Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 6, 1 - 28, 01.11.2023

Ahmet Can Mert , Gökhan Yazıcı , Hadi Khan Baba Zadeh

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1340360
Cited By: 1

Abstract

References

  • EN-1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design- Part 1: General Rules, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2004.
  • K.K. Phoon, F.H. Kulhawy, Characterization of geotechnical variability, Can. Geotech. J. 36 (1999) 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-038.
  • K.K. Phoon, F.H. Kulhawy, Evaluation of geotechnical property variability, Can. Geotech. J. 36 (1999) 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-039.
  • EN-1990:2002, Eurocode. Basis of Structural Design, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2002.
  • ISO-2394:2015, General Principles on Reliability of Structures., International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2015.
  • E.H. Vanmarcke, Probabilistic Modeling of Soil Profiles, ASCE J Geotech Eng Div. 103 (1977) 1227–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90012-8.
  • E.H. Vanmarcke, Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, World Scientific, London&New Jersey, 2010. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/5807.
  • G.B. Beacher, T.S. Ingra, Stochastic Fem in Settlement Predictions, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 107 (1981) 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1061/ajgeb6.0001119.
  • D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Probabilistic settlement analysis by stochastic and random finite-element methods, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 135 (2009) 1629–1637. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000126.
  • A. Ahmed, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis of strip footings resting on a spatially random soil using subset simulation approach, Georisk. 6 (2012) 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2012.678775.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470284704.
  • G.M. Paice, D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Finite element modeling of settlements on spatially random soil, J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (1996) 777–779. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:9(777).
  • A. Ahmed, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis at the serviceability limit state of two neighboring strip footings resting on a spatially random soil, Struct. Saf. 49 (2014) 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.08.001.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 131 (2005) 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(232).
  • T. Al-Bittar, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis of strip footings resting on spatially varying soils and subjected to vertical or inclined loads, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001046.
  • J.T. Simões, L.C. Neves, A.N. Antão, N.M.C. Guerra, Reliability assessment of shallow foundations on undrained soils considering soil spatial variability, Comput. Geotech. 119 (2020) 103369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103369.
  • D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Bearing capacity of spatially random soil: The undrained clay Prandtl problem revisited, Geotechnique. 51 (2001) 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.4.351.
  • M.J. Cassidy, M. Uzielli, Y. Tian, Probabilistic combined loading failure envelopes of a strip footing on spatially variable soil, Comput. Geotech. 49 (2013) 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.10.008.
  • J. Ching, Y.G. Hu, Effective Young’s Modulus for a Footing on a Spatially Variable Soil Mass, Geotech. Spec. Publ. (2017) 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480717.034.
  • Q. Yue, J. Yao, Soil deposit stochastic settlement simulation using an improved autocorrelation model, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 59 (2020) 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2020.103038.
  • A.E. Kenarsari, R. Jamshidi Chenari, Probabilistic settlement analysis of shallow foundations on heterogeneous soil stratum with anisotropic correlation structure, Geotech. Spec. Publ. GSP 256 (2015) 1905–1914. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.174.
  • A. Johari, A. Sabzi, A. Gholaminejad, Reliability Analysis of Differential Settlement of Strip Footings by Stochastic Response Surface Method, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. - Trans. Civ. Eng. 43 (2019) 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0114-3.
  • K. Winkelmann, K. Żyliński, A. Korzec, J. Górski, Effectiveness of Random Field Approach in Serviceability Limit State Analysis of Strip Foundation, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 40 (2022) 4705–4720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02179-6.
  • E. Arel, A.C. Mert, Field simulation of settlement analysis for shallow foundation using cone penetration data, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 66 (2021) 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2021.103169.
  • S.K. Jha, Reliability-based analysis of bearing capacity of strip footings considering anisotropic correlation of spatially varying undrained shear strength, Int. J. Geomech. 16 (2016) 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000638.
  • Y. Wu, X. Zhou, Y. Gao, S. Shu, Bearing capacity of embedded shallow foundations in spatially random soils with linearly increasing mean undrained shear strength, Comput. Geotech. 122 (2020) 103508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103508.
  • C. Mendoza, J.E. Hurtado, The Importance of Geotechnical Random Variability in the Elastoplastic Stress–Strain Behavior of Shallow Foundations Considering the Geological History, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 40 (2022) 3799–3818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02132-7.
  • R. Popescu, G. Deodatis, A. Nobahar, Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 20 (2005) 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2005.06.003.
  • M.A. Lawrence, Basis random variables in finite element analysis, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 24 (1987) 1849–1863. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620241004.
  • P.D. Spanos, R. Ghanem, Stochastic finite element expansion for random media, J. Eng. Mech. 115 (1989) 1035–1053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:5(1035).
  • S.P. Huang, S.T. Quek, K.K. Phoon, Convergence study of the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion for simulation of stochastic processes, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 52 (2001) 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.255.
  • D. Mirfendereski, On series representation of random fields and their application in stochastic finite element analysis, California, 1990.
  • R.G. Ghanem, P.D. Spanos, Spectral stochastic finite-element formulation for reliability analysis, J. Eng. Mech. 117 (1991) 2351–2372. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:10(2351).
  • K.K. Phoon, S.P. Huang, S.T. Quek, Implementation of Karhunen-Loeve expansion for simulation using a wavelet-Galerkin scheme, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 17 (2002) 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(02)00013-9.
  • A. Der Kiureghian, J. Bin Ke, The stochastic finite element method in structural reliability, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 3 (1988) 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-8920(88)90019-7.
  • P.L. Liu, A. Der Kiureghian, Finite element reliability of geometrically nonlinear uncertain structures, J. Eng. Mech. 117 (1991) 1806–1825. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:8(1806).
  • P. Kohnke, Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications, Canonsburg, PA, 2009.
  • J.E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1997. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=iuBwtgAACAAJ.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Probabilistic foundation settlement on spatially random soil, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 128 (2002) 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:5(381).
  • M. Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=ga8bAAAAQBAJ.
  • F.H. Kulhawy, K.K. Phoon, M. Grigoriu, E.P.R. Institute, C.U.G.E. Group, Reliability-based Design of Foundations for Transmission Line Structures, Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, 1995. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=dSpUAAAAYAAJ.
  • M. Lloret-Cabot, G.A. Fenton, M.A. Hicks, On the estimation of scale of fluctuation in geostatistics, Georisk. 8 (2014) 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2013.871189.
  • B.M. Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, Cengage Learning, 2010. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=v3Mq9szzE1YC.
  • D.P. Coduto, Foundation Design: Principles and Practices, Pearson Education, 2015. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=xa6gBwAAQBAJ.
  • P.G. Constantine, Random Field Simulation (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27613-random-field-simulation), (2020).
  • A.W. Stuedlein, S.L. Kramer, P. Arduino, R.D. Holtz, Geotechnical Characterization and Random Field Modeling of Desiccated Clay, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 138 (2012) 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000723.
  • P.K. Robertson, K.L. Cabal, Guide to Cone Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Engineering, California, 2015.
  • P.K. Robertson, R.G. Campanella, Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part II: clay., Can. Geotech. J. 20 (1983) 734–745. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-079.
  • K. Senneset, R. Sandven, N. Janbu, Evaluation of soil parameters from piezocone tests, Transp. Res. Rec. (1989) 24–37.
  • JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code Part 1 - Basis of Design, Joint Committee of Structural Safety, 2001.

Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 6, 1 - 28, 01.11.2023

Ahmet Can Mert , Gökhan Yazıcı , Hadi Khan Baba Zadeh

https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1340360
Cited By: 1

Abstract

The present study aimed to create a series of hazard curves against maximum total settlement and angular rotation of strip footings for probabilistic shallow foundation design on clays. Random field finite element method (RFEM) was adopted with elasto-plastic clay-like soil behavior, deformation modulus (Ed) and shear strength parameters (c and ) were employed as random field inputs. Parameters were defined and assigned to the analysis models with varying correlation lengths (h, v). Models have been iteratively solved one thousand times, and output distributions of maximum settlement and angular rotations were recorded. Probability density functions (PDF) were fitted to the outputs, and probability of failure (Pf) for footing deformation limits was subsequently estimated. Proposed hazard curves for two anisotropy and three variability categories were developed employing the estimated Pfs. The method proposed has been validated using an independent database of in-situ results, and a worked example was provided to illustrate the implementation of the process. The key contribution of the research is to form hazard curves for shallow foundations considering elasto-plastic soil behavior with the impact of all influencing parameters, respecting the limit values for foundation deformation in the design codes. The proposed technique offers a probabilistic evaluation of strip footings with spatial variation of clayey soils and a valid method for the reliability-based design of foundations in the serviceability limit state.

