DETERMINATION OF THE GRASS YIELD AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF MAIZE WITH QUINOA INTERCROPPING AT DIFFERENT PLANT MIXTURES

Year 2021, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 44 - 53, 29.06.2021

Onur Koca

https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.877640

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The aim of this study was to grow maize with quinoa plants as an alternative in an intercropping system and to determine the effects of different plant mixtures on production. For this purpose, a trial was carried out in the coastal Aegean region (Aydın Province) of Turkey under Mediterranean climate conditions. In addition to 100% maize and 100% quinoa (monocultures), 3 different mixtures (75% maize-25% quinoa, 50% maize-50% quinoa and 25% maize-75% quinoa) were also created with the help of the row numbers in parcels. To determine the effects of the different plant mixtures, the ash rate, grass yield and protein yield were measured in the mid-dough stage of maize. Moreover, the dry weights of the plants and plant parts (leaf, stalk and ear) were measured on 9 different sampling dates throughout the generative period, and the relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) were calculated. As a result, some climatic factors (extreme temperatures in 2020 and extreme rainfall in June 2019) had major impacts on the RGR and CGR values. Although the amount of maize dry matter increased in almost all mixtures, quinoa performed well only in the 50% quinoa-50% maize practice. In terms of grass yield and quality, quinoa can serve as a good alternative plant in intercropping systems with maize to improve the grass quality (with higher protein yields and ash rates) without reducing the grass yield excessively.

