Effect of Viscosity on the Characteristic Properties of Solvent Free Patent Finished Leathers

Year 2021, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 137 - 145, 30.06.2021

Türker Kılıç Gökhan Zengin

https://doi.org/10.32710/tekstilvekonfeksiyon.902181

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Patent leather is a well-known leather type having a mirror-bright gloss finish and is produced from goat, calf, cattle, and corrected grain crust leathers by the use of patent finishing technique. Due to the emission limitations of volatile organic compounds, now water-based finishing applications are used in leather industry instead of solvent-based systems and still there has been no information in literature to reveal the effect of viscosity on the characteristic properties of patent leathers. Therefore, in the present study, water-based patent leathers differentiated in viscosity were investigated in terms of surface reflectance, tensile strength and elongation at break, to and fro rubbing fastness, distension and strength of surface, heat resistance, flexing resistance, air permeability, colorfastness to water spotting tests and scanning electron microscopy displays prior and subsequent to ageing process. The results of the study revealed that the patent film with 194.46cSt viscosity (S2) viscosity provided comparatively better results.

Keywords

Patent leather, water-based finishing, solvent based finishing, viscosity

Supporting Institution

Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

15MÜH027

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Ege University Scientific Research Project Department Directorate (Project No: 15MÜH027) for financial and Turkey Prime Ministry State Planning Organization (07DPT001) for equipment support. Thanks to the assistance of Sevimli Leather for the patent finishing application and providing sheep skins.

References

• Olle, L., Bou, J., Shendrik, A., Bacardit, A. 2014. Sustainable solvent-free finishing of patent leather using carbonyl-functional resins. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 590–594.
• Çolak, S.M. 2017. Eco-Friendly Retanning Applications: Role of Transglutaminase Enzyme (Tgase) in Post Tanning Processes for Tannery Pollution Load Reduction, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 27(3), 316 – 323.
• Adıgüzel Zengin, A.C., Crudu, M., Maier, S.S., Deselnicu, V., Albu, L., Gulumser, G., Bitlisli, B.O., Basaran, B., Mutlu, M.M. 2012. Eco-Leather: Chromium-free Leather Production Using Titanium, Oligomeric Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin, and Resorcinol Tanning Agents and the Properties of the Resulting Leathers, Ekoloji, 21(82), 17-25.
• Adıgüzel Zengin, A.C. 2013. Potential Application of Quillaja Saponaria Saponins as an Antimicrobial Soaking Agent in Leather Industry, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 23(1), 55-61.
• Kilic E. 2013. Evaluation of degreasing process with plant derived biosurfactant for leather making: An ecological approach, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon 23(2):181-187.
• Tamil Selvi, A., Aravindhan, R., Madhan, B., Raghava Rao, J. 2013. Studies on the application of natural dye extract from Bixa orellana seeds for dyeing and finishing of leather. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 84–86.
• Adıgüzel Zengin, A.C., Çolak, S.M., Zengin, G., Kılıç, E. 2014. Eco-Friendly Soaking Process Using Tannic Acid as an Alternative Bactericide, Archives of Environmental Protection, 40(1), 3-12.
• Onem, E., Gulumser, G., Akay, S., Yesil-Celiktas, O. 2014. Optimization of tannin isolation from acorn and application in leather processing. Industrial Crops and Products, 53, 16–22.
• Maier, M., Oelbermann, A.L., Renner, M., Weidner, E. 2017. Screening of European medicinal herbs on their tannin content—New potential tanning agents for the leather industry. Industrial Crops and Products, 99, 19–26.
• Sahu, B., Aravindhan, R., Mohammed A.J. 2017. Application of Calophyllum inophyllum oil as antifungal fat-liquor for leather industry. Industrial Crops and Products, 105, 104–112.
• Shirmohammadli, Y., Efhamisisi, D., Pizzi, A. 2018. Tannins as a sustainable raw material for green chemistry: A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 126, 316–332.
• Yorgancioglu, A., Onem, E., Basaran, B. 2020. Preparation, Characterization and Application of Lubricating Protein Filler for Sustainable Leather Production, Journal of Natural Fibers, 1-11.
• Bacardit, A., Olle, L., Morera, J.M., Bartoli, E., Cuadros, R., Cobos, M. 2009b. Study of Aqueous Patent Leather Finish with a Pull-up Effect, The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 104, 102-111.
• Bilitewski B. 2012. Global Risk-Based Management of Chemical Additives I: Production, Usage and Environmental Occurrence, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 18, 35–56.
• Han, Y., Hua, J., Xin, Z. 2019. Facile preparation of high solid content waterborne polyurethane and its application in leather surface finishing. Progress in Organic Coatings, 130, 8–16.
• Yang, Z., Zang, H., Wu, G. 2019. Study of solvent-free sulfonated waterborne polyurethane as an advanced leather finishing material. Journal of Polymer Research, 26, 213.
• Adigüzel Zengin, A.C., Oǧlakcioǧlu, N., Bitlisli, B.O. 2017. Effect of finishing techniques on some physical characteristics of shoe upper leathers. Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 27, 198–203.
• Bacardit, A., Canals, T., Cobos, M., Shendryck, A. 2009. Characterization and Evaluation of Four Types of Finish Topcoats. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 93, 130–139.
• John, G. 1996, Possible Defects in Leather Production: Definitions, Causes, Consequences, Remedies and Types of Leather, Published: Druck Partner Rübelmann, Darmstadt.
• Scholnick, F., Buechler, P.R. 1989. A novel process for making patent leather, The Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 84, 65-70.
• Sharphouse, J.H. 1989. Leather Technician’s Handbook. Buckland Press Ltd.
• Heidemann, E., 1993. Fundamentals of Leather Manufacturing. Eduard Roether KG, Darmstadt.
• Trauebel, H. 1973. Polyurethanes in leather finishing and coating. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 57, 59-62.
• Kumar, R., Mathur, G.N. 1987. Studies on the effect of polyurethane finishing on the physico-mechanical properties of leather. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 71, 147–152.
• Yiding, S., Haihua, W., Guiqiang, F., Xiaojing, F. 2007. Leather finishing: Preparation and application of cationic organosilicone/polyurethane micro-emulsion. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 91, 108–115.
• Ollé, L., Bacardit, A., Morera, J.M., Bartolí, E., Fernández, D. 2008. Cross-Linked Polymers for Aqueous Finishing. Binders Cross-Linked With Polyaziridine. Part I: Behaviour of Polyurethane. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 92, 96–102.
• Bacardit, A., Cobos, M., Borr, E.À.S., Ollé, L. 2010a. Epoxy Resin Cross-Linked Binders in Aqueous Finishing. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 94, 1–8.
• Bacardit, A., Shendrik, A., Combalia, F., Jorge, J., Olle, L. 2010c. Study of Cross-linking Reactions on Butadiene Binders in Aqueous Finishing. J Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 94, 248–252.
• Bacardit, A., Ollé, L., Borràs, M.D., Cobos, M., Jericó, A., Solé, O. 2010b. Aqueous Finishing with Polycarbodiimide Cross-Linked Binders. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 94, 117–123.
• Peizhi, L.I., Yiding, S., Xiaowu, Y., Ganghui, L.I. 2010. Preparation of Cationic Fluorinated Polyurethane Micro-emulsion and its Application in Leather Finishing. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 94, 1–8.
• Piccin, J.S., Gomes, C.S., Feris, L.A., Gutterres, M. 2012. Kinetics and isotherms of leather dye adsorption by tannery solid waste. Chemical Engineering Journal, 183, 30–38.
• Talbert, R. 2008. Paint Technology Handbook. 1st Edition, CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group LLC.
• McKeen, L., 2006. Fluorinated Coatings and Finishies Handbook.
• Niculescu, O., Leca, M., Coara, G., Macovescu, G., Chelaru, C. 2012. Characterization of coating aqueous disperse systems used in natural leather finishing. Chemival Engineering Magazine, 63, 900–905.
• Viswanath, D., Ghosh, T., Prasad, D.H.L., Dutt, N.V.K., Rani, K.Y. 2007. Viscosity of Liquids: Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data. Springer.
• Alonso, S., Medina-Torres, L., Brito de la Fuente, E. 2005. Rheology aspects of leather finishing formulations. Chemical Engineering Communications, 192, 839–854.
• ASTM D1200-10. 2018. Standard Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
• TS EN ISO 17228. 2015. Leather - Tests for colour fastness - Change in colour with accelerated ageing. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN ISO 2419. 2012. Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Sample preperation and conditioning. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN ISO 2418. 2017. Leather-Chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness test-- Sampling location. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• ISO 17502. 2013. Leather - Determination of surface reflectance, International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Society.
• TS 4119 EN ISO 3376.2006. Leather-Physical and mechanical tests-Determination of tensile strength nad percentage extension. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN ISO 11640. 2013. Leather- Tests for colour fastness- Colour fastness to cycles of to-and-fro rubbing. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• ISO 105-A05. 1996. Textiles-Tests for colour fastness-Part A05: Instrumental assessment of change in colour for determination of grey scale rating.
• ISO 105-A04. 1989. Textiles-Tests for colour fastness-Part A04: Method for the instrumental assessment of the degree of staining of adjacent fabrics.
• ISO 3379. 2015. Leather — Determination of distension and strength of surface (Ball burst method). International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Society.
• TS EN ISO 5402. 2011. Leather - Determination of flex resistance - Part 1: Flexometer method. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN ISO 15700. 2002. Leather- Tests for colour fastness- Colour fastness to water spotting. Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• Dandar, U., Çolak, S.M., Deveci, R., Zengin, A.C.A., Zengin, G. 2014. Skin characteristics of Cervus elaphus L. from Republic of Tuva in Russia. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 109, 146–153.
• Zengin, G., Afşar, A. 2011. Use of natural fat emulsions in fatliquoring process and investigation of fatty spue formation. Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 106, 83-91.
• Ollé, L., Cobos, M., Solé, O., Bacardit, A. 2009. Aqueous Finishing with Polyisocyanate Cross- Linked Binders. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 93, 222–228.
• UNIDO. 1996. Acceptable quality standards in the leather and footwear industry. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
• CEN/TC 309/WG1. Minimum performance requirements and test methods for components for footwear. https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/tc/cen/4d5eb3de-92c0-425f-9100-0eeb9d1fbd43/cen-tc-309
• Wusheng, W., Jun, Z., De-li, R., Feng, Z., Cai-yuan, P. 2000. Epoxysilane: A New Crosslinker for Water-Borne Polyurethane Finishes. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 84, 45–47.
• Keyong, T., Fang, W., Jie, L., Jinglong, L., Quanjie, W., Wang, Q. 2006. An air permeability model for leathers. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 90.
• Glenn, G.W., Ward, A.G., Wolstenholme, S. 1981. Air Permeabilty of Shoe Upper Leathers: Part 1. Flexing of Unfinished Leather. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 65, 109–113.
• Lixin, W., Xuerong, F., Youchang, S., Xiaowei, S. 2014. Effects of Fibre Pore Status on Hot-wet Comfort. Journal of the Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 98, 113–120.