Keywords

Random field finite element method strip footings soil-foundation-structure interaction reliability-based design serviceability limit state cohesive soils

References

  • EN-1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design- Part 1: General Rules, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2004.
  • K.K. Phoon, F.H. Kulhawy, Characterization of geotechnical variability, Can. Geotech. J. 36 (1999) 612–624. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-038.
  • K.K. Phoon, F.H. Kulhawy, Evaluation of geotechnical property variability, Can. Geotech. J. 36 (1999) 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1139/t99-039.
  • EN-1990:2002, Eurocode. Basis of Structural Design, CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2002.
  • ISO-2394:2015, General Principles on Reliability of Structures., International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2015.
  • E.H. Vanmarcke, Probabilistic Modeling of Soil Profiles, ASCE J Geotech Eng Div. 103 (1977) 1227–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90012-8.
  • E.H. Vanmarcke, Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, World Scientific, London&New Jersey, 2010. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1142/5807.
  • G.B. Beacher, T.S. Ingra, Stochastic Fem in Settlement Predictions, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. 107 (1981) 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1061/ajgeb6.0001119.
  • D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Probabilistic settlement analysis by stochastic and random finite-element methods, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 135 (2009) 1629–1637. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000126.
  • A. Ahmed, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis of strip footings resting on a spatially random soil using subset simulation approach, Georisk. 6 (2012) 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2012.678775.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470284704.
  • G.M. Paice, D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Finite element modeling of settlements on spatially random soil, J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (1996) 777–779. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1996)122:9(777).
  • A. Ahmed, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis at the serviceability limit state of two neighboring strip footings resting on a spatially random soil, Struct. Saf. 49 (2014) 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.08.001.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 131 (2005) 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(232).
  • T. Al-Bittar, A.H. Soubra, Probabilistic analysis of strip footings resting on spatially varying soils and subjected to vertical or inclined loads, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 140 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001046.
  • J.T. Simões, L.C. Neves, A.N. Antão, N.M.C. Guerra, Reliability assessment of shallow foundations on undrained soils considering soil spatial variability, Comput. Geotech. 119 (2020) 103369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103369.
  • D. V. Griffiths, G.A. Fenton, Bearing capacity of spatially random soil: The undrained clay Prandtl problem revisited, Geotechnique. 51 (2001) 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.4.351.
  • M.J. Cassidy, M. Uzielli, Y. Tian, Probabilistic combined loading failure envelopes of a strip footing on spatially variable soil, Comput. Geotech. 49 (2013) 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.10.008.
  • J. Ching, Y.G. Hu, Effective Young’s Modulus for a Footing on a Spatially Variable Soil Mass, Geotech. Spec. Publ. (2017) 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480717.034.
  • Q. Yue, J. Yao, Soil deposit stochastic settlement simulation using an improved autocorrelation model, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 59 (2020) 103038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2020.103038.
  • A.E. Kenarsari, R. Jamshidi Chenari, Probabilistic settlement analysis of shallow foundations on heterogeneous soil stratum with anisotropic correlation structure, Geotech. Spec. Publ. GSP 256 (2015) 1905–1914. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784479087.174.
  • A. Johari, A. Sabzi, A. Gholaminejad, Reliability Analysis of Differential Settlement of Strip Footings by Stochastic Response Surface Method, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. - Trans. Civ. Eng. 43 (2019) 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0114-3.
  • K. Winkelmann, K. Żyliński, A. Korzec, J. Górski, Effectiveness of Random Field Approach in Serviceability Limit State Analysis of Strip Foundation, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 40 (2022) 4705–4720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02179-6.
  • E. Arel, A.C. Mert, Field simulation of settlement analysis for shallow foundation using cone penetration data, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 66 (2021) 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2021.103169.
  • S.K. Jha, Reliability-based analysis of bearing capacity of strip footings considering anisotropic correlation of spatially varying undrained shear strength, Int. J. Geomech. 16 (2016) 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000638.
  • Y. Wu, X. Zhou, Y. Gao, S. Shu, Bearing capacity of embedded shallow foundations in spatially random soils with linearly increasing mean undrained shear strength, Comput. Geotech. 122 (2020) 103508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103508.
  • C. Mendoza, J.E. Hurtado, The Importance of Geotechnical Random Variability in the Elastoplastic Stress–Strain Behavior of Shallow Foundations Considering the Geological History, Geotech. Geol. Eng. 40 (2022) 3799–3818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02132-7.
  • R. Popescu, G. Deodatis, A. Nobahar, Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 20 (2005) 324–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2005.06.003.
  • M.A. Lawrence, Basis random variables in finite element analysis, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 24 (1987) 1849–1863. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620241004.
  • P.D. Spanos, R. Ghanem, Stochastic finite element expansion for random media, J. Eng. Mech. 115 (1989) 1035–1053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:5(1035).
  • S.P. Huang, S.T. Quek, K.K. Phoon, Convergence study of the truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansion for simulation of stochastic processes, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 52 (2001) 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.255.
  • D. Mirfendereski, On series representation of random fields and their application in stochastic finite element analysis, California, 1990.
  • R.G. Ghanem, P.D. Spanos, Spectral stochastic finite-element formulation for reliability analysis, J. Eng. Mech. 117 (1991) 2351–2372. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:10(2351).
  • K.K. Phoon, S.P. Huang, S.T. Quek, Implementation of Karhunen-Loeve expansion for simulation using a wavelet-Galerkin scheme, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 17 (2002) 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(02)00013-9.
  • A. Der Kiureghian, J. Bin Ke, The stochastic finite element method in structural reliability, Probabilistic Eng. Mech. 3 (1988) 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-8920(88)90019-7.
  • P.L. Liu, A. Der Kiureghian, Finite element reliability of geometrically nonlinear uncertain structures, J. Eng. Mech. 117 (1991) 1806–1825. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:8(1806).
  • P. Kohnke, Theory Reference for the Mechanical APDL and Mechanical Applications, Canonsburg, PA, 2009.
  • J.E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1997. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=iuBwtgAACAAJ.
  • G.A. Fenton, D. V. Griffiths, Probabilistic foundation settlement on spatially random soil, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 128 (2002) 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:5(381).
  • M. Budhu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2010. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=ga8bAAAAQBAJ.
  • F.H. Kulhawy, K.K. Phoon, M. Grigoriu, E.P.R. Institute, C.U.G.E. Group, Reliability-based Design of Foundations for Transmission Line Structures, Prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, 1995. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=dSpUAAAAYAAJ.
  • M. Lloret-Cabot, G.A. Fenton, M.A. Hicks, On the estimation of scale of fluctuation in geostatistics, Georisk. 8 (2014) 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2013.871189.
  • B.M. Das, Principles of Foundation Engineering, Cengage Learning, 2010. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=v3Mq9szzE1YC.
  • D.P. Coduto, Foundation Design: Principles and Practices, Pearson Education, 2015. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=xa6gBwAAQBAJ.
  • P.G. Constantine, Random Field Simulation (https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27613-random-field-simulation), (2020).
  • A.W. Stuedlein, S.L. Kramer, P. Arduino, R.D. Holtz, Geotechnical Characterization and Random Field Modeling of Desiccated Clay, J. Geotech. Geoenvironmental Eng. 138 (2012) 1301–1313. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000723.
  • P.K. Robertson, K.L. Cabal, Guide to Cone Penetration Testing for Geotechnical Engineering, California, 2015.
  • P.K. Robertson, R.G. Campanella, Interpretation of cone penetration tests. Part II: clay., Can. Geotech. J. 20 (1983) 734–745. https://doi.org/10.1139/t83-079.
  • K. Senneset, R. Sandven, N. Janbu, Evaluation of soil parameters from piezocone tests, Transp. Res. Rec. (1989) 24–37.
  • JCSS, Probabilistic Model Code Part 1 - Basis of Design, Joint Committee of Structural Safety, 2001.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Geotechnical Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ahmet Can Mert 0000-0002-2483-1330

Gökhan Yazıcı 0000-0002-6719-9152

Hadi Khan Baba Zadeh 0000-0001-9764-7799

Early Pub Date August 9, 2023
Publication Date November 1, 2023
Submission Date November 14, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Mert, A. C., Yazıcı, G., & Khan Baba Zadeh, H. (2023). Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(6), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1340360
AMA Mert AC, Yazıcı G, Khan Baba Zadeh H. Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils. tjce. November 2023;34(6):1-28. doi:10.18400/tjce.1340360
Chicago Mert, Ahmet Can, Gökhan Yazıcı, and Hadi Khan Baba Zadeh. “Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 6 (November 2023): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1340360.
EndNote Mert AC, Yazıcı G, Khan Baba Zadeh H (November 1, 2023) Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 34 6 1–28.
IEEE A. C. Mert, G. Yazıcı, and H. Khan Baba Zadeh, “Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils”, tjce, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1–28, 2023, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1340360.
ISNAD Mert, Ahmet Can et al. “Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 34/6 (November 2023), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1340360.
JAMA Mert AC, Yazıcı G, Khan Baba Zadeh H. Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils. tjce. 2023;34:1–28.
MLA Mert, Ahmet Can et al. “Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 34, no. 6, 2023, pp. 1-28, doi:10.18400/tjce.1340360.
Vancouver Mert AC, Yazıcı G, Khan Baba Zadeh H. Hazard Curves for Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Cohesive Soils. tjce. 2023;34(6):1-28.

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Reliability Assessment of Strip Footings on Spatially Varying Sand
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