Yüksek ve Düşük Kalsiyum İçeren Uçucu Küller ile Üretilen Geopolimer Harçların Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2020, , 96 - 104, 30.12.2020

Mehmet Kaya

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.782054

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, C sınıfı ve F sınıfı uçucu külün birlikte kullanılarak geri dönüşümlerinin sağlanması ve ekonomiye kazandırılması amacıyla üretilen geopolimer harçların fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. C sınıfı uçucu kül (UK) ile F sınıfı UK ’nın %0,%10, %20, %30, %40 ve %50 oranlarında birbirleri ile yer değiştirilmesi ile oluşturulan bağlayıcı, sodyum hidroksit (NaOH) ve potasyum hidroksit (KOH) ile ayrı ayrı aktive edilmiştir. Aktivatör/bağlayıcı oranı %10 olarak kullanılmıştır. Likit/bağlayıcı oranı 0,35, agrega/bağlayıcı oranı 3 olarak belirlenmiştir. UK, kum, aktivatör ve suyun standart çimento mikserinde karıştırılması ile hazırlanan harç numuneler, 40mm×40mm×160 mm boyutlu standart kalıplara yerleştirildikten sonra 100 °C’ de 24 saat süre ile aktivasyon sıcaklığına maruz bırakılmıştır. Daha sonra numuneler 28 gün boyunca hava kürüne (22±2°C) tabi tutulmuşlardır. Hava kürünü takiben fiziksel ve mekanik deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak %60 C sınıfı ve %40 F sınıfı UK içeren ve NaOH ile üretilen numunelerde 3,8 MPa eğilme dayanımı, 28 MPa basınç dayanımı elde edilmiştir.

