Comparison of the adhesion performances of traditional and new generation adhesives used in the making of Turkish bows

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 89 - 99, 30.03.2024

Salih Parlak , Oktay Gönültaş

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1355170

Abstract

From primitive societies to today's modern armies, mankind has engaged in competition and warfare since its existence, developing various weapon systems for prevailing in these conflicts. Although it remains unclear when and where the bow and arrow, among the earliest weapons used and developed, were first employed, they have consistently been one of the most effective war instruments. The development of bows and arrows, particularly the transition to composite bows, is notably associated with nomadic Central Asian cultures. It is crucial to highlight the significance of animal adhesives, which are pivotal components in the production of composite bows. The utilization of adhesives to bind materials such as wood, horn, and animal tendons facilitated the creation of composite bows. This article compares the adhesion performances of traditional animal protein-based adhesives used in bow production and new-generation commercial adhesives with the tensile test. Tatar maple (Acer tataricum L.) wood adhesion samples were employed in the study, bonded with ten different adhesives under 5-bar pressure without applying heat. The tensile test results indicate that hide glue has the highest adhesion strength. The chemical structures of animal adhesives, the functional groups within the structure, and their variations were analyzed through FTIR analysis. Characteristic peaks for animal proteins were identified in accordance with the obtained spectrum. Furthermore, differences in amide peak intensities and wavelength shifts were detected among samples obtained from various sources. Additionally, the adhesion line of the lap shear adhesion test samples was examined under a light microscope to assess adhesive penetration and the interaction between wood and adhesive.

Keywords

Bow, Protein adhesive, FTIR, Adhesion performance

Türk yaylarının yapımında kullanılan geleneksel ve yeni nesil tutkalların yapışma performanslarının karşılaştırılması

Abstract

İlkel toplumlardan günümüz modern ordularına kadar insanoğlu varoluşundan beri rekabet ve savaş halinde olmuş, bu mücadeleyi kazanmak için farklı silah sistemleri geliştirmiştir. İlk kullanılan ve geliştirilen silahlardan olan ok ve yayın ilk kez ne zaman, nerede kullanıldığı belli değildir fakat savaşlarda en etkili silahlardan biri olmuştur. Bütün kültürlerde ok ve yay kullanılmasına rağmen geliştirilmesi ve kompozit yay formunu alması göçebe Orta Asya kültürlerinde olmuştur. Kompozit yayın imalinde ana bileşenlerin en önemlisi olan hayvansal tutkalların işlevini vurgulamak gerekir. Ahşap, boynuz ve hayvan tendonlarından oluşan malzemeleri güçlü bir şekilde bir arada tutan tutkalların imali ve kullanımı kompozit yayların yapımını mümkün kılmıştır. Bu makalede yay yapımında kullanılan geleneksel tutkallar ile yeni nesil tutkalların yapışma performansları çekme testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada Tatar akçaağacından (Acer tataricum L.) hazırlanan ahşap yapışma örnekleri 10 farklı tutkalla 5 bar basınç altında sıcaklık uygulanmadan yapıştırılıp hazırlanmıştır. Çekme testlerinde elde edilen verilere göre en yüksek yapışma mukavemeti deri tutkalından elde edilmiştir. Hayvansal tutkalların kimyasal yapıları, yapısında bulunan fonksiyonel gruplar ve faklılıkları FTIR analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen spektruma göre hayvansal proteinler için karakteristik pikler belirlenmiştir. Ancak farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen örneklerin amid pik şiddeti farklılıkları ve dalga boyu kaymaları ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca lap shear yapışma testi örneklerinin yapışma hattı ışık mikroskobu altında tutkal penetrasyonu ve ahşap tutkal etkileşimi açısından incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Yay, Protein tutkalı, FTIR, Yapışma performansı

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