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Vaccine Hesitancy and Opposition; Healthcare Professionals Opinion in a University Hospital in Turkey in COVID-19 Pandemic

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 276 - 284, 05.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1259730

Abstract

Introduction: It is clearly known that vaccines are effective instruments in coping with epidemics. The higher the rate of vaccination in the community, the less likely that unvaccinated individuals will be exposed to the agent, and therefore the incidence of the disease in the community will be decreased. In the past decade, anti-vaccine movements or vaccine hesitancy in the world are described among the ten threats to global public health in 2019. In recent years, the discourses such as diseases caused by vaccines, instead of preventing diseases with vaccines, have been spread through the media.
Method: The personal attitudes of 397 participants towards vaccination during the pandemic in 2022 November were descriptive cross sectionally evaluated together with the "trust" and "risk" subscales of the "Vaccination Hesitancy Scale in Pandemics" and the relationship with sociodemographic data was analyzed.
Results: Vaccination hesitancy shows a significant increase in young age, female and single participants (respectively p values are 0.028; 0.015; 0.004; 0.001). It is noteworthy that vaccine hesitancy was found at a low level in male participants over 45 years of age and in postgraduate education (p=0.001), and in the doctor profession group (p <0.001).
Conclusion: Measures implemented around the world during the pandemic, such as curfews, the mask obligation, mandatory quarantine, and digital health technologies such as QR codes and the monitoring of individuals with COVID-19 patients or contacts, have been perceived as interference with freedoms. It has caused an increase in opposition to the vaccine, which has been the subject of conspiracy theories regarding both the disease factor and the vaccines. Despite their medical education and clinical experience, healthcare professionals are faced with a dilemma similar to the general public about vaccination, and this means that healthcare workers’ hesitant attitudes towards vaccines may influence the vaccination decisions of society. It is evident that this poses a risk for the ongoing pandemic and possible future pandemics.

References

  • 1. Dube E, Vivion M, MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines 2014; 14(1): 99–117.
  • 2. Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. “Herd Immunity”: A Rough Guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 52(7): 911–916.
  • 3. WHO Coronavirus Dashboard. Adres: covid19.who.int. Erişim 14 Kasım 2022.
  • 4. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine 2010; 28(7): 1709–1716.
  • 5. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Gómez R, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19(5):305-306.
  • 6. MacDonald NE. SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine 2015; 33: 4161–4164
  • 7. WHO. Ten threats to global health in 2019. Adres: who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019. Erişim 14 Kasım 2022.
  • 8. Wakefield A.J, Murch S.H, Anthony A, Linnell J, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 1998; 351(9103): 637–641. (Retraction 2010; Feb 6;375(9713): 445)
  • 9. Bandari R, Zhou Z, Qian H, Tangherlini TR, Roychowdhury VP. A Resistant Strain: Revealing the Online Grassroots Rise of the Antivaccination Movement. Computer 2017; 50, (11): 60-67.
  • 10. Özceylan G, Toprak D, Esen ES. Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2020; 16(5): 1034–1039.
  • 11. Peterson CJ, Lee B, Nugent K. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review. Vaccines 2022; 10: 948.
  • 12. Puri N, Coomes EA, Haghbayan H, Gunaratne K. Social media and vaccine hesitancy: new updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2020; 16(11): 2586–2593.
  • 13. Romer D, Jamieson KH. Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social science & medicine 2020; (1982): 263, 113356.
  • 14. Stolle LB, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV, Varrassi G, et al. Fact vs Fallacy: The Anti-Vaccine Discussion Reloaded. Advances in Therapy 2020; (37): 4481–4490.
  • 15. Demir T. Aşı Karşıtı Tutumların Sosyokültürel ve Dinî Boyutları. Tevilat 2021; 2(2): 271-271.
  • 16. Sorell T, Butler J. The Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy and Opposition. The Political quarterly 2022; 93(2), 347–351.
  • 17. Larson HJ. Politics and public trust shape vaccine risk perceptions. Nature Human Behaviour 2018; 2(5): 316–316.
  • 18. Larson H.J, Jarrett C, Schulz WS, Chaudhuri M, et al. Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 2015; 33(34); 4165–4175.
  • 19. Çapar H, Çınar F. Pandemilerde Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gevher Nesıbe Journal of Medıcal & Health Scıences 2021: 6(12); 40-45.
  • 20. Cogan N, Mcinnes L, Lingg V, Flowers P, Rasmussen S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health and social care workers during mass vaccination in Scotland. Psychology, health & medicine 2022; 1–15.
  • 21. İkiışık H, Sezerol MA, Taşçı Y, Maral I. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related factors among primary healthcare workers in a district of Istanbul: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. Family Medicine and Community Health 2022;10: e001430.
  • 22. Kader Ç, Erbay A, Demirel MS, et al. Evaluation of attitudes and behaviors of healthcare professionals towards COVID-19 vaccination. Klimik Derg. 2022; 35(1): 30-5.
  • 23. Galbadage T, Peterson BM, Awada J, Buck AS, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sex-Specific COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes. Frontiers in medicine 2020; 7: 348.
  • 24. Lazarus JV, Wyka K, White TM. et al. Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021. Nature communications 2022;13(1): 3801
  • 25. Yurttas B, Poyraz BC, Sut N, Ozdede A, et al. Willingness To Get the COVID-19 Vaccine Among Patients With Rheumatic Diseases, Healthcare Workers and General Population in Turkey: A Web-Based Survey. Rheumatology International 2021; 41(6): 1105–1114.
  • 26. Tavolacci MP, Dechelotte P, Ladner J. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Resistancy Among University Students in France, Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 654– 666.
  • 27. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology 2020; 35: 775–779.
  • 28. Diaz P, Zizzo J, Balaji NC, et al. Fear about adverse effect on fertility is a major cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Andrologia. 2022;54(4):e14361
  • 29. Kowalik M. Ethics of vaccine refusal. Journal of Medical Ethics 2022; 48: 240-243.
  • 30. Tuzcu Ö, Şahin H. Komplo Teorileri Bağlamında Covid-19 Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Aşı Karşıtlığı. Sosyoloji Dergisi 2022; (43): 95-123.

Aşı Reddi ve Aşı Karşıtlığı; COVID-19 Pandemisinde Türkiye'de bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Görüşü

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 3, 276 - 284, 05.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1259730

Abstract

Giriş: Aşılar salgın hastalıklarla başa çıkmada en etkin araçlardır. Toplumda aşılanma oranları ne kadar yüksek olursa, aşılanmamış bireylerin hastalık etkeni ile karşılaşma olasılığı da o derece düşmekte ve toplumda hastalığın görülme sıklığı azalmaktadır. Geçtiğimiz on yıl içerisinde aşı karşıtlığı hareketleri küresel sağlığı tehdit eden on halk sağlığı sorunu arasında sıralanmaktadır. Aşı ile hastalıkların önlenmesi yerine aşılara bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan hastalıklar gibi bilimsel dayanağı olmayan söylemlerin medya aracılığı ile yayıldığı görülmektedir.
Yöntem: Sağlık çalışanlarının pandemide aşı uygulamalarına yönelik kişisel tutumlarının belirlenmesi amacıyla 2022 yılı Kasım ayında tanımlayıcı kesitsel bir araştırma olarak yürütülmüş olan çalışmada katılımcılara ait demografik bilgiler, mesleki deneyim ve görev yeri gibi veriler “Pandemilerde Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği” skorları ile karşılaştırılarak analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 182’ si kadın, 397 sağlık çalışanına pandemide aşı uygulamalarına yönelik kişisel tutumları ölçeğin “güven” ve “risk” alt ölçekleri ile sosyodemografik veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre aşı tereddüdünün kadınlarda, gençlerde ve bekar katılımcılarda daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. (sırası ile p değerleri 0,028; 0,015; 0,004; 0,001). Lisansüstü eğitim düzeyine sahip bireylerde aşı tereddütü daha düşüktür (p=0,001). Doktor ve diş hekimi meslek grubuna göre hemşireler ve sağlık teknisyenlerinde tereddütün yüksek olduğu görülmektedir (p <0,001). Mesleki deneyim, tanı konulmuş kronik hastalık öyküsüne sahip olmak ve aile fertleri arasında 65 yaş üzeri veya kronik hastalığı olan bireylerinin bulunması aşı tereddüdünü etkilememektedir (sırası ile p değerleri 0,119; 0,752).
Sonuç: Pandemi döneminde yaşanan sokağa çıkma yasakları, maske kullanım zorunluluğu ve QR kodlar gibi dijital sağlık teknolojiler ile COVID-19 hastası ya da temaslısı olan bireylerin izlenmesi başta olmak üzere dünya genelinde uygulanan tedbirler özgürlüklere müdahale olarak yorumlanmıştır. Gerek hastalık etkeninin ve gerekse aşıların komplo teorilerine konu edilmesi aşı karşıtlığının taraftar toplamasını kolaylaştırmıştır. Almış oldukları eğitim ve klinik tecrübelerine rağmen sağlık çalışanları aşı konusunda toplum geneline benzer nitelikte ikilem yaşamaktadırlar, bu durum pandeminin henüz sonlanmadığı günümüzde hemşire ve sağlık teknikeri meslek gruplarının aşılara karşı tereddütlü tutum göstermelerinin topluma yönelik oynayacakları profesyonel rol açısından devam eden salgında ve gelecekteki muhtemel salgınlarda risk teşkil ettiği aşikardır.