Keywords

maize, quinoa, intercropping, protein yield, RGR, CGR

References

• Åby B.A., A.T. Randby, H. Bonesmo, L. Aass. 2019. Impact of grass silage quality on greenhouse gas emissions from dairy and beef production. Grass Forage Science, 74:525–534.
• Akman, Z. and Ö. Sencar. 1999. The Effect of Various Planting Patterns on Grain Yield and Agronomic Characters of Corn and Legume (Bean and Cowpea) Grown Under Intercropping. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23 (5) 1139-1148.
• Anonymous. 2019. FAO data, source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC (Accessed October 02, 2020).
• Armstrong K.L., K.A. Albrecht, J.G. Lauer, H. Riday. 2008. Intercropping corn with lablab bean, velvet bean, and scarlet runner bean for forage. Crop Science, 48: 371-379.
• Awal M.A., H. Koshi, T. Ikeda. 2006. Radiation interception and use by maize/peanut intercrop canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 139: 74–83.
• Baributsa D.N., E.F. Foster, K.D. Thelen, A.N. Kravchenko, D.R. Mutch, M. Ngouajio. 2008. Corn and cover crop response to corn density in an interseeding system. Agronomy Journal, 100: 981–987.
• Bauman, D.T., L. Bastiaans, J. Goudriaan, H. H. Vanlaar and M. J. Kropft. 2002. Analysing crop yield and plant quality in an intercropping system using an ecophysiological model for interplant competition. Agricultural system, 73: 173-203.
• Borghi E, C. Mobricci, A.L. Pulz, E.O. Ono, C.A.C. Crusciol. 2007. Growth of Brachiaria brizantha with corn intercropping in no-tillage system. Acta Scientiarum – Agronomy, 29: 91–98.
• Crafts-Brandner, S.J. and E.M. Salvucci. 2002. Sensitivity of photosynthesis in a C4 plant, maize, to heat stress. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 129(4): 1773 – 1780.
• Echarte, L. and M. Tollenaar. 2006. Kernel set in maize hybrids and their inbred lines exposed to stress. Crop Sci., 46: 870–878.
• Eslami S.V., 2016. Effect of weeds control on crop growth and yield in additive quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and potato (Solanum tubersum L.) intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14 (1): 200-214.
• Ferris, R., R. H. Ellis, T. R. Wheeeler, and P. Hadley. 1998. Effect of high temperature stress at anthesis on grain yieldand biomass of field grown crops of wheat. Ann. Bot., 82: 631–639.
• Freitas F.C.L., M.V. Santos, A.F.L. Machado, L.R. Ferreira, M.A.M. Freitas, M.G.O. Silva. 2008. Behavior of corn cultivars intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha in the presence and absence of sprayed foramsulfuron + iodosulfuron-methyl. Planta Daninha, 26: 215–221.
• Geren, H. 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels on the grain yield and some yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 20 (1): 59-64.
• Geren, H., Y.T. Kavut and M. Altınbas. 2015. Effect of different row spacings on the grain yield and some yield characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under Bornova ecological conditions. J. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, 52(1): 69-78.
• German A.B., G.B. Donald, and E.H. Steven. 1996. Soil temperature and planting date effects on maize yield, leaf area, and plant development. Agronomy Journal, 88:385-390.
• Gislum R., E. Micklander, J.P. Nielsen, 2004. Quantification of nitrogen concentration in perennial ryegrass and red fescue using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and chemometrics. Field Crops Research, 88: 269–277.
• Hamidou F., O. Halilou, V. Vadez. 2013. Assessment of groundnut under combined heat and drought stress. J. Agronomy & Crop Science, 199: P: 1-11.
• Hunt, R., D.R. Causton, B. Shipley, A.P. Askew. 2002. A modern tool for classical plant growth analysis. Annals of Botany, 90: 485 – 488.
• Ijoyah M.O. and F.T. Fanen. 2012. Effects of different cropping pattern on performance of maize-soybean mixture in Makurdii Nigeria. Scientific Journal of Crop Science, 1(2): 39-47.
• Ito O., R. Matsunaga, S. Tobita, T.P. Rao, Y.G. Devi. 1993. Spatial distribution of root activity and nitrogen fixation in sorghum/pigeon pea intercropping on an Indian Alfisol. Plant Soil, 156:341–344.
• Jorgensen F.V., E.S. Jensen, J.K. Schjoerring. 2004. Dinitrogen fixation in white clover grown in pure stand and mixture with ryegrass estimated by the immobilized 15N isotope dilution method. Plant Soil, 208:293–305
• Kennington L.R., C.W. Hunt, J.I. Szasz, A.V. Grove, W. Kezar. 2005. Effect of cutting height and genetics on composition, intake, and digestibility of corn silage by beef heifers. J Anim Sci, 83: 1445–1454.
• Koca Y.O. 2009. Determination of differences between yield, yield characteristics, physiological and some parameters in the main and second crop of hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) grown in Aydin. Adnan Menderes University, Institute of Science, PhD thesis,135 P.
• Koca Y.O., K. Benli, S. Semerci. 2018. Effect of water on grain and grain flavor in the production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food Sciences and Technologies (ICAFOF) 2-5 April, 2018 Çeşme-İzmir/Turkey. Abstract Book P: 620.
• Koca Y.O., O. Erekul, A. Yığıt, K. Benli, 2017. Comparison of the amino acid composition of quinoa seed and corn and wheat seed cultivated in Mediterranean climate conditions. I. International Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: “Natural and Healthy Life” Book of Abstracts, P: 541.
• Lemairea G., A. Franzluebbers, P.C.F. Carvalhoc, B. Dedieu. 2014. Integrated crop–livestock systems: strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 190: 4–8.
• Lentz R.D. and J.A. Ippolito. 2012. Biochar and manure affect calcareous soil and corn silage nutrient concentrations and uptake. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41: 1033 – 1043.
• Levy, D., & R. E. Veilleux. 2007. Adaptation of potato to high temperatures and salinity. A review. American Journal of Potato Research, 84: 487–506.
• Loecke, T.D., M. Liebman, C.A. Cambardella, and T.L. Richard. 2004. Maize growth responses to composted and fresh solid swine manures. Crop Science, 44: 177 – 184.
• Loomis, R.S. and D.J. Connor. 1992. Crop ecology. Productivity and management in agricultural systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• Mann, J. D. and E.G. Jaworski. 1970. Comparison of stresses which may limit soybean yields. Crop Sci., 10: 620-624.
• Martinez, E. A., E. Veas, C. Jorquera, R. San Martı´n, and P. Jara. 2009. Re-introduction of quinoa into arid Chile: cultivation of two lowland races under extremely low irrigation. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 195: 1–10.
• Pandey R.K., J.W. Maranville, M.M. Chetima. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment II. Shoot growth, nitrogen uptake and water extraction. Agricultural Water Management, 46: 15-27.
• Perry, L.J. and W.A. Compton. 1977. Serial measures of dry matter accumulation and forage quality of leaves, stalks and ear of three maize hybrids. Agronomy Journal, 69:751 – 755.
• Portes T.A., S.I.C. Carvalho, I.P. Oliveira, J. Kluthcouski. 2000. Growth analysis of a Brachiaria cultivars and intercropped with cereals. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 35: 1349–1358.
• Rykaczewska, K. 2013. The impact of high temperature during growing season on potato cultivars with different response to environmental stresses. American Journal of Plant Science, 4: 2386–2393.
• Silva A.C., L.R. Ferreira, A.A. Silva, T.W.B. Paiva, C.S. Sediyama. 2004 Effects of reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butyl on soybean intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha. Planta Daninha, 22, 429–435.
• Soldatı, A., A. Stehli, P. Stamp. 1999. Temperature adaptation of tropical highland maize (Zea mays L.) During early growth and in controlled conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 10: 111 – 117.
• South, D.B. 1995. Relative Growth Rates: A Critique. South African Forestry Journal, 173:43–48.
• Takao, T., N. Watanabe, K. Yuhara, S. Itoh, S. Suda, Y. Tsuruoka. 2005. "Hypocholesterolemic effect of protein isolated from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds". Food Science and Technology Research, 11(2): 161-167.
• Takil E., N. Kayan, Y. Altay. 2020. The effects of different sowing patterns and of corn-beans intercropping systems on yield and yield components. Harran Journal of Agricultural and Food Science, 24(1): 111-125.
• Tan M. And S. Temel. 2018. Performance of some quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes grown in different climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 23(2): 180-186.
• Tiryaki M.K., Z. Akman and B. Kara. 2004. Determination of yield and some agronomic characteristics of corn and bean varieties at row intercropping systems. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(1): 85-92.
• Tollenaar, M. 1989. Response of dry matter accumulation in maize to temperature: II. Leaf photosynthesis. Crop Science, 29:1275 – 1279.
• Walsh K., P.O. Kiely, A.P. Moloney, T.M. Boland. 2008. Intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and performance of beef cattle fed diets based on whole-crop wheat or barley harvested at two cutting heights relative to maize silage or ad libitum concentrates. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 144: 257–278.
• Warren Wilson, J. 1969. Maximum yield potential. In: Proceedings of the VIIth Colloquium International Potash Inst, Bern, Switzerland, P. 34–56.
• Wims C.M., M.H. Deighton, E. Lewis, B.O. Loughlin, L. Delaby, T.M. Boland, M.O. Donova. 2010. Effect of pregrazing herbage mass on methane production, dry matter intake, and milk production of grazing dairy cows during the mid-season period. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4976–4985.
• Yao, Y., Z. Shi, G. Ren. 2014. "Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 15(10): 19307-19318.
• Yılmaz, Ş., M. Atak, M. Erayman. 2008. Identification of advantages of maize legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the West in the East Mediterranean Region. 2008. Turk J Agric For, (32): 111-119.
• Zhao C. and Z. Nan. 2007. Estimating water needs of maize (Zea mays L.) using the dual crop coefficient method in the arid region of northwestern China. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(7): 325-333.