Abstract
Taşkınlar kentsel ve kırsal alanlarda önemli zararlara yol açmaktadır. Ülkemiz turizmi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip Bodrum ilçesi de taşkınların bu olumsuz etkilerinden nasibini almaktadır. Yoğun kentsel yapılaşma nedeniyle geçirimsizleşen kentsel doku çarpık kentleşmenin de etkisiyle özellikle kısa süreli sağanaklarda kent hayatını yaşanılmaz hale getiren, ülkemiz turizmine de zarar veren taşkınlara sebep olmaktadır. Yetersiz kentsel alt yapının taşkın yüklerini taşıyabilmesi için gereken mühendislik çalışmaları; kentleşmenin yoğun ve çarpık olması, kamulaştırma maliyetlerinin yüksek olması, görev tanımlarındaki belirsizlikler vb. sebeplerden dolayı gecikmektedir. Özellikle 22-23 Eylül 2015 taşkını, Bodrum şehir merkezini büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu afet sonucunda; Muğla Valiliğince 266 işyeri, 184 konut,197 araç, 24 motosikletin zarar gördüğü açıklanmıştır. Bununla birlikte şehir içi yollar kapanmış, drenaj hatları zarar görmüş ve turizm sekteye uğramıştır. 22-23 Eylül 2015 taşkını, meydana geldiği alt havzalar ölçeğinde incelenmiştir. Yerinde gözlemler yapılarak taşkın sebep, oluşum ve sonuçları araştırılmıştır. Her bir alt havza için; üst, orta ve alt havza drenaj sistemleri ve bu sistemler üzerindeki yapısal ve yapısal olmayan unsurlar özellikle taşkın oluşturacak sebepler bakımından değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Yağış kayıtları kullanılarak, SCS (Soil Conservation Service) modeli aracılığıyla yüzeysel akış tahminleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boyutsuz hidrograflar yardımıyla taşkın hidrografları elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar kullanılarak 22-23 Eylül 2015 taşkını hakkında değerlendirmelere yer verilmiş ve çözüm önerilerinde bulunmuştur.
References
- CCP, (1944). “California Culvert Practice (Reprint of a Series of Technical Abstracts from California Highways and Public Works)”, California. Division of Highways.
- Chow, V.T., Maidment D., and Mays L., (1988). ‘‘Applied Hydrology’’, McGraw-Hill.
- Kirpich, Z.P., (1940). ‘‘Time of Concentration of Small Agricultural Watersheds’’, Civil Engineering, 10:362.
- Knight, D.W., (2006). ‘‘River Flood Hydraulics: Theoretical Issues and Stage-Discharge Relationships’’, In: River Basin Modelling for Flood Risk Mitigation, Ed: Knight.
- Linsley, R.K., (1986). ‘‘Flood Estimates: How Good Are They?’’, Water Resources Research, 159 - 164 (22).
- Linsley, R.K., Kohier, M.A., and Paulhus, J.L.H., (1982). ‘‘ Hydrology for Engineers’’, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, NY., 484.
- Miller, D.M., Kim H., Kjeldsens T. R., Packman J, Grebby S., and Dearden R., (2014). ‘‘Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Storm Runoff in A Peri-Urban Catchment Using Historical Change in Impervious Cover’’, Journal of Hydrology, 59-70 (515)
- Mishra, S.K., , Singh, V.P., (2003) ‘‘Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Methodology’’, Water Science and Technology Library, 84-146(42).
- Rawls, W.J., Shalaby A., and McCuen, R.H., (1981). ‘‘Evaluation Of Methods For Determining Urban Runoff Curve Numbers’’, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 24 (6):1562-1566.
- SCS, (1965). ‘‘Urban Hydrology For Small Watersheds, Tech.’’, Soil Conservation Services, Washington, 55.
Abstract
Floods cause significant damages in urban and rural areas. Bodrum city is of high importance for the tourism of Turkey. It suffers unavoidably from floods. Short duration severe storms incited by impervious surfaces cause immense floods, paralyzing city life as well as the tourism of the country. Engineering studies are hampered by intensive and improper urbanization, expensive expropriation costs and the difficulties in sharing responsibilities among governmental organizations. The flood of 22-23 September 2015 hit the city center of Bodrum, affected many structures and endangered human life. Some city roads were closed, some drainage lines were damaged and tourism was interrupted. The flood of Bodrum on September 22-23, 2015 was investigated on the scale of the affected basins. The causes and consequences of the flood were elucidated by field examinations. The drainage systems of upper, middle and lower basins were evaluated regarding their effects on the impact of the flood. Based on the rainfall records, runoff estimations were obtained using the SCS abstraction methodology. Flood hydrographs were derived by means of dimensionless hydrographs. Obtained results were used for the evaluation of the flood, and for suggesting solutions.
References
- CCP, (1944). “California Culvert Practice (Reprint of a Series of Technical Abstracts from California Highways and Public Works)”, California. Division of Highways.
- Chow, V.T., Maidment D., and Mays L., (1988). ‘‘Applied Hydrology’’, McGraw-Hill.
- Kirpich, Z.P., (1940). ‘‘Time of Concentration of Small Agricultural Watersheds’’, Civil Engineering, 10:362.
- Knight, D.W., (2006). ‘‘River Flood Hydraulics: Theoretical Issues and Stage-Discharge Relationships’’, In: River Basin Modelling for Flood Risk Mitigation, Ed: Knight.
- Linsley, R.K., (1986). ‘‘Flood Estimates: How Good Are They?’’, Water Resources Research, 159 - 164 (22).
- Linsley, R.K., Kohier, M.A., and Paulhus, J.L.H., (1982). ‘‘ Hydrology for Engineers’’, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, NY., 484.
- Miller, D.M., Kim H., Kjeldsens T. R., Packman J, Grebby S., and Dearden R., (2014). ‘‘Assessing the Impact of Urbanization on Storm Runoff in A Peri-Urban Catchment Using Historical Change in Impervious Cover’’, Journal of Hydrology, 59-70 (515)
- Mishra, S.K., , Singh, V.P., (2003) ‘‘Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Methodology’’, Water Science and Technology Library, 84-146(42).
- Rawls, W.J., Shalaby A., and McCuen, R.H., (1981). ‘‘Evaluation Of Methods For Determining Urban Runoff Curve Numbers’’, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 24 (6):1562-1566.
- SCS, (1965). ‘‘Urban Hydrology For Small Watersheds, Tech.’’, Soil Conservation Services, Washington, 55.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 1, 2020 |
| Submission Date | December 26, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 31 Issue: 3 |
