Research Article
AMERİKAN KAMU DİPLOMASİSİNİN ÜÇ EVRESİ: PROPAGANDA, GELENEKSEL KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ VE STRATEJİK İLETİŞİM
Abstract
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri kamu diplomasisi ABD’nin küresel
politikalarıyla uyumlu bir şekilde ilerlemiştir. Küresel bir güç olarak dünyayı
her anlamda etkilemek amacında olan ABD kamu diplomasisini etkili
bir araç olarak kullanmıştır. Progpaganda
ve bilgilendirme faaliyeti olarak başlayan ABD Kamu diplomasisi proaktif ve
agresif bir yaklaşımla kamu diplomasisinin her alanında etkili olmaya
çalışmıştır. Son dönem kamu diplomasisi
ise özellikle de stratejik iletişim yaklaşımına evrilmiştir. Bu makalede
Amerikan kamu diplomasisinin tarihsel süreç içindeki kurumsal dönüşümü, eylem,
söylem ve araçlarındaki değişim ele
alınmaktadır.
References
- Chodkowski, W.M (2012). The United States Information Agency, American Security Project, 20.02.2016 tarihinde https://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20 Reports/Ref%200097%20-%20The%20United%20States%20Information %20Agency.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
- Culbert, H.D (1986). Information Control and Propaganda: Records of The Office of War Information, Washington: University Publication of America
- Djerejian, E.P. (2003). Changing Minds Winning Peace a New Strategic Direction for U.S Public Diplomacy in the Arab & Muslim World, Report of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World Submitted to the Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representative
- Fitzpatrick, K.R (2008). The Collapse of American Public Diplomacy, What Diplomatic Ekpert say About Rebuilding America’s Image in The World, Public Diplomacy Org. http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/Fitzpatrick2008.pdf
- Fitzpatrick, K.R. (2011). -U.S. Public Diplomacy in a Post-9/11 World: From Messaging to Mutuality. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 6. Los Angles: Figueroa Press
- Wallin, M (2012). The New Public Diplomacy Imperative, American Secrity Project, 01.03.2017 tarihinde americansecurityproject: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/public-diplomacy-and-strategic-communication/the-new-public-diplomacy-imperative/ adresinden alınmıştır.
- Gregory, B. (2011). “American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformation”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 6 (2011), 351-372.
- Kennedy, L ve Lucas, S. (2005). “Enduring Freedom: Public Diplomacy and U.S. Foreign Policy”, Liam American Quarterly. (57)2, 309, 27
- Lord, C ve Dale, H.C (2007). Public Diplomacy and Cold War Lessons Learned, 20.07.2017 tarihinde http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/09/public-diplomacy-and-the-cold-war-lessons-learned, adresinden alınmıştır
- Nakamura, K.H ve Weed, W. C (2009). “U.S Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues”, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation, December 18, 2009
- Nesnay, M. (2002). The Creel Committee’s Influence on the Image of the Great War, Historical Methods, 13.07.2016 tarihinde .http://www.marynesnay.com/images/ CPI.pdf, adresinden alınmıştır.
- Olins, W. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy, Soft Power in İnternational Relations (Ed, Jan Melissen), İçinde Making a National Brand (169-177), Palgrave Macmillan.
- Rugh, W (2017). American Soft Power and Public Diplomacy In The Arab World, Palgrave Communication 3, Article number: 16104 (2017) doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.104, Article number: 16104 (2017) doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.104, https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016104?WT.mc_id=PALGRAVE_Palcomms_1701_BillRugh
- Seib, P. (2017). Donlad Trump, Twitter Master, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/donald-trump-twitter-master United States Advisory Commision on Public Diplomacy (2017b). Can Public Diplomacy Survive The Interne, State Department, 19.10. 2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271028.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Pirinçci, F. (2011). “Yakın Dönem Amerikan Dış Politikası Teori ve Pratik”. C. Çakmak, C. Dinç ve A. Öztürk (drl.), Amerikan Dış Politikasında Dinamizm ve Başkanlar: Retorik ve Uygulama içinde (s.79-115) Ankara: Nobel Yayınları
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2014a). Data-Driven Public Diplomay, State Department, 23.09.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/231945.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2014b). Comprehensie Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting, State Department, 23.04.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/235159.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2017). Comprehensie Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting, State Department, 29.10.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/274950.pdf, tarihinde adresinden alındı.
- Van Ham, P. (2005). “The New Public Diplomacy, Soft Power in İnternational”, Relations (Ed, Jan Melissen), İçinde Power, Public Dipomacy, and Paks Americana, 47-63, Palgrave Macmillan
- Wallin, M (2012). The New Public Diplomacy Imperative, American Secrity Project, 01.03.2017 tarihinde americansecurityproject: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/public-diplomacy-and-strategic-communication/the-new-public-diplomacy-imperative/ adresinden alınmıştır
- White House Report (2009). Interangency Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication, 20.02.2017 tarihinde https://fas.org/man/eprint/pubdip.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Wimbush , E. (Tarihsiz) Fixing Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications, Hudson Institute, 07.04.2016 tarihinde http://www.hudson.org/content/ researchattachments/attachment/696/wimbush_-_final_low_res_(2).pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Zaharna, R. S. (2009). “Obama, U.S. Public Diplomacy and the Islamic World”, Politics Review, 23.02.2016 tarihinde http://www.american.edu/soc/faculty/upload/ Zaharna-public-diplomacy-islamic-world.pdf, adresinden alındı.
Year 2018,
Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 54 - 72, 15.06.2018
Abstract
History of American public diplomacy is co-ordinated
with American foreig policy. United
state use public diplomacy as a affective tools for its global effect and aim. The
United States is trying to be effective in all areas of public diplomacy. In
recently public diplomacy has evolved into strategic communication approach.
This article deals with the change in the institutional transformation, action,
discourse and means of American public diplomacy in the historical process.
References
- Chodkowski, W.M (2012). The United States Information Agency, American Security Project, 20.02.2016 tarihinde https://americansecurityproject.org/ASP%20 Reports/Ref%200097%20-%20The%20United%20States%20Information %20Agency.pdf adresinden alınmıştır.
- Culbert, H.D (1986). Information Control and Propaganda: Records of The Office of War Information, Washington: University Publication of America
- Djerejian, E.P. (2003). Changing Minds Winning Peace a New Strategic Direction for U.S Public Diplomacy in the Arab & Muslim World, Report of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and Muslim World Submitted to the Committee on Appropriations U.S. House of Representative
- Fitzpatrick, K.R (2008). The Collapse of American Public Diplomacy, What Diplomatic Ekpert say About Rebuilding America’s Image in The World, Public Diplomacy Org. http://www.publicdiplomacy.org/Fitzpatrick2008.pdf
- Fitzpatrick, K.R. (2011). -U.S. Public Diplomacy in a Post-9/11 World: From Messaging to Mutuality. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 6. Los Angles: Figueroa Press
- Wallin, M (2012). The New Public Diplomacy Imperative, American Secrity Project, 01.03.2017 tarihinde americansecurityproject: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/public-diplomacy-and-strategic-communication/the-new-public-diplomacy-imperative/ adresinden alınmıştır.
- Gregory, B. (2011). “American Public Diplomacy: Enduring Characteristics, Elusive Transformation”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 6 (2011), 351-372.
- Kennedy, L ve Lucas, S. (2005). “Enduring Freedom: Public Diplomacy and U.S. Foreign Policy”, Liam American Quarterly. (57)2, 309, 27
- Lord, C ve Dale, H.C (2007). Public Diplomacy and Cold War Lessons Learned, 20.07.2017 tarihinde http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/09/public-diplomacy-and-the-cold-war-lessons-learned, adresinden alınmıştır
- Nakamura, K.H ve Weed, W. C (2009). “U.S Public Diplomacy: Background and Current Issues”, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation, December 18, 2009
- Nesnay, M. (2002). The Creel Committee’s Influence on the Image of the Great War, Historical Methods, 13.07.2016 tarihinde .http://www.marynesnay.com/images/ CPI.pdf, adresinden alınmıştır.
- Olins, W. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy, Soft Power in İnternational Relations (Ed, Jan Melissen), İçinde Making a National Brand (169-177), Palgrave Macmillan.
- Rugh, W (2017). American Soft Power and Public Diplomacy In The Arab World, Palgrave Communication 3, Article number: 16104 (2017) doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.104, Article number: 16104 (2017) doi:10.1057/palcomms.2016.104, https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms2016104?WT.mc_id=PALGRAVE_Palcomms_1701_BillRugh
- Seib, P. (2017). Donlad Trump, Twitter Master, https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/donald-trump-twitter-master United States Advisory Commision on Public Diplomacy (2017b). Can Public Diplomacy Survive The Interne, State Department, 19.10. 2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/271028.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Pirinçci, F. (2011). “Yakın Dönem Amerikan Dış Politikası Teori ve Pratik”. C. Çakmak, C. Dinç ve A. Öztürk (drl.), Amerikan Dış Politