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Research Article
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İnsan Bir Makinedir Savının Dinamik Sistem Kuramı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2022, Issue: 18, 130 - 149, 14.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1196498

Abstract

Bu makale, “insan bir makinedir” iddiasının temel aldığı makine metaforunu, materyalist bir biliş anlayışı perspektifinden sınamayı hedefler. Bu amaçla, bilişselliği modellemek için kullanılan makine metaforlarını bir araya getirip karşılaştırmasını sunar. Buna göre, öz-örgütlenişe sahip canlı sistemlerin bilişsel etkinlik alanını materyalist bir perspektiften bakarak açıklamak için, etkinleşimci yaklaşım berimsel modelin sağladığı kavramsal çerçeveden daha uygundur. Etkinleşimci yaklaşımın en büyük avantajı, Dinamik Sistemler Kuramının sağladığı kavramsal çerçeveyi kullanarak, bilişsellik ve yaşam, biliş ve beden, zaman ve maddesel örgütleniş arasındaki bağı yitirmeden yaşayan sistemlerin temel hareketini materyalist bir zeminde anlamaya izin veriyor oluşudur. Bu bağlamda, bu metnin birinci bölümünde, La Mettrie’in “insan bir makinedir” iddiası, materyalist bir beden ve bilişsel etkinlik anlayışına örnek olarak gösterilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, kullanılan diğer zihin metaforları tarihsel olarak incelenmiş ve günümüz baskın görüşü olan berimsel model mercek altına alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, berimsel modelin problemli yanlarını aşmaya dönük etkinleşimci eleştirisine yer verilmiş ve etkinleşimcilik bedenin bilişsel hareketini anlamaya dönük alternatif bir düşünme biçimi olarak sunulmuştur. Etkinleşimci bağlamda allopoietik ve otopoietik makine kavramları arasında ayrım yapılmış ve otopoietik sistemler olan canlı bedenlerin öz-örgütlenişe sahip, kimlik ve anlamlı eylem örüntüleri yaratma amaçlılığı taşıyan bir yönelimsellikle çevreleriyle eşlenik ilişkiler kuran dinamik sistemler olduğu belirtilmiştir. Son bölümde, bu türden otonom sistemleri anlamak için Dinamik Sistem Kuramı’nın en uygun kavramsal çerçeveyi sunduğu verilen örneklerle gösterilmiştir.