References

  • 1. Dube E, Vivion M, MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: influence, impact and implications. Expert Review of Vaccines 2014; 14(1): 99–117.
  • 2. Fine P, Eames K, Heymann DL. “Herd Immunity”: A Rough Guide. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011; 52(7): 911–916.
  • 3. WHO Coronavirus Dashboard. Adres: covid19.who.int. Erişim 14 Kasım 2022.
  • 4. Kata A. A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine 2010; 28(7): 1709–1716.
  • 5. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Gómez R, et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19(5):305-306.
  • 6. MacDonald NE. SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine 2015; 33: 4161–4164
  • 7. WHO. Ten threats to global health in 2019. Adres: who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019. Erişim 14 Kasım 2022.
  • 8. Wakefield A.J, Murch S.H, Anthony A, Linnell J, et al. Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children. Lancet 1998; 351(9103): 637–641. (Retraction 2010; Feb 6;375(9713): 445)
  • 9. Bandari R, Zhou Z, Qian H, Tangherlini TR, Roychowdhury VP. A Resistant Strain: Revealing the Online Grassroots Rise of the Antivaccination Movement. Computer 2017; 50, (11): 60-67.
  • 10. Özceylan G, Toprak D, Esen ES. Vaccine rejection and hesitation in Turkey. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2020; 16(5): 1034–1039.
  • 11. Peterson CJ, Lee B, Nugent K. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers—A Review. Vaccines 2022; 10: 948.
  • 12. Puri N, Coomes EA, Haghbayan H, Gunaratne K. Social media and vaccine hesitancy: new updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2020; 16(11): 2586–2593.
  • 13. Romer D, Jamieson KH. Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social science & medicine 2020; (1982): 263, 113356.
  • 14. Stolle LB, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV, Varrassi G, et al. Fact vs Fallacy: The Anti-Vaccine Discussion Reloaded. Advances in Therapy 2020; (37): 4481–4490.
  • 15. Demir T. Aşı Karşıtı Tutumların Sosyokültürel ve Dinî Boyutları. Tevilat 2021; 2(2): 271-271.
  • 16. Sorell T, Butler J. The Politics of Covid Vaccine Hesitancy and Opposition. The Political quarterly 2022; 93(2), 347–351.
  • 17. Larson HJ. Politics and public trust shape vaccine risk perceptions. Nature Human Behaviour 2018; 2(5): 316–316.
  • 18. Larson H.J, Jarrett C, Schulz WS, Chaudhuri M, et al. Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 2015; 33(34); 4165–4175.
  • 19. Çapar H, Çınar F. Pandemilerde Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Gevher Nesıbe Journal of Medıcal & Health Scıences 2021: 6(12); 40-45.
  • 20. Cogan N, Mcinnes L, Lingg V, Flowers P, Rasmussen S. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health and social care workers during mass vaccination in Scotland. Psychology, health & medicine 2022; 1–15.
  • 21. İkiışık H, Sezerol MA, Taşçı Y, Maral I. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related factors among primary healthcare workers in a district of Istanbul: a cross-sectional study from Turkey. Family Medicine and Community Health 2022;10: e001430.
  • 22. Kader Ç, Erbay A, Demirel MS, et al. Evaluation of attitudes and behaviors of healthcare professionals towards COVID-19 vaccination. Klimik Derg. 2022; 35(1): 30-5.
  • 23. Galbadage T, Peterson BM, Awada J, Buck AS, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sex-Specific COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes. Frontiers in medicine 2020; 7: 348.
  • 24. Lazarus JV, Wyka K, White TM. et al. Revisiting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy around the world using data from 23 countries in 2021. Nature communications 2022;13(1): 3801
  • 25. Yurttas B, Poyraz BC, Sut N, Ozdede A, et al. Willingness To Get the COVID-19 Vaccine Among Patients With Rheumatic Diseases, Healthcare Workers and General Population in Turkey: A Web-Based Survey. Rheumatology International 2021; 41(6): 1105–1114.
  • 26. Tavolacci MP, Dechelotte P, Ladner J. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Resistancy Among University Students in France, Vaccines 2021; 9(6): 654– 666.
  • 27. Dror AA, Eisenbach N, Taiber S, Morozov NG, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology 2020; 35: 775–779.
  • 28. Diaz P, Zizzo J, Balaji NC, et al. Fear about adverse effect on fertility is a major cause of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States. Andrologia. 2022;54(4):e14361
  • 29. Kowalik M. Ethics of vaccine refusal. Journal of Medical Ethics 2022; 48: 240-243.
  • 30. Tuzcu Ö, Şahin H. Komplo Teorileri Bağlamında Covid-19 Aşı Kararsızlığı ve Aşı Karşıtlığı. Sosyoloji Dergisi 2022; (43): 95-123.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health, Environmental Health
Journal Section Orijinal Articles
Authors

Ahmet Gürhan Poçan 0000-0003-3128-1602

Meriç Çolak 0000-0002-0294-6874

Early Pub Date August 26, 2024
Publication Date September 5, 2024
Submission Date March 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 18 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Poçan AG, Çolak M. Aşı Reddi ve Aşı Karşıtlığı; COVID-19 Pandemisinde Türkiye’de bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Görüşü. TJFMPC. 2024;18(3):276-84.

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome.