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PROPOLİSİN ALIÇ SİRKESİ EKSTRAKTINDA BAZI BİYOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 24 - 31, 22.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1216347

Abstract

Propolisin yapısındaki farklı bileşenlerin biyolojik aktivitesinin tespit edilmesiyle, önemi gün geçtikçe artmış ve tamamlayıcı tıp alanında kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. Propolis fiziksel özelliklerinden dolayı ham halde kullanılamamakta, ekstraksiyon işleminden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ekstraksiyon işleminde kullanılan çözücü tipi, propolisin biyolojik aktivitesinin etkinliği için oldukça önemlidir. Propolis ekstraksiyonunda yaygın olarak kullanılan çözücüler; su, etanol ve metanol olarak gösterilebilir. Propolis bileşenlerinin etanol kullanarak ekstraksiyonu oldukça kolay olmasının yanı sıra; propolisin etanol ile ekstraksiyonu çocuklar, hamileler ve dini hassasiyeti olan kişiler için kullanım sınırı oluşturmaktadır. Etanolün sınırlı dozda kullanımı ve sağlığa bazı zararlarının olması, araştırmacıları farklı çözücü tipleri arayışına sokmuştur. Bu araştırmalar sonucunda alternatif çözücü olarak, bitkisel yağlar ve çeşitli sirkeler literatürde yer almaya başlamıştır. Çalışmamızda propolisin ekstraksiyonunda, flavonoidler bakımından zengin ve özellikle geleneksel tıp alanında uzun yıllardır kullanılan bir meyve olan alıç meyvesinin sirkesi kullanılmıştır. Propolisin alıç sirkesi ile çözünürlüğü, fizikokimyasal özellikleri (pH, titrasyon asitliği, ºbriks ve renk) ve biyoaktif özellikleri (fenolik ve flavonoid içerikleri ile antioksidan aktiviteleri) açısından incelenmiştir. İnceleme sonucunda propolisin alıç sirkesinin biyoaktif özelliklerini arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Propolis katkılı alıç sirkesinin; günümüzde sirkenin kullanıldığı yemeklerde, salata ve hatta salamura, turşu gibi gıda maddelerinin yapımında fonksiyonellik sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Mot A, Soponar F, Sar C. Multivariate analysis of reflectance spectra from propolis: Geographical variation in romanian samples. Talanta. 2010; 81 (3): 1010-1015.
  • Anjum SI, Ullah A, Khan KA, Attaullah M, Khan H, Ali H et al. Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019; 26 (1): 1695-1703.
  • Castaldo S, Capass F. Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine. Fitoterapia. 2002; 73 (1): 1-6.
  • Graikou K, Popova M, Gortzi O, Bankova V, Chinou I. Characterization and biological evaluation of selected mediterranean propolis samples. Is it a new type?. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2016; 65: 261-267.
  • Yıldız O. Tüketilebilir propolis ekstrelerinde kullanılan çözücülerin (menstrumların) değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of solvents (menstruums) used in consumable propolis extracts). U Arı D.-U Bee J. 2020; 20 (1): 24-37, DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.659556.
  • Bakkaloğlu Z, Arıcı M. Farklı çözücülerle propolis ekstraksiyonunun toplam fenolik içeriği, antioksidan kapasite ve antimikrobiyal aktivite üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2019; 17 (4): 538-545.
  • Vera N, Solorzano E, Ordonez R, Maldonado L, Bedascarrasbure E, Isla M.I. Chemical composition of argentinean propolis collected in extreme regions and its relation with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Nat Prod Commun. 2011; 6 (6): 823-827.
  • Cauich-Kumul R, Segura-Campos MR. Bee propolis: Properties, chemical composition, applications, and potential health effects. In: Segura-Campos MR, editors. Bioactive Compounds. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead publishing; 2019. p. 227-243.
  • Correa YX, Valenzuela AL, Ardila AM, Rojas M, Mora CT. Colombian propolis as starting material for the preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2019; 29 (3): 381-388.
  • Meto A, Colombari B, Meto A, Boaretto G, Pinetti D, Marchetti L. Propolis affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth, biofilm formation, eDNA release and phenazine production: Potential involvement of polyphenols. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2): 243.
  • Öztürk A, Özdemir Y, Göksel Z. Elma sirkesi ve teröpatik etkileri. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi. 2009; 2 (1): 155-158.
  • Şengün İY, Kılıç G. Farklı sirke çeşitlerinin mikroflorası, biyoaktif bileşenleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2019; 17 (1): 89-101.
  • Şengün İY, Kılıç G. Dut sirkesinin mikrobiyolojik, fiziksel, kimyasal, antiradikal ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri. Akademik Gıda. 2018; 16 (2): 168-175.
  • Anonim. TSE-Sirke-Tarım kökenli sıvılardan elde edilen ürün-tarifler, özellikler ve işaretleme, TS 1880 EN 13188. Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü; 2013.
  • Seçmen Ö, Gemici Y, Görk G, Bekat L, Leblebici E. Tohumlu bitkiler sistematiği. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları; 2000. s. 196.
  • Gültekin HC. Yabanıl meyveli ağaç türlerimiz ve fidan üretim teknikleri. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara: Fidanlık ve Tohum İşleri Daire Başkanlığı; 2007.
  • Chang Q, Zuo Z, Harrison F, Chow MSS. Hawthorn. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002; 42 (6): 605-612.
  • Arslan R, Bor Z, Bektas N, Meriçli AH, Ozturk Y. Antithrombotic effects of ethanol extract of Crataegus orientalis in the carrageenan-induced mice tail thrombosis model. Thrombosis Research. 2011; 127 (3): 210-213.
  • Çoklar H, Akbulut M, Kılınç S, Yıldırım A, Alhassan I. Effect of freeze, oven and microwave pretreated oven drying on color, browning index, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis) fruit. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 2018; 46 (2): 449-456.
  • Bakır S, Devecioglu D, Kayacan S, Toydemir G, Karbancioglu Guler F, Capanoglu E. Investigating the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different vinegars. European Food Research and Technology. 2017; 243 (12): 2083-2094.
  • Hajji M, Jarraya R, Lassoued I, Masmoudi O, Damak M, Nasri M. GC/MS and LC/MS analysis, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from Mirabilis jalapa tubers. Process Biochemistry. 2010; 45 (9): 1486-1493.
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64 (4): 555-559.
  • Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2002; 10 (3): 178-182.
  • Hatano T, Kagawa H, Yasuhara T, Takuo O. Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: Their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chem Pharm Bull. 1988; 36 (6): 2090-2097.
  • Kadaş Z, Evrendilek GA, Heper G. The metabolic effects of hawthorn vinegar in patients with high cardiovascular risk group. J Food and Nutr Res. 2014; 2 (9): 539-545.
  • Öztürk I, Caliskan O, Tornuk F, Ozcan N, Yalcin H, Baslar M, Sagdic O. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Mineral, Volatile, Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Traditional Home-Made Turkish Vinegars. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2015; 63 (1): 144-151.
  • Tomar O, Çağlar A, Akarca G, Vatansever H. Physicochemical and sensory quality properties of yellow hawthorn fruit (Crataegus tanacetifolia) vinegar produced by traditional fermentation method. European Journal of Science and Technology. 2020; 19: 176-181.
  • Karadağ A, Bozkurt F, Bekiroglu H, Sagdic O. Use of principal component analysis and cluster aanalysis for differentiation of traditionally-manufactured vinegars based on phenolic and volatile profiles, and antioxidant activity. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2020; 70 (4): 347-360.
  • Özdemir GB, Özdemir N, Ertekin-Filiz B, Gökırmaklı Ç, Kök-Tas T, Budak NH. Volatile aroma compounds and bioactive compounds of hawthorn vinegar produced from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers.). J Food Biochem. 2021; 46 (3): e13676.
  • Cosmulescu S, Stoenescu AM, Trandafir I, Tutulescu F. Comparison of chemical properties between traditional and commercial vinegar. Horticulturae. 2022; 8 (3): 225.
  • Liu S, Chang X, Liu X, Shen Z. Effects of pretreatments on anthocyanin composition, phenolics contents and antioxidant capacities during fermentation of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) drink. Food Chemistry. 2016; 212 (1): 87-95.
  • Yıldırım HK. Assessment of propolis treated by different extraction methods. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2022; 65 (2): 1-11.
  • Hudz N, Korytniuk O, Yezerska O, Motyka O, Turkina V, Korytniuk R, Wieczorek PP. Evaluation of the total flavonoid content and antimicrobial activity of the tinctures of propolis of Ukrainian origin. Acta Pol Pharm Drug Res. 2020; 77: 897-907.
  • Zhang J, Chai X, Zhao F, Hou G, Meng Q. Food applications and potential health benefits of hawthorn. Foods. 2022; 11 (18): 2861.
  • Wang ZX, Wan J, Li YR, Jang RW, X MQ, Zhou X. HPLC fingerprint of crude and processed hawthorn. J Guangdong Pharm Univ. 2020; 36 (5): 599-602.
  • Guo W, Bai J, Zhang Q, Duan K, Zhang P, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhang W, Kong D. Influence of thermal processing on the quality of hawthorn: Quality markers of heat-processed hawthorn. J Sep Sci. 2022; 45 (19): 3774-3785.
  • Khan H, Ullah H, Aschner M, Cheang WS, Akkol EK. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules. 2019; 10 (1): 59.
  • Akbar A, Gul Z, Aziz S, Sadiq MB, Achakzai JK, Saeed S, Chein SH, Sher H. Bio-functional potential and biochemical properties of propolis collected from different regions of Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022; 2022: 14.
  • Gülçin İ, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Boyer L. Antioxidant activity of lignans from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). European Food Research and Technology. 2006; 223 (6): 759-767.
  • Karakaş S. Türk propolisinin ticari bitkisel yağlarda çözünürlüğünün incelenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi; 2012.
  • Kartal B. Türk propolisinin çeşitli sirkelerde çözünürlüğünün incelenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi; 2019.

INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 24 - 31, 22.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1216347

Abstract

With the determination of the biological activity of different components in the chemistry of propolis, its importance has increased day by day and its use in the field of integrative medicine has become widespread. Propolis is not used in its crude form due to its physical properties, it have to be extracted. The type of solvent used in the extraction process is very important for the efficiency of the biological activity of propolis. Solvents commonly used in propolis extraction; are water, ethanol and methanol. Besides being very easy to extract propolis components using ethanol; extraction of propolis with ethanol creates a usage limit for children, pregnant women and muslim people that don't use alcohol. The limited use of ethanol and the fact that it has some harm to health have led researchers to search for different types of solvents. As a result of these researches, vegetable oils and various vinegars have started to be in the literature as an alternative solvent. In our study, the vinegar of hawthorn fruit, which is rich in flavonoids and has been used in integrative medicine for many years, was used in the extraction of propolis. Solubility of propolis with hawthorn vinegar, physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity, ºbrix and color) and bioactive properties (phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities) in terms of researched. As a result of the research, it was observed that propolis increased the bioactive properties of hawthorn vinegar. As a result of the research, it was observed that propolis increased the bioactive properties of hawthorn vinegar. It is thought that propolisadded hawthorn vinegar will provide functionality in dishes where vinegar is used today, in salads, and even in foodstuffs such as brine and pickles.

