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Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi

Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 05.04.2016

Cem Işık

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ekonomik büyüme (EB), doğrudan yabancı yatırım (DYY) ve turizm harcamaları (TH) değişkenleri arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem ilişkisi ARDL ile hata düzeltme modeli (ECM) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analizlerde 1985-2014 yıllarını kapsayan döneme ilişkin ver seti kullanılmıştır. Ekonometrik sonuçlar turizm harcamalarından büyümeye (bidirectional) ve turizm harcamalarından doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara tek yönlü (unidirectional) ve büyümeden doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara (unidirectional) tek yönlü bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Büyüme, Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Turizm Harcamaları, Sınır Testi, ARDL

 

Keywords

Büyüme Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar Turizm Harcamaları Sınır Testi ARDL

References

  • Albuquerque, R., N. Loayza, ve L. Servén, (2005). ―World Market Integration Through the Lens of Foreign Direct Investors‖, Journal of International Economics, 66: 267-295.
  • Archer, B. (1995). ―Importance of Tourism for the Economy of Bermuda‖ Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (4): 918-30.
  • Asiedu, E., (2002). ―On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Todeveloping Countries: Is Africa different?‖ World Development, 30(1): 107-119.
  • Bahar, O. ve Bozkurt, K., (2010). ―Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Turizm- Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi‖, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(2): 255-265.
  • Balaguer, J. ve Cantavella-Jorda M. (2002). ―Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case.‖ Applied Economics, 34:877-84.
  • Balasubramanyam, V.N., M.A. Salisu ve D. Sapsford, (1996). ―Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries‖, Economic Journal, 106: 92–105.
  • Belloumi, M. (2014). ―The Relationship Between Trade, FdI and Economic Growth in Tunisia: An Application of The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model‖, Economic Systems, 38(2): 269– 287.
  • Branstetter, L., (2006), Is Foreign Direct Investment a Channel to Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence From Japan’s FDI in The United States, Journal of International Economics Vol.68, s.325–344.
  • Brown, J.R., Dev, D.S. ve Zhou Z. (2003). ―Broadening the foreign market entry mode decision: separating ownership and control‖, Journal of International Business Studies, 34: 473–488.
  • Cardenas-García, P. J., Sanchez-Rivero, M. ve Pulido-Fernandez, J. I. (2015). ―Does Tourism Growth Influence Economic Development?‖, Journal of Travel Research, 54(2): 206 –221.
  • Cipollina, M. ve G. Giovannetti, (2012). ―FDI and Growth: What Cross-Country Industry Data Say‖, The World Economy, 35(11): 1599–1629.
  • Cavusgil, T., G. Knigt, ve J. Riesenberger, (2008). ―International Business: Strategy, Management and New Realities‖, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Bektaş, Ç., (2008). ―Türkiye’de Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Kısa ve Uzun Dönemli İlişkiler‖, Anatolia: Turizm Araş-tırmaları Dergisi, 19(1): 1-8.
  • Daniels, J., L. Radebaugh, ve D. Sullivan (2004). ―International business: Environments and Operations‖, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Dieke P.U.C. (2000). ―Developing tourism in Africa: Issues for policy consideration‖, Development Policy Management Bulletin, 7(1): 25–31
  • Dieke, P.U.C. (2004). ―Tourism in Africa’s Economic Development: Policy Implication‖, Management Decision, 41(3): 287-295.
  • Drıtrakıs, N. (2004). ―Tourism As A Long –Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis‖, Tourism Economics, 10(3): 305-316.
  • Durbarry, R. (2002). ―The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mauritius.‖ Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3): 862-65.
  • Endo, K. (2006). ―Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism—Flows and Volumes‖, Tourism Management, 27(4): 600–614.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C. ve Tadasse B. (2007). ―The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa‖, Department Of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Murfreesboro, TN 37132.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999). ―Temel Ekonometri”. Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G.G. Şenesen, İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları
  • Granger, C.W.J. ve Newbold, P. (1974). ―Spurious Regressions in Econometrics‖, Journal of Econometrics, (2): 111–120.
  • Gündüz, L. ve Hatemi, A. (2005). ― Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey‖, Applied Economics Letters, 12(8): 499-504.
  • Hall, C. M., ve Jenkins, J. (2004). ―Tourism and Public Policy.‖ In A Companion to Tourism, edited by Eric Alan A. Lew, C. Michael Hall, and Allan M. Williams. Oxford: Blackwell: 425-540.
