Infant mortality rates and causes of infant deaths in Kilis province between 2012 and 2018

Year 2021, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 20 - 30, 23.04.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Çam , Fatma Karasu

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.799206

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the infant mortality rate and
the causes of infant death in Kilis Province, Turkey. Methods: This was a descriptive
and retrospective study which utilized records and documentation from the death
register and post-mortem reports. Annual infant deaths occurring in Kilis between
January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2018 which were reported to the Kilis State
Hospital and then to the Kilis Provincial Directorate of Health, were reviewed. Results:
The infant mortality rate for Kilis was 18.4 deaths per 1000 live births between 2012
and 2018. Infant deaths were higher for male, preterm, and low-birthweight (LBW)
babies. 54% percent of the infant deaths occurred in preterm babies. More than half
(%61.7) of the mothers who died in labor did not have the minimum number of
prenatal care visits (at least 4 visits) recommended by World Health Organization.
Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight, not elsewhere classified
(26.6%), congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities
(19.4%), and other respiratory conditions originating in the perinatal period (13.0%)
were the three leading causes of infant deaths between 2012 and 2018. Conclusions:
The infant mortality rate in Kilis for the seven year period was higher than the national
and the regional estimates. Our study showed that most infant deaths occurred in
male, preterm, and low birth weight (LBW) infants. Most of the deaths among infants
were preventable through promotion of institutional deliveries, early recognition of
danger signs, strengthening of referral systems and periodic retraining of health care
professionals.

Keywords

Infant, mortality, cause of death, Turkey

Kilis ilinde 2012-2018 yılları arasındaki bebek ölüm hızları ve bebek ölüm nedenleri

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kilis ilindeki bebek ölüm hızlarını ve bebek ölüm
nedenlerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Çalışma, ölüm kayıtlarının ve ölüm sonrası
raporlarının incelenmesiyle yapılan tanımlayıcı retrospektif bir çalışmadır. 1 Ocak
2012 ve 31 Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında Kilis’te meydana gelen ve Kilis Devlet
Hastanesi’ne ve ardından Kilis İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü’ne bildirilen yıllık bebek ölümleri
incelenmiştir. Bulgular: Kilis’te bebek ölüm hızı 2012-2018 yılları arasında 1000
canlı doğumda 18.4 ölüm olarak belirlendi. Erkek, erken doğmuş ve düşük doğum
ağırlıklı (DDA) bebeklerde bebek ölümleri daha yüksekti. Bebek ölümlerinin yüzde
elli dördü erken doğan bebeklerde meydana gelmiştir. Ölen bebeklerin annelerinin
yarısından fazlası (%61.7) Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün önerdiği asgari doğum öncesi
bakım ziyaretlerine (en az 4 ziyaret) sahip değildi. Kısa gebelik ve düşük doğum
ağırlığı ile ilgili bozukluklar, başka yerde sınıflandırılmamış (%26.6), konjenital
malformasyonlar, deformasyonlar ve kromozomal anormallikler (%19.4) ve
perinatal dönemden kaynaklanan diğer solunum rahatsızlıkları (%13.0) 2012-
2018 yıllarında ölen bebeklerin başlıca üç ölüm nedeni olmuştur. Sonuç: Kilis’te
yedi yıllık dönemdeki bebek ölüm hızı ulusal ve bölgesel tahminlerin üzerindedir.
Çalışmamız bebek ölümlerinin çoğunun erkek, preterm ve düşük doğum ağırlıklı
(DDA) bebeklerde meydana geldiğini göstermektedir. Kurumsal doğumların teşvik
edilmesi, tehlike işaretlerinin erken tanınması, sevk sisteminin güçlendirilmesi ve
sağlık profesyonellerinin periyodik olarak yeniden eğitilmesiyle bebek ölümlerinin
çoğu önlenebilir.