References

  • Mot A, Soponar F, Sar C. Multivariate analysis of reflectance spectra from propolis: Geographical variation in romanian samples. Talanta. 2010; 81 (3): 1010-1015.
  • Anjum SI, Ullah A, Khan KA, Attaullah M, Khan H, Ali H et al. Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2019; 26 (1): 1695-1703.
  • Castaldo S, Capass F. Propolis, an old remedy used in modern medicine. Fitoterapia. 2002; 73 (1): 1-6.
  • Graikou K, Popova M, Gortzi O, Bankova V, Chinou I. Characterization and biological evaluation of selected mediterranean propolis samples. Is it a new type?. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2016; 65: 261-267.
  • Yıldız O. Tüketilebilir propolis ekstrelerinde kullanılan çözücülerin (menstrumların) değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of solvents (menstruums) used in consumable propolis extracts). U Arı D.-U Bee J. 2020; 20 (1): 24-37, DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.659556.
  • Bakkaloğlu Z, Arıcı M. Farklı çözücülerle propolis ekstraksiyonunun toplam fenolik içeriği, antioksidan kapasite ve antimikrobiyal aktivite üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2019; 17 (4): 538-545.
  • Vera N, Solorzano E, Ordonez R, Maldonado L, Bedascarrasbure E, Isla M.I. Chemical composition of argentinean propolis collected in extreme regions and its relation with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Nat Prod Commun. 2011; 6 (6): 823-827.
  • Cauich-Kumul R, Segura-Campos MR. Bee propolis: Properties, chemical composition, applications, and potential health effects. In: Segura-Campos MR, editors. Bioactive Compounds. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead publishing; 2019. p. 227-243.
  • Correa YX, Valenzuela AL, Ardila AM, Rojas M, Mora CT. Colombian propolis as starting material for the preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2019; 29 (3): 381-388.
  • Meto A, Colombari B, Meto A, Boaretto G, Pinetti D, Marchetti L. Propolis affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth, biofilm formation, eDNA release and phenazine production: Potential involvement of polyphenols. Microorganisms. 2020; 8 (2): 243.
  • Öztürk A, Özdemir Y, Göksel Z. Elma sirkesi ve teröpatik etkileri. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi. 2009; 2 (1): 155-158.
  • Şengün İY, Kılıç G. Farklı sirke çeşitlerinin mikroflorası, biyoaktif bileşenleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Akademik Gıda. 2019; 17 (1): 89-101.
  • Şengün İY, Kılıç G. Dut sirkesinin mikrobiyolojik, fiziksel, kimyasal, antiradikal ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri. Akademik Gıda. 2018; 16 (2): 168-175.
  • Anonim. TSE-Sirke-Tarım kökenli sıvılardan elde edilen ürün-tarifler, özellikler ve işaretleme, TS 1880 EN 13188. Ankara: Türk Standartları Enstitüsü; 2013.
  • Seçmen Ö, Gemici Y, Görk G, Bekat L, Leblebici E. Tohumlu bitkiler sistematiği. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları; 2000. s. 196.
  • Gültekin HC. Yabanıl meyveli ağaç türlerimiz ve fidan üretim teknikleri. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Ankara: Fidanlık ve Tohum İşleri Daire Başkanlığı; 2007.
  • Chang Q, Zuo Z, Harrison F, Chow MSS. Hawthorn. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002; 42 (6): 605-612.
  • Arslan R, Bor Z, Bektas N, Meriçli AH, Ozturk Y. Antithrombotic effects of ethanol extract of Crataegus orientalis in the carrageenan-induced mice tail thrombosis model. Thrombosis Research. 2011; 127 (3): 210-213.
  • Çoklar H, Akbulut M, Kılınç S, Yıldırım A, Alhassan I. Effect of freeze, oven and microwave pretreated oven drying on color, browning index, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis) fruit. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 2018; 46 (2): 449-456.
  • Bakır S, Devecioglu D, Kayacan S, Toydemir G, Karbancioglu Guler F, Capanoglu E. Investigating the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different vinegars. European Food Research and Technology. 2017; 243 (12): 2083-2094.
  • Hajji M, Jarraya R, Lassoued I, Masmoudi O, Damak M, Nasri M. GC/MS and LC/MS analysis, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of various solvent extracts from Mirabilis jalapa tubers. Process Biochemistry. 2010; 45 (9): 1486-1493.
  • Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64 (4): 555-559.
  • Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2002; 10 (3): 178-182.
  • Hatano T, Kagawa H, Yasuhara T, Takuo O. Two new flavonoids and other constituents in licorice root: Their relative astringency and radical scavenging effects. Chem Pharm Bull. 1988; 36 (6): 2090-2097.
  • Kadaş Z, Evrendilek GA, Heper G. The metabolic effects of hawthorn vinegar in patients with high cardiovascular risk group. J Food and Nutr Res. 2014; 2 (9): 539-545.
  • Öztürk I, Caliskan O, Tornuk F, Ozcan N, Yalcin H, Baslar M, Sagdic O. Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Mineral, Volatile, Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Traditional Home-Made Turkish Vinegars. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 2015; 63 (1): 144-151.
  • Tomar O, Çağlar A, Akarca G, Vatansever H. Physicochemical and sensory quality properties of yellow hawthorn fruit (Crataegus tanacetifolia) vinegar produced by traditional fermentation method. European Journal of Science and Technology. 2020; 19: 176-181.
  • Karadağ A, Bozkurt F, Bekiroglu H, Sagdic O. Use of principal component analysis and cluster aanalysis for differentiation of traditionally-manufactured vinegars based on phenolic and volatile profiles, and antioxidant activity. Pol J Food Nutr Sci. 2020; 70 (4): 347-360.
  • Özdemir GB, Özdemir N, Ertekin-Filiz B, Gökırmaklı Ç, Kök-Tas T, Budak NH. Volatile aroma compounds and bioactive compounds of hawthorn vinegar produced from hawthorn fruit (Crataegus tanacetifolia (lam.) pers.). J Food Biochem. 2021; 46 (3): e13676.
  • Cosmulescu S, Stoenescu AM, Trandafir I, Tutulescu F. Comparison of chemical properties between traditional and commercial vinegar. Horticulturae. 2022; 8 (3): 225.
  • Liu S, Chang X, Liu X, Shen Z. Effects of pretreatments on anthocyanin composition, phenolics contents and antioxidant capacities during fermentation of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) drink. Food Chemistry. 2016; 212 (1): 87-95.
  • Yıldırım HK. Assessment of propolis treated by different extraction methods. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2022; 65 (2): 1-11.
  • Hudz N, Korytniuk O, Yezerska O, Motyka O, Turkina V, Korytniuk R, Wieczorek PP. Evaluation of the total flavonoid content and antimicrobial activity of the tinctures of propolis of Ukrainian origin. Acta Pol Pharm Drug Res. 2020; 77: 897-907.
  • Zhang J, Chai X, Zhao F, Hou G, Meng Q. Food applications and potential health benefits of hawthorn. Foods. 2022; 11 (18): 2861.
  • Wang ZX, Wan J, Li YR, Jang RW, X MQ, Zhou X. HPLC fingerprint of crude and processed hawthorn. J Guangdong Pharm Univ. 2020; 36 (5): 599-602.
  • Guo W, Bai J, Zhang Q, Duan K, Zhang P, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhang W, Kong D. Influence of thermal processing on the quality of hawthorn: Quality markers of heat-processed hawthorn. J Sep Sci. 2022; 45 (19): 3774-3785.
  • Khan H, Ullah H, Aschner M, Cheang WS, Akkol EK. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules. 2019; 10 (1): 59.
  • Akbar A, Gul Z, Aziz S, Sadiq MB, Achakzai JK, Saeed S, Chein SH, Sher H. Bio-functional potential and biochemical properties of propolis collected from different regions of Balochistan Province of Pakistan. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022; 2022: 14.
  • Gülçin İ, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Boyer L. Antioxidant activity of lignans from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). European Food Research and Technology. 2006; 223 (6): 759-767.
  • Karakaş S. Türk propolisinin ticari bitkisel yağlarda çözünürlüğünün incelenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi; 2012.
  • Kartal B. Türk propolisinin çeşitli sirkelerde çözünürlüğünün incelenmesi. [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi; 2019.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Büşra Bıldır 0000-0002-5631-1946