Keywords

Uçucu kül, geopolimer, eğilme dayanımı, basınç dayanımı, aktivatör

References

• [1] Bhagath Singh G. V. P. and Subramaniam K. V. L. Production and characterization of low-energy Portland composite cement from post-industrial waste, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019; 239: 118024.
• [2] Wang J, Dai Y Gao, L. Exergy analyses and parametric optimizations for different cogeneration power plants in cement industry, Applied Energy, 2009; 86(6): 941-948. [3] Zhang W, Maleki A, Khajeh M. G, Zhang Y, Mortazavi S. M, Vasel-Be-Hagh A. A novel framework for integrated energy optimization of a cement plant: An industrial case study, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2019; 35: 245-256.
• [4] Çimento Sektör Raporu (2019), Sanayi ve Verimlilik Genel Müdürlüğü, https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/plan-program-raporlarve-yayinlar/sektor-raporlari/mu0303011402 (05.07.2020).
• [5] Habert G, Ouellet-Plamondon C. Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers, RILEM Tech. Lett. 1 (2016): 17–23.
• [6] https://www.statista.com/statistics/267364/worldcement-production-by-country/ (10.06.2020).
• [7] https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2019- 152/essd-2019-152.pdf, (07.06.2020).
• [8] Yılmaz B, Erdoğmuş E, Erdoğan Y. Uçucu Kül taban külü ve wallostonit katkılı çimentolara sodyum karbonat ilavesinin etkisinin incelenmesi, Yapılarda Kimyasal Katkılar Sempozyumu, İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, Kongre Sempozyum Bildiriler Kitab.2005.
• [9] Fan, F, Liu, Z, Xu, G, Peng, H, Cai, C.S. Mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash based geopolymers. Construct. Build. Mater. 2018; 160: 66e81. Tr. Doğa ve Fen Derg. Cilt 9, Sayı 2, Sayfa 96-104, 2020 Tr. J. Nature Sci. Volume 9, Issue 2, Page 96-104, 2020 103.
• [10]ASTM C618–19, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete.
• [11]Raijiwala DB, Patil HS. , Geopolymer concrete A green concrete, 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. ICBEE 2010.
• [12]Provis JL. Green concrete or red herring–future of alkali-activated materials, Advances in Applied Ceramics. 2014; 113(8): 472-477.
• [13]Simatupang P, Imran I, Pane I. The Latest Development of Green Concrete in Indonesia, 1st International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Structures and Construction Materials. 2012.
• [14]Sukprasert S, Hoy M, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A, Safuan A, Nazir R. Fly ash based geopolymer stabilisation of silty clay/blast furnace slag for subgrade applications, Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019.
• [15]Yurt Ü. High performance cementless composites from alkali activated GGBFS, Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 264: 120222
• [16]Li Y, Min X, Ke Y, Liu D, Tang C. Preparation of red mud-based geopolymer materials from MSWI fly ash and red mud by mechanical activation. Waste Management. 2019;83:202-208.
• [17]Suraj D, Priyantha W.J, Sanjaya S, Branimir S. Stabilization of highly expansive soils containing sulfate using metakaolin and fly ash based geopolymer modified with lime and gypsum, Transportation Geotechnics. 2020;23: 100327.
• [18]Yurt Ü. An experimental study on fracture energy of alkali activated slag composites incorporated different fibers, Journal of Building Engineering. 2020; 32: 101519 [19]Davidovits J. Geopolymers - Inorganic Polymeric New Materials. J Therm Anal. 1991;37(8):1633-56.
• [20]Atis C. D, Gorur E. B, Karahan O, Bilim C, Ilkentapar S, LUGA E. Very high strength (120 MPa) class F fly ash geopolymer mortar activated at different NaOH amount, heat curing temperature and heat curing duration. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015:673-678.
• [21]Okoye F.N, Durgaprasad J, Singh N.B. Fly ash/Kaolin based geopolymer green concretes and their mechanical properties. Data in Brief. 2015; 5:739-744.
• [22]X. Yu, L. Jiang, J. Xu, Y. Zu. Effect of Na2SiO3 content on passivation and corrosion behaviour of steel in a simulated pore solution of Na2SiO3- activated slag. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017;146: 156- 164.
• [23]H. L. Chi, P. Louda, T. Bakalova, V. Kovačič. Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Potassium Metakaolin Based Geopolymer Paste, Advanced Engineering Forum. 2019;31: 38-45.
• [24]Kaya M, Uysal M, Yılmaz K, Atiş C.D. Behaviour of Geopolymer Mortars after Exposure to Elevated Temperatures. Materials Science (Medžiagotyra). 2018;24: 428-436.
• [25]Hosan, A, Haque, S. and Shaikh, F. Compressive behaviour of sodium and potassium activators synthetised fly ash geopolymer at elevated temperatures: a comparative study. Journal of Building Engineering. 2016;8:123-130.
• [26]Hayder A, Mohamed A.S, Megan L. W. Review of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymers for Soil Stabilisation with Special Reference to Clay, www.mdpi.com/journal/geosciences, Geosciences, 2020;10: 249
• [27]Rangan, B.V, “Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete”. Research Report GC 4,Engineering Faculty, Curtin University of Technology.2008; SF:44, Perth, Australia. [28]Komljenovic, M, Bascarivic, Z, Bradic, V. Mechanical and microstructural properties of alkaliactivated fly ash geopolymers.. J. Hazard. Mater,2010; 181: 35- 42.
• [29]Greiser S, Gluth G, P Sturm, Jäger C, 29Si 27Al}, 27Al {29Si and 27Al 1H double-resonance NMR spectroscopy study of cementitious sodium aluminosilicate gels (geopolymers) and gel-zeolite composites. RSC Advances. 2018; 70: 40164– 40171.
• [30]Tippayasam C, Balyore P, Thavorniti P, Kamseu E, Leonelli C, Chindaprasirt P, et al. Potassium alkali concentration and heat treatment affected metakaolin-based geopolymer, Construction and Building Materials.2016; 104: 293–297.
• [31]Ankur Gupta. Investigation of the strength of ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer composite with silica füme, Materials Today: Proceedings. 2020.
• [32]Kaya M, Uysal M, Yilmaz K, Karahan O, Atiş C.D. Mechanical properties of class C and F fly ash geopolymer mortars, Gradevinar.2020; 72 (4): 297- 309.
• [33]İlkentapar, S, Atiş, C. D, Karahan, O, Görür Avşaroğlu E. B. Influence of duration of heat curing and extra rest period after heat curing on the strength and transport characteristic ofalkali activated class F fly ash geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 2017;vol.151: 363-369. [34]Ozodabas, A, Yilmaz, K. Improvement of the performance of alkali activated blast furnace slag mortars with very finely ground pumice. Constructıon And Building Materials.2013: Vol.48 pp.26.
• [35]Atabey İ.İ. F sınıfı uçucu küllü geopolimer harcının durabilite özelliklerinin araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İnşaat Mühendisliği. Doktora Tezi, 2017
• [36]Balcikanli M, Turker H T, Ozbay, E, Karahan O, Atiş C. D. Identifying the bond and abrasion behavior of alkali activated concretes by central composite design method. Construction nnd Building Materials, 2017; 132: 196-209.
• [37]Kaya M, Farklı Tür Uçucu Kül Kullanılarak Üretilen Alkali Aktive Edilmiş Harçların Mekanik ve Durabilite Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi. 2016
• [38]M. Zhang, M. Zhao, G. Zhang, D. Mann, K. Lumsden, and M. Tao, "Durability of red mud-fly Tr. Doğa ve Fen Derg. Cilt 9, Sayı 2, Sayfa 96 -104 , 2020 Tr. J. Nature Sci. Volume 9, Issue 2, Page 96 -104, 2020 104 ash based geopolymer and leaching behavior of heavy metals in sulfuric acid solutions and deionized water," Construction and Building Materials, 2016; 124:373 -382.
• [39]B. B. Jindal, "Investigations on the properties of geopolymer mortar and concrete with mineral admixtures: A review," Construction and Building Materials. 2019;227;116644.
• [40] Nuaklong P, Wongsa A, Sata V, Boonserm K, at al, Properties of high -calcium and low -calcium fly ash combination geopolymer mortar containing recycled aggregate, Heliyon. 2019:5(9): e02513,
• [41]TS EN 12350 -5 :2019; Beton - Taze beton deneyleri - Bölüm 5: Yayılma tablası deneyi, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü,2019
• [42]TS EN 1015 -11, Kagir harcı - Deney metotları - Bölüm 11: Sertleşmiş harcın basınç ve eğilme dayanımının tayini, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü,2013
• [43]Chindaprasirt P, Chareerat T, Sirivivatnanon V. Workability and strength of coarse high calcium fly ash geopolymer. Cement & Concrete Composites.2007; 29, 224 –229.
• [44] Aygörmez Y, Canpolat O, Al -mashhadani M, Uysal M. Elevated temperature, freezing -thawing and wetting -drying effects onpolypropylene fiber reinforced metakaolin based geopolymer composites, Construction and Building Materials.2020; 235(28): 117502.
• [45]Hamidi R, Man Z, Azizli K. Concentration of NaOH and the Effect on the Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer, Procedia Engineering.2016; 148: 189 –193.
• [46]Purbasari A, Samadhi T, Bindar Y. The Effect of Alkaline Activator Types on Strength and Microstructural Properties of Geopolymer from Co - Combustion Residuals of Bamboo and Kaolin, Indones. J. Chem. 2018; 18 (3): 397 –402.
• [47]Askarian M, Tao Z, Samali B, Adam G, Shuaibu R. Mix composition and characterisation of one -part geopolymers with different activators. Construction and Building Materials,2019; 225:526 –53.
• [48]Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Li Z, Zhang Li Y, Ren Y. Effects of Si/Al ratio on the efflorescence and properties of fly ash based geopolymer, , Journal of Cleaner Production,2020; 244: 118852.
• [49]Lee B, Kim G, Kim R, Cho B, Lee S, Chon C. Strength development properties of geopolymer paste and mortar with respect to amorphous Si/Al ratio of fly ash. Construction and Building Materials.2017; 151 : 512 –519.
• [50]Temuujin J, Riessen A, Williams R. Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009; 167 : 82 –88.