  • Hettiarachchi, I. C., De Silva, D. A.M. ve Sivashankar, P. (2015). “Human Resource Audit for the Sri Lankan Tourism and Hospitality Industry‖, Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, 2: TOC-88.
  • Hijzen, A., T. Inui, ve Y. Todo, (2007). ―The Effects of Multinational Production on Domestic Performance: Evidence From Japanese Firms‖, RIETI Discussion Paper.
  • Hui-Lin Lin, Yi-Chi Hsiao ve Eric S. Lin (2015). ―Do Different Types of FDI Strategies Spur Productivity and Innovation Capability Growth? evidence From Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms‖, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(3).
  • Frankel, J.A. ve D. Romer (1999). ―Does Trade Cause Growth?‖, American Economic Review, 89: 379– 399.
  • Işık, C. (2015). ―Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism: Panel Data Analysis of D7 Countries‖, Athens Journal of Tourism, 2(2): 93-103.,
  • Işık, C. (2013). ―The Importance of Creating a Competitive Advantage and Investing in Information Technology for Modern Economies: an ARDL Test Approach from Turkey‖, Journal of Knowledge Economy, 4(4): 387-405.
  • Işık, C. (2012). ―The USA’s Internatıonal Travel Demand and Economıc Growth ın Turkey: A Causalıty Analysıs‖, Tourısmos: An ınternatıonal multıdıscıplınary journal of Tourısm, 7(1): 235-252.
  • Johnson, D. ve C. Turner, (2006). ―International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy‖, Routledge, New York.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. T. (2009). ―Revisiting The Tourism-led-growth Hypothesis For Turkey Using The Bound Test and Johansen Approach For Cointegration‖, Tourism Management, 30: 17-22.
  • Kolstad, I. ve Wiig, A. (2012). ―What Determines Chinese Outward FDI?‖, Journal of World Business, 47(1): 26–34.
  • Kumar, S., Sharma, R., ve Aggarwal, N. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): An observation about tourism industry in India, International Journal of Research In Computer Application & Management, 3(8): 137 –141.
  • Lipsey, R.E. (2000). ―Inward FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Transnational Corporations‖, 9: 61–95.
  • Navaretti, G. B. ve D. Castellani, (2004). ―Investments Abroad and Performance at Home: Evidence From Italian Multinationals‖, CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 4284.
  • Neven, D. ve G. Siotis, (1995). ―Technology Sourcing And FDI in The EC: an Empirical Evaluation, International‖, Journal of Industrial Organization, 14(5): 543–560.
  • Nunkoo, R. And Ramkissoon H. (2011). ―Residents’ Satisfaction with Community Attributes and Support for Tourism‖, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35 (2): 171–190.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Pesaran, B. (1997). ―Working with Microfit 4.0. Interactive Econometric Analysis‖, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). ―Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships‖ Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16: 289–326.
  • Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. ve F. Lichtenberg, (2001). Does Foreign Direct Investment Transfer Technology Across Borders?, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3): 490–497.
  • Proença, S., & Soukiazi, E. (2008). Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: a Case Study for Southern European Countries, Tourism Economics, 14 (4), 791-806.
  • Reece, C., ve A. G. Sam, (2012). ―Impact of Pension Privatization On Foreign Direct Investment‖, World Development, 40(2): 291-302.
  • Sahoo, P., G. Nataraj, ve R. K. Dash, (2014). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Economic Growth in South Asia, Foreign Direct Investment in South Asia: 201-239.
  • Sezer, H. ve Harrison, A. (1994). ―Tourism in Greece and Turkey: An economic view for planners. In A.V. Seaton (ed.) Tourism: The State of The Art‖, Chichester: Wiley: 74– 83.
  • Sinclair, M.T. (1998). ―Tourism and Economic Development: A survey‖, The Journal of Development Studies, 34: 1-51.
  • Temiz D. ve A. Gökmen, (2014). ―FDI Inflow as an International Business Operation by MNCs and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Turkey‖, International Business Review, 23(1): 145–154.
  • Tosun, C., Timothy D. J. ve Öztürk Y. (2003). ―Tourism Growth, National Development and Regional Inequality in Turkey‖, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(2-3): 133-161.
  • Uysal, M. ve Gitelson R. (1994). ―Assessment of Economic Impacts: Festivals and Special Events‖, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 2 (1): 3-10.
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2005). ―Türkiye’de İhracat ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik Analizi‖, Sosyal Siyaset 1023000493 ss.961-972. Dergisi,
  • http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iusskd/article/view/
  • Yazdi, S. K., Salehi, K. H. ve Soheilzad, M. (2015). ―The Relationship between Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Iran‖, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI:10.1080/13683500.2015.1046820
  • Woo, E., Kim, H. ve Uysal, M. (2015). ―Life satisfaction and support for tourism development‖, Annals of Tourism Research, 50: 84–97.

Year 2016, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 8, 05.04.2016

Cem Işık

Abstract

References

  • Albuquerque, R., N. Loayza, ve L. Servén, (2005). ―World Market Integration Through the Lens of Foreign Direct Investors‖, Journal of International Economics, 66: 267-295.
  • Archer, B. (1995). ―Importance of Tourism for the Economy of Bermuda‖ Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (4): 918-30.
  • Asiedu, E., (2002). ―On the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Todeveloping Countries: Is Africa different?‖ World Development, 30(1): 107-119.
  • Bahar, O. ve Bozkurt, K., (2010). ―Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Turizm- Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi‖, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21(2): 255-265.
  • Balaguer, J. ve Cantavella-Jorda M. (2002). ―Tourism as a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case.‖ Applied Economics, 34:877-84.
  • Balasubramanyam, V.N., M.A. Salisu ve D. Sapsford, (1996). ―Foreign Direct Investment and Growth in EP and IS Countries‖, Economic Journal, 106: 92–105.
  • Belloumi, M. (2014). ―The Relationship Between Trade, FdI and Economic Growth in Tunisia: An Application of The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model‖, Economic Systems, 38(2): 269– 287.
  • Branstetter, L., (2006), Is Foreign Direct Investment a Channel to Knowledge Spillovers? Evidence From Japan’s FDI in The United States, Journal of International Economics Vol.68, s.325–344.
  • Brown, J.R., Dev, D.S. ve Zhou Z. (2003). ―Broadening the foreign market entry mode decision: separating ownership and control‖, Journal of International Business Studies, 34: 473–488.
  • Cardenas-García, P. J., Sanchez-Rivero, M. ve Pulido-Fernandez, J. I. (2015). ―Does Tourism Growth Influence Economic Development?‖, Journal of Travel Research, 54(2): 206 –221.
  • Cipollina, M. ve G. Giovannetti, (2012). ―FDI and Growth: What Cross-Country Industry Data Say‖, The World Economy, 35(11): 1599–1629.
  • Cavusgil, T., G. Knigt, ve J. Riesenberger, (2008). ―International Business: Strategy, Management and New Realities‖, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Çetintaş, H. ve Bektaş, Ç., (2008). ―Türkiye’de Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Kısa ve Uzun Dönemli İlişkiler‖, Anatolia: Turizm Araş-tırmaları Dergisi, 19(1): 1-8.
  • Daniels, J., L. Radebaugh, ve D. Sullivan (2004). ―International business: Environments and Operations‖, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Dieke P.U.C. (2000). ―Developing tourism in Africa: Issues for policy consideration‖, Development Policy Management Bulletin, 7(1): 25–31
  • Dieke, P.U.C. (2004). ―Tourism in Africa’s Economic Development: Policy Implication‖, Management Decision, 41(3): 287-295.
  • Drıtrakıs, N. (2004). ―Tourism As A Long –Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece Using Causality Analysis‖, Tourism Economics, 10(3): 305-316.
  • Durbarry, R. (2002). ―The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mauritius.‖ Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3): 862-65.
  • Endo, K. (2006). ―Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism—Flows and Volumes‖, Tourism Management, 27(4): 600–614.
  • Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C. ve Tadasse B. (2007). ―The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa‖, Department Of Economics and Finance Working Paper Series, Murfreesboro, TN 37132.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999). ―Temel Ekonometri”. Çev. Ü. Şenesen ve G.G. Şenesen, İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları
  • Granger, C.W.J. ve Newbold, P. (1974). ―Spurious Regressions in Econometrics‖, Journal of Econometrics, (2): 111–120.
  • Gündüz, L. ve Hatemi, A. (2005). ― Is the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis Valid for Turkey‖, Applied Economics Letters, 12(8): 499-504.
  • Hall, C. M., ve Jenkins, J. (2004). ―Tourism and Public Policy.‖ In A Companion to Tourism, edited by Eric Alan A. Lew, C. Michael Hall, and Allan M. Williams. Oxford: Blackwell: 425-540.
  • Hettiarachchi, I. C., De Silva, D. A.M. ve Sivashankar, P. (2015). “Human Resource Audit for the Sri Lankan Tourism and Hospitality Industry‖, Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, 2: TOC-88.
  • Hijzen, A., T. Inui, ve Y. Todo, (2007). ―The Effects of Multinational Production on Domestic Performance: Evidence From Japanese Firms‖, RIETI Discussion Paper.
  • Hui-Lin Lin, Yi-Chi Hsiao ve Eric S. Lin (2015). ―Do Different Types of FDI Strategies Spur Productivity and Innovation Capability Growth? evidence From Taiwanese Manufacturing Firms‖, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(3).
  • Frankel, J.A. ve D. Romer (1999). ―Does Trade Cause Growth?‖, American Economic Review, 89: 379– 399.
  • Işık, C. (2015). ―Foreign Direct Investment in Tourism: Panel Data Analysis of D7 Countries‖, Athens Journal of Tourism, 2(2): 93-103.,
  • Işık, C. (2013). ―The Importance of Creating a Competitive Advantage and Investing in Information Technology for Modern Economies: an ARDL Test Approach from Turkey‖, Journal of Knowledge Economy, 4(4): 387-405.
  • Işık, C. (2012). ―The USA’s Internatıonal Travel Demand and Economıc Growth ın Turkey: A Causalıty Analysıs‖, Tourısmos: An ınternatıonal multıdıscıplınary journal of Tourısm, 7(1): 235-252.
  • Johnson, D. ve C. Turner, (2006). ―International Business: Themes and Issues in the Modern Global Economy‖, Routledge, New York.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. T. (2009). ―Revisiting The Tourism-led-growth Hypothesis For Turkey Using The Bound Test and Johansen Approach For Cointegration‖, Tourism Management, 30: 17-22.
  • Kolstad, I. ve Wiig, A. (2012). ―What Determines Chinese Outward FDI?‖, Journal of World Business, 47(1): 26–34.
  • Kumar, S., Sharma, R., ve Aggarwal, N. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): An observation about tourism industry in India, International Journal of Research In Computer Application & Management, 3(8): 137 –141.
  • Lipsey, R.E. (2000). ―Inward FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries Transnational Corporations‖, 9: 61–95.
  • Navaretti, G. B. ve D. Castellani, (2004). ―Investments Abroad and Performance at Home: Evidence From Italian Multinationals‖, CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 4284.
  • Neven, D. ve G. Siotis, (1995). ―Technology Sourcing And FDI in The EC: an Empirical Evaluation, International‖, Journal of Industrial Organization, 14(5): 543–560.
  • Nunkoo, R. And Ramkissoon H. (2011). ―Residents’ Satisfaction with Community Attributes and Support for Tourism‖, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35 (2): 171–190.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Pesaran, B. (1997). ―Working with Microfit 4.0. Interactive Econometric Analysis‖, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., ve Smith, R. J. (2001). ―Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships‖ Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16: 289–326.
  • Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, B. ve F. Lichtenberg, (2001). Does Foreign Direct Investment Transfer Technology Across Borders?, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3): 490–497.
  • Proença, S., & Soukiazi, E. (2008). Tourism as an Economic Growth Factor: a Case Study for Southern European Countries, Tourism Economics, 14 (4), 791-806.
  • Reece, C., ve A. G. Sam, (2012). ―Impact of Pension Privatization On Foreign Direct Investment‖, World Development, 40(2): 291-302.
  • Sahoo, P., G. Nataraj, ve R. K. Dash, (2014). Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Economic Growth in South Asia, Foreign Direct Investment in South Asia: 201-239.
  • Sezer, H. ve Harrison, A. (1994). ―Tourism in Greece and Turkey: An economic view for planners. In A.V. Seaton (ed.) Tourism: The State of The Art‖, Chichester: Wiley: 74– 83.
  • Sinclair, M.T. (1998). ―Tourism and Economic Development: A survey‖, The Journal of Development Studies, 34: 1-51.
  • Temiz D. ve A. Gökmen, (2014). ―FDI Inflow as an International Business Operation by MNCs and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Turkey‖, International Business Review, 23(1): 145–154.
  • Tosun, C., Timothy D. J. ve Öztürk Y. (2003). ―Tourism Growth, National Development and Regional Inequality in Turkey‖, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(2-3): 133-161.
  • Uysal, M. ve Gitelson R. (1994). ―Assessment of Economic Impacts: Festivals and Special Events‖, Festival Management and Event Tourism, 2 (1): 3-10.
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2005). ―Türkiye’de İhracat ve İktisadi Büyüme Arasında Nedensellik Analizi‖, Sosyal Siyaset 1023000493 ss.961-972. Dergisi,
  • http://www.journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iusskd/article/view/
  • Yazdi, S. K., Salehi, K. H. ve Soheilzad, M. (2015). ―The Relationship between Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Iran‖, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI:10.1080/13683500.2015.1046820
  • Woo, E., Kim, H. ve Uysal, M. (2015). ―Life satisfaction and support for tourism development‖, Annals of Tourism Research, 50: 84–97.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Cem Işık

Publication Date April 5, 2016
Submission Date August 26, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Işık, C. (2016). Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-8.
AMA Işık C. Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. April 2016;1(1):1-8.
Chicago Işık, Cem. “Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 1, no. 1 (April 2016): 1-8.
EndNote Işık C (April 1, 2016) Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 1 1–8.
IEEE C. Işık, “Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi”, Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2016.
ISNAD Işık, Cem. “Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 1/1 (April 2016), 1-8.
JAMA Işık C. Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2016;1:1–8.
MLA Işık, Cem. “Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi”. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, 2016, pp. 1-8.
Vancouver Işık C. Türkiye’de Turizm Harcamaları, Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Sınır Testi Yaklaşımıyla Analizi. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2016;1(1):1-8.
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