Zeynep Demirkan 0000-0002-8101-8194

Bülent Kaya 0000-0002-1216-6441

Fatma Caf 0000-0002-0363-4848

Publication Date June 22, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bıldır, B., Demirkan, Z., Kaya, B., Caf, F. (2023). INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 12(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1216347
AMA Bıldır B, Demirkan Z, Kaya B, Caf F. INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT. TJNS. June 2023;12(2):24-31. doi:10.46810/tdfd.1216347
Chicago Bıldır, Büşra, Zeynep Demirkan, Bülent Kaya, and Fatma Caf. “INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 12, no. 2 (June 2023): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1216347.
EndNote Bıldır B, Demirkan Z, Kaya B, Caf F (June 1, 2023) INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12 2 24–31.
IEEE B. Bıldır, Z. Demirkan, B. Kaya, and F. Caf, “INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT”, TJNS, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 24–31, 2023, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.1216347.
ISNAD Bıldır, Büşra et al. “INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 12/2 (June 2023), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.1216347.
JAMA Bıldır B, Demirkan Z, Kaya B, Caf F. INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT. TJNS. 2023;12:24–31.
MLA Bıldır, Büşra et al. “INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 2, 2023, pp. 24-31, doi:10.46810/tdfd.1216347.
Vancouver Bıldır B, Demirkan Z, Kaya B, Caf F. INVESTIGATION OF SOME BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PROPOLIS IN HAWTHORN VINEGAR EXTRACT. TJNS. 2023;12(2):24-31.

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