Chemical composition of essential oil extracted from lavender growing in Kastamonu, Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 113 - 117, 30.03.2024

Deren Tahmas Kahyaoğlu , Mürüvvet Begüm Özen , Hilal Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1382213

Abstract

Lavender and lavender oils have been used as traditional herbal medicines for centuries. Nowadays, lavender and its essential oil are valuable materials used in many industries, e.g., food, cosmetics, perfume, sanitary products, and pharmaceuticals. Since the components of valuable oil differ depending on the growing region, these components must be identified to ascertain the oil's quality and potential uses. The essential oil composition was obtained from the stemmed fresh flowers of Kastamonu, Türkiye cultivars of lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super) via a Clevenger-type hydrodistillation apparatus. Then, the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 14 components were identified. Linalool and linalyl acetate were the main components, with 28.44% and 17.12%, respectively. In this study, we aimed to evaluate our results by comparing them with Pharmacopoeia Europaea and ISO standards to determine the quality of the essential oil and its possible areas of use. The findings of this study showed that lavandin essential oil is a high-quality essential oil as it contains high levels of linalool and is free of camphor. In addition, while the linalool, terpinen-4-ol, and camphor contents of the variety complied with the lavender oil standards set by ISO 3515:2002, the linalyl acetate content was found below this. Due to its high linalool content and lack of camphor, the extracted lavandin oil can be predicted to be suitable for use in the food, beverage, aroma, pharmaceutical, perfume and aromatherapy industries.

Keywords

Hydrodistillation, Lavandula sp., Linalyl acetate, Linalool

Kastamonu'da yetişen lavantadan elde edilen uçucu yağın kimyasal bileşimi

Abstract

Lavanta ve lavanta yağları yüzyıllardır geleneksel bitkisel ilaç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde lavanta ve esansiyel yağı gıda, kozmetik, parfüm, sıhhi ürünler ve ilaç gibi birçok endüstride kullanılan değerli malzemelerdir. Değerli yağın bileşenleri yetiştirme bölgesine bağlı olarak farklılık gösterdiğinden, yağın kalitesini ve potansiyel kullanım alanlarını belirlemek için bu bileşenlerin belirlenmesi gerekir. Esansiyel yağ bileşimi, Kastamonu, Türkiye lavanta çeşitlerinin saplı taze çiçeklerinden (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super) Clevenger tipi hidrodistilasyon cihazı kullanılarak elde edildi. Daha sonra uçucu yağın gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) ile analizi sonucu 14 bileşen tanımlanmıştır. Linalool ve linalil asetat sırasıyla %28,44 ve %17,12 ile yağın ana bileşenleridir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen yağın kalitesini ve olası kullanım alanlarını belirlemek için sonuçlarımızı Avrupa Farmakopesi ve ISO standartları ile karşılaştırarak değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Analiz sonuçları, lavandin esansiyel yağının yüksek düzeyde linalool içermesi ve kafur içermemesi nedeniyle yüksek kaliteli bir esansiyel yağ olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, linalool, terpinen-4-ol ve kafur içerikleri ISO 3515:2002'de belirtilen lavanta yağı standartlarına uygun iken, linalil asetat içeriği standard değerin altında bulunmuştur. Çalışmada ekstrakte edilen lavandin yağının yüksek linalool içeriği ve kafur içermemesi nedeniyle gıda, içecek, aroma, ilaç, parfüm ve aromaterapi endüstrilerinde kullanıma uygun olduğu öngörülebilir.