Keywords

Bebek, mortalite, ölüm nedeni, Türkiye

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per 1000 live births) [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicat or-metadata-registry/imr-details/1. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Infant Mortality [online]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealt h/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality. htm. Accessed April 16, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealt h/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality. htm. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Infant mortality [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/gho/child_health /mortality/neonatal_infant_text/en/. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Health at a Glance 2009: OECD Indicators [online]. Available at: https://www.oecdilibrary.org/social-issues-migrationhealth/health-at-a-glance-2009/infantmortality_health_glance-2009-10-en. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Death Statistics, 2018 [online]. Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBulten leri.do?id=30701. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child (NICHD). What causes infant mortality? [online]. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topi cs/infant-mortality/topicinfo/causes. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Causes of child mortality [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/gho/child_health /mortality/causes/en/. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child (NICHD). Are there ways to reduce the risk of infant mortality? [online]. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topi cs/infant-mortality/topicinfo/reducerisk#getting. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision [online]. Available at: https://icd.who.int/en. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• 1World Health Organization (WHO). Preterm birth [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/preterm-birth. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Newborns with low birth weight (%) [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat2 006NewbornsLowBirthWeight.pdf?ua=1. Accessed April 16, 2020
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Infant mortality rate by Statistical Regions [online]. Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTab lo.do?istab_id=145. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• European Statistical Office (Eurostat). Infant mortality rates [online]. Available at: https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/n ui/show.do?dataset=demo_minfind&lan g=en. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Infant mortality [online]. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/els/family/CO_1_ 1_Infant_mortality.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Jelamschi L, De Ver Dye T. (2009). Decline in under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) in Turkey: a case study. Ankara, Turkey: UNICEF [online]. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/turkey/sites/u nicef.org.turkey/files/2018-07/declinein-the-under-5-mortality-rate-u5mr-inturkye-a.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). ‘Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2018, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation’. United Nations Children’s Fund. New York: 2018 [online]. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/47626/ file/UN-IGME-Child-Mortality-Report2018.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Cardoso RCA, Flores PVG, Vieira CL, et al. Infant mortality in a very low birth weight cohort from a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant 2013;13(3):237-246. doi:10.1590/S1519- 38292013000300005.
• García-Basteiro AL, Quintó L, Macete E, et al. Infant mortality and morbidity associated with preterm and small-forgestational-age births in Southern Mozambique: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2017;12(2):e0172533. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172533.
• Sania A, Smith ER, Manji K, et al. Neonatal and Infant Mortality Risk Associated with Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Births in Tanzania: Individual Level Pooled Analysis Using the Intergrowth Standard. J Pediatr 2018;192:66-72.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.007.
• Mathews TJ, Curtin SC, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 1998 period linked birth/infant death data set. National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System 2000;48(12):1–25 [online]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr48/nvs48_12.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• World Health Organization (WHO). Feto-maternal nutrition and low birth weight [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ feto_maternal/en/. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Antenatal care [online]. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternalhealth/antenatal-care/. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF). Antenatal Care in Developing Countries [online]. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/media/files/an tenatal.pdf Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Hollowell J, Oakley L, Kurinczuk JJ, Brocklehurst P, Gray R. The effectiveness of antenatal care programmes to reduce infant mortality and preterm birth in socially disadvantaged and vulnerable women in high-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011;11:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2393- 11-13.
• Mbuagbaw L, Medley N, Darzi AJ, Richardson M, Habiba Garga K, OngoloZogo P. Health system and community level interventions for improving antenatal care coverage and health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(12):CD010994.doi:10.1002/1465 1858.CD010994.pub2.
• Ibrahim J, Yorifuji T, Tsuda T, Kashima S, Doi H. Frequency of antenatal care visits and neonatal mortality in Indonesia. J Trop Pediatr 2012;58(3):184-188. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmr067.
• Singh A, Pallikadavath S, Ram F, Alagarajan M. Do antenatal care interventions improve neonatal survival in India?. Health Policy Plan 2014;29(7):842-848. doi:10.1093/heapol/czt066.
• Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Infant Mortality Rate by Statistical Regions Level 1 and Sex [online]. Available at: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTab lo.do?istab_id=1443. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Matthews TJ, MacDorman MF, Thoma ME. Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2013 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set. National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System 2015;64(9):1–30 [online]. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/ nvsr64/nvsr64_09.pdf. Accessed April 16, 2020.
• Pongou R. Why is infant mortality higher in boys than in girls? A new hypothesis based on preconception environment and evidence from a large sample of twins. Demography 2013;50(2):421- 444. doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0161-5.
• Shah M, Khalique N, Khan Z, Amir A. A community based study of Infant Mortality in rural Aligarh. Australas Med J 2011;4(1):22-25. doi:10.4066/AMJ.2011.470.