/ferrochrome slag-based alkali-activated cement was investigated. Alkali-activated cement was produced from the mixture of a blast furnace slag and ferrochrome slag in proportion 80% and 20% respectively. Alkali modulus of 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 were adopted in the test. Mortar specimens with the alkali modulus of 0.8 and 1 had very low strength after 3 days, while specimens with the modulus of 1.2 and 1.4 gained approximately half of their 28-day strength in the first three days.

Keywords

Alkali-activated cement, Blast furnace slag, Ferrochrome slag, Alkali modulus

References

• [1] Habert G, Miller SA, John VM, Provis JL, Favier A, Horvath A, et al. Environmental impacts and decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industries. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 2020. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0093-3.
• [2] Monteiro PJM, Miller SA, Horvath A. Towards sustainable concrete. Nature Materials 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4930.
• [3] Bajželj B, Allwood JM, Cullen JM. Designing climate change mitigation plans that add up. Environmental Science and Technology 2013;47:8062–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400399h.
• [4] Abubakr AE, Soliman AM, Diab SH. Effect of activator nature on the impact behaviour of Alkali-Activated slag mortar. Construction and Building Materials 2020;257:119531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119531.
• [5] Sedaghatdoost A, Behfarnia K, Bayati M, Vaezi M sadegh. Influence of recycled concrete aggregates on alkali-activated slag mortar exposed to elevated temperatures. Journal of Building Engineering 2019;26:100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100871.
• [6] Ababneh A, Matalkah F, Aqel R. Synthesis of kaolin-based alkali-activated cement: Carbon footprint, cost and energy assessment. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020;9:8367–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.05.116.
• [7] Gartner E, Hirao H. A review of alternative approaches to the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the manufacture of the binder phase in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2015;78:126–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.04.012.
• [8] Singh B, Ishwarya G, Gupta M, Bhattacharyya SK. Geopolymer concrete: A review of some recent developments. Construction and Building Materials 2015;85:78–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.036.
• [9] Gruskovnjak A, Lothenbach B, Holzer L, Figi R, Winnefeld F. Hydration of alkali-activated slag: Comparison with ordinary Portland cement. Advances in Cement Research 2006;18:119–28. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2006.18.3.119.
• [10] Neupane K. High-Strength Geopolymer Concrete- Properties, Advantages and Challenges. Advances in Materials 2018;7:15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20180702.11.
• [11] Karatas M, Dener M, Mohabbi M, Benli A. A study on the compressive strength and microstructure characteristic of alkali-activated metakaolin cement. Revista Materia 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-707620190004.0832.
• [12] Dener M, Karatas M, Mohabbi M. Sulfate resistance of alkali-activated slag/Portland cement mortar produced with lightweight pumice aggregate. Construction and Building Materials 2021;304:124671.
• [13] Dener M, Karatas M, Mohabbi M. High temperature resistance of self compacting alkali activated slag/portland cement composite using lightweight aggregate. Construction and Building Materials 2021;290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123250.
• [14] Aydin S, Baradan B. Effect of activator type and content on properties of alkali-activated slag mortars. Composites Part B: Engineering 2014;57:166–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.001.
• [15] Provis JL, Bernal SA. Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials. Annual Review of Materials Research 2014;44:299–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070813-113515.
• [16] Shi Z, Shi C, Wan S, Li N, Zhang Z. Effect of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on carbonation of alkali-activated slag mortars. Cement and Concrete Research 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.07.005.
• [17] Fang S, Lam ESS, Li B, Wu B. Effect of alkali contents, moduli and curing time on engineering properties of alkali activated slag. Construction and Building Materials 2020;249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118799.
• [18] Karahan O, Yakupoǧlu A. Resistance of alkali-activated slag mortar to abrasion and fire. Advances in Cement Research 2011;23:289–97. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2011.23.6.289.
• [19] Puertas F, Martínez-Ramírez S, Alonso S, Vázquez T. Alkali-activated fly ash/slag cements. Strength behaviour and hydration products. Cement and Concrete Research 2000;30:1625–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00298-2.
• [20] Wang SD, Scrivener KL, Pratt PL. Factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag. Cement and Concrete Research 1994;24:1033–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90026-4.
• [21] Duran Atiş C, Bilim C, Çelik Ö, Karahan O. Influence of activator on the strength and drying shrinkage of alkali-activated slag mortar. Construction and Building Materials 2009;23:548–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.011.
• [22] Türkmen İ, Karakoç MB, Kantarcı F, Maraş MM, Demirboğa R. Fire resistance of geopolymer concrete produced from Elazığ ferrochrome slag. Fire and Materials 2016;40:836–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2348.
• [23] Özcan A, Karakoç MB. The Resistance of Blast Furnace Slag- and Ferrochrome Slag-Based Geopolymer Concrete Against Acid Attack. International Journal of Civil Engineering 2019;17:1571–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00425-2.
• [24] Mohabbi Yadollahi M, Dener M. Investigation of elevated temperature on compressive strength and microstructure of alkali activated slag based cements. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 2021;25:924–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2018.1557562.
• [25] Karakoç MB, Türkmen I, Maraş MM, Kantarci F, Demirboʇa R, Uʇur Toprak M. Mechanical properties and setting time of ferrochrome slag based geopolymer paste and mortar. Construction and Building Materials 2014;72:283–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.021.
• [26] ASTM C109/C109M A. Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars ( Using 2-in . or [ 50-mm ] Cube Specimens ) 1. American Society for Testing and Material 2007.
• [27] ASTM C597. Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA 2016:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0597-09.