Keywords

Hidrodistilasyon, Lavandula sp., Linalil asetat, Linalool

References

• Adam, K.L., 2006. Lavender production, products, markets, and entertainment farms, https://naturalingredient.org/wp/wp content/uploads/lavender.pdf, Accessed: 22.09.2023
• Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M., Szczerbińska, D., 2019. The effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil as a drinking water supplement on the production performance, blood biochemical parameters, and ileal microflora in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98(1): 358-365.
• Aparicio-Ruiz, R., García-González, D.L., Morales, M.T., Lobo-Prieto, A., Romero, I., 2018. Comparison of two analytical methods validated for the determination of volatile compounds in virgin olive oil: GC-FID vs GC-MS. Talanta, 187: 133-141.
• Avcı, A.B., 2010. A new record and distribution of the endemic Thymus cilicicus Boiss. & Bal. for the squares B3 and C3 in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(1): 40-42.
• Baydar, H., 2009. Lavender. Medicinal and aromatic plant science and technology (3rd press). Süleyman Demirel University Press No: 51, 274-278, Isparta.
• Baydar, H., 2013. Tıbbi, Aromatik ve Keyf Bitkileri Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınları, Yayın No:51, Isparta.
• Bethesda, M.D., 2006. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) Lavender, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501865/, Accessed: 24.10.2023
• Danh, L.T., Han, L.N., Triet, N.D.A., Zhao, J., 2013. Comparison of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) essential oils extracted by supercritical CO2, hexane, and hydrodistillation. Food Bioprocess Technology, 6: 3481-3489.
• Dębczak, A., Tyśkiewicz, K., Fekner, Z., Kamiński, P., Florkowski, G., Konkol, M., Rój, E., Grzegorczyk, A., Malm, A., 2022. Molecular distillation of lavender supercritical extracts: physicochemical and antimicrobial characterization of feedstocks and assessment of distillates enriched with oxygenated fragrance components. Molecules, 27(5): 1470.
• Dušková, E., Dušek, K., Indrák, P., Smékalová, K., 2016. Postharvest changes in essential oil content and quality of lavender flowers. Industrial Crops and Products, 79: 225-231.
• Farré-Armengol G., Filella, I., Llusià, J., Peñuelas, J., 2017. β-ocimene, a key floral and foliar volatile involved in multiple interactions between plants and other organisms. Molecules, 22: 1148.
• Gülcin, W., Şat, İ.G., Beydemir, Ş., Elmastaş, M., Küfrevioglu, Ö.İ., 2004. Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chemistry, 87: 393-400.
• Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 1999. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 86: 985-990.
• Hui, L., He, L., Huan, L., Xiaolan, L., Aiguo, Z., 2010. Chemical composition of lavender essential oil and its antioxidant activity and inhibition against rhinitis related bacteria. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4: 309-313.
• ISO 3515:2002 Lavander Oil Quality Standarts. International Organization for Standardization ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva-Switzerland.
• Kara, N., Baydar, H., 2011. Essential oil characteristics of lavandins (Lavandula x intermedia emeric ex loisel.) of Isparta province, Kuyucak district, where lavender production center of Turkey. Journal of Selcuk Agriculture and Food Sciences, 25(4): 41-45.
• Kara, N., Baydar, H., 2013. Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high-quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(1): 58-65.
• Kammoun A.K., Altyar, A.E., Gad, H.A., 2021. Comparative metabolic study of citrus sinensis leaves cultivars based on GC-MS and their cytotoxic activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 198: 113991.
• Katar, D., Can, M., Katar, N., 2020. Effect of different locations on essential oil content and chemical composition in lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel.). Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi (UTYHBD), 6(3): 546-553.
• Marincaş, O., Feher, I., 2018. A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 241-247.
• Moon T., Cavanagh H.M.A., Wilkinson J.M., 2004. Lavender as an antibacterial essential oil-are all lavenders equal. Proceedings of AICA National Conference, 16-17 September, Sydney, Australia, pp. 46.
• Pinto, J.E.B.P., Cardoso, J.C.W., De Castro, E.M., Bertolucci, S.K.V., De Melo, L.A., Dousseau, S., 2007. Morphophysiological aspects and essential oil content in brazilian-lavender as affected by shadowing. Horticultural Brasileira, 25(2): 210-214.
• Pokajewicz, K., Białon, M., Svydenko, L., Fedin, R., Hudz, N., 2021. Chemical composition of the essential oil of the new cultivars of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Bred in Ukraine. Molecules, 26: 5681.
• Sales, A., Felipe, L.O., Bicas, J.L., 2020. Production, properties, and applications of α-terpineol. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 13: 1261-1279.
• Shellie, R., Mondello, L., Marriott, P., Dugo, G., 2002. Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatographymass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 970: 225-234.
• Sintim, H.Y., Burkhardt, A., Gawde, A., Cantrell, C.L., Astatkie, T., Obour, A.E., Zheljazkov, V.D., Schlegel, V., 2015. Hydrodistillation time affects dill seed essential oil yield, composition, and bioactivity. Industrial Crops and Products, 63: 190-196.
• Smigielski, K., Prusinowska, R., Raj, A., Sikora, M., Woliñska, K., Gruska, R., 2011. Effect of drying on the composition of essential oil from Lavandula angustifolia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 14(5): 532-542.
• Tomi, K., Kitao, M., Murakami, H., Matsumura, Y., Hayashi, T., 2018. Classification of lavender essential oils: sedative effects of Lavandula oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 30(1): 56-68.
• Topal, U., Sasaki, M., Goto, M., Otles, S., 2008. Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 59: 619-634.
• Zeferino, R.C.F., Piaia, V.A.A., Orso, V.T., Pinheiro, V.M., Zanetti, M., Colpani, G.L., Padoin, N., Soares, C., Fiori, M.A., Riella, H.G., 2021. Synthesis of geranyl acetate by esterification of geraniol with acetic anhydride through heterogeneous catalysis using ion exchange resin. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 168: 156-168.