References

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  • Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory, Bergson: Key Writings. Ed. Keith Ansell Pearson. NewYork: Continuum, 2002 [1911].
  • Buckner, Cameron ve Garson, James. "Connectionism." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (ed.) Edward N. Zalta, 10.07.2022 <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/connectionism/>.
  • Cajal, Santiago Ramon. “The Croonian lecture – la fine structure des centres nerveux.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 55, (1894): 444–468. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1894.0063
  • Clark, Andy. Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
  • Clark, Andy. “Time and Mind.” Journal of Philosophy: XCV:7, (1998): 354-376.
  • Clark, Andy. Mindware: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Churchland, Paul. Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Theory of the Mind/Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
  • Cobb, Matthew. “Exorcizing the animal spirits: Jan Swammerdam on nerve function.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(5), (2002): 395–400.
  • Colombetti, Giovanna. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014.
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  • Descartes, René. Treatise of Man. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Vol I. Çev. John Cottingham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 [1662].
  • Dreyfus, Hubert. What Computers Can't Do. New York: MIT Press, 1972.
  • Fodor, Jerry. The Language of Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1975.
  • Fodor, Jerry. The Elm and the Expert: Mentalese and Its Semantics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1995.
  • Getling, Alexander. Bénard–Rayleigh Convection: Structures and Dynamics. Singapur: World Scientific. 1998. ISBN 978-981-02-2657-2.
  • Gibson, James J. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1979.
  • Lakoff, George ve Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
  • Luenberger, David. Introduction to Dynamic Systems: Theory, Models, and Applications. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1979.
  • Maturana, Humberto ve Varela, Francisco. “Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living.” (Eds.) Robert S. Cohen, ve Marx W. Wartofsky. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science Vol. 42. Dordecht (Holland): D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980.
  • Maturana, Humberto. The fine structure of the optic nerve and tectum of anurans: An electron microscope study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. 1958.
  • Maturana, Humberto. “The neurophysiology of cognition.” (Eds.) P. Garvin, Cognition: A multiple-view, 3-23. New York: Spartan Books. 1969.
  • MIT News. "Explained: Linear and nonlinear systems". 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde ulaşıldı. https://news.mit.edu/2010/explained-linear-0226
  • McCulloch, Warran ve Walter Pitts. “The immanent logic of the nervous system.” Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 1943: 115–133. doi: 10.1007/BF02478259
  • Putnam, Hillary. Mind, Language and Reality; Philosophical Papers Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Putnam, Hillary. Representation and Reality. NewYork: MIT Press, 1988.
  • Putnam, Hillary. “Psychophysical Predicates,” Art, Mind, and Religion içinde, ed. W. Capitan ve D. Merrill. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967. Ramirez, Julia. “The Circulatory System: The Hydraulics of the Human Heart.” Industrial Outpost. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde ulaşıldı https://web.archive.org/web/20170501112640/http://www.industrialoutpost.com/human-circulatory-system-heart-modern-hydraulic/
  • Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 [1949]. ISBN 0-226-73296-7.
  • Shapiro, Lawrence. Embodied Cognition. London: Routledge. 2011.
  • Spinoza, Benedictus, The Ethics, The Collected Writings of Spinoza, 2 vols., trans. Edwin Curley. Princeton: Princeton University Press, vol. 1: 1985.
  • Smee, Alfred. Instinct and Reason Deduced from Electro-Biology. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve, 1850. doi: 10.1037/12035-000.
  • Smith, C.U.M. Eugenio Frixione, Stanley Finger ve William Clower, The Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Thelen, Esther, Schöner, G. Scheier, C. and Smith, Linda. The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, (2001): 1–86.
  • Thelen, Esther ve Smith, Linda B. A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge. MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1994.
  • Thomson, Spencer ve Smith, Henry. A Dictionary of Domestic Medicine and Household Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1853.
  • Thompson, Evan. Varela, Francisco ve Rosch, Elanour. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, Cambridge: MIT Press. 1992.
  • Thompson, Evan. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology and The Sciences of Mind. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2007.
  • Thompson, Evan ve Stapleton, Mog. “Making Sense of Sense-Making: Reflections on Enactive and Extended Mind Theories.” Topoi 28 (1), (2009):23-30.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. "What might cognition be, if not computation?" Journal of Philosophy, 91, (1995):345-38.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. “The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21. (1998):349-53.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. and Port, R. "It's about time: an overview of the dynamical approach to cognition." Mind as motion: explorations in the dynamics of cognition içinde. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (1995).
  • Varela, Francisco, Thompson, Evan, & Rosch, Elanor. The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 1991.
  • Varela, Francisco. Principles of Biological Autonomy. New York: Elsevier North Holland. 1979.
  • Wheeler, Michael. Reconstructing the Cognitive World: The Next Step. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2005s.
Year 2022, Issue: 18, 130 - 149, 14.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1196498

Abstract

References

  • Barad, Karen. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2007.
  • Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory, Bergson: Key Writings. Ed. Keith Ansell Pearson. NewYork: Continuum, 2002 [1911].
  • Buckner, Cameron ve Garson, James. "Connectionism." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (ed.) Edward N. Zalta, 10.07.2022 <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/connectionism/>.
  • Cajal, Santiago Ramon. “The Croonian lecture – la fine structure des centres nerveux.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 55, (1894): 444–468. doi: 10.1098/rspl.1894.0063
  • Clark, Andy. Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
  • Clark, Andy. “Time and Mind.” Journal of Philosophy: XCV:7, (1998): 354-376.
  • Clark, Andy. Mindware: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Churchland, Paul. Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Theory of the Mind/Brain. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
  • Cobb, Matthew. “Exorcizing the animal spirits: Jan Swammerdam on nerve function.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(5), (2002): 395–400.
  • Colombetti, Giovanna. The Feeling Body: Affective Science Meets the Enactive Mind. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014.
  • La Mettrie, Julien Offray De. Man A Machine. Chicago: the Open Court Publishing Co., 1912 [1748].
  • Descartes, René. Treatise of Man. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes. Vol I. Çev. John Cottingham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 [1662].
  • Dreyfus, Hubert. What Computers Can't Do. New York: MIT Press, 1972.
  • Fodor, Jerry. The Language of Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1975.
  • Fodor, Jerry. The Elm and the Expert: Mentalese and Its Semantics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1995.
  • Getling, Alexander. Bénard–Rayleigh Convection: Structures and Dynamics. Singapur: World Scientific. 1998. ISBN 978-981-02-2657-2.
  • Gibson, James J. The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. 1979.
  • Lakoff, George ve Johnson, Mark. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.
  • Luenberger, David. Introduction to Dynamic Systems: Theory, Models, and Applications. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1979.
  • Maturana, Humberto ve Varela, Francisco. “Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living.” (Eds.) Robert S. Cohen, ve Marx W. Wartofsky. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science Vol. 42. Dordecht (Holland): D. Reidel Publishing Co. 1980.
  • Maturana, Humberto. The fine structure of the optic nerve and tectum of anurans: An electron microscope study. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University. 1958.
  • Maturana, Humberto. “The neurophysiology of cognition.” (Eds.) P. Garvin, Cognition: A multiple-view, 3-23. New York: Spartan Books. 1969.
  • MIT News. "Explained: Linear and nonlinear systems". 29 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde ulaşıldı. https://news.mit.edu/2010/explained-linear-0226
  • McCulloch, Warran ve Walter Pitts. “The immanent logic of the nervous system.” Bull. Math. Biophys. 5, 1943: 115–133. doi: 10.1007/BF02478259
  • Putnam, Hillary. Mind, Language and Reality; Philosophical Papers Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  • Putnam, Hillary. Representation and Reality. NewYork: MIT Press, 1988.
  • Putnam, Hillary. “Psychophysical Predicates,” Art, Mind, and Religion içinde, ed. W. Capitan ve D. Merrill. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1967. Ramirez, Julia. “The Circulatory System: The Hydraulics of the Human Heart.” Industrial Outpost. 20 Temmuz 2022 tarihinde ulaşıldı https://web.archive.org/web/20170501112640/http://www.industrialoutpost.com/human-circulatory-system-heart-modern-hydraulic/
  • Ryle, Gilbert. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 [1949]. ISBN 0-226-73296-7.
  • Shapiro, Lawrence. Embodied Cognition. London: Routledge. 2011.
  • Spinoza, Benedictus, The Ethics, The Collected Writings of Spinoza, 2 vols., trans. Edwin Curley. Princeton: Princeton University Press, vol. 1: 1985.
  • Smee, Alfred. Instinct and Reason Deduced from Electro-Biology. London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve, 1850. doi: 10.1037/12035-000.
  • Smith, C.U.M. Eugenio Frixione, Stanley Finger ve William Clower, The Animal Spirit Doctrine and the Origins of Neurophysiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Thelen, Esther, Schöner, G. Scheier, C. and Smith, Linda. The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, (2001): 1–86.
  • Thelen, Esther ve Smith, Linda B. A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge. MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1994.
  • Thomson, Spencer ve Smith, Henry. A Dictionary of Domestic Medicine and Household Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1853.
  • Thompson, Evan. Varela, Francisco ve Rosch, Elanour. The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, Cambridge: MIT Press. 1992.
  • Thompson, Evan. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology and The Sciences of Mind. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 2007.
  • Thompson, Evan ve Stapleton, Mog. “Making Sense of Sense-Making: Reflections on Enactive and Extended Mind Theories.” Topoi 28 (1), (2009):23-30.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. "What might cognition be, if not computation?" Journal of Philosophy, 91, (1995):345-38.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. “The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21. (1998):349-53.
  • Van Gelder, Timoty. and Port, R. "It's about time: an overview of the dynamical approach to cognition." Mind as motion: explorations in the dynamics of cognition içinde. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (1995).
  • Varela, Francisco, Thompson, Evan, & Rosch, Elanor. The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. 1991.
  • Varela, Francisco. Principles of Biological Autonomy. New York: Elsevier North Holland. 1979.
  • Wheeler, Michael. Reconstructing the Cognitive World: The Next Step. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2005s.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayşe Uslu Pooyanı 0000-0002-3144-4195

Publication Date December 14, 2022
Submission Date October 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 18

Cite

Chicago Uslu Pooyanı, Ayşe. “İnsan Bir Makinedir Savının Dinamik Sistem Kuramı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi”. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, no. 18 (December 2022): 130-49. https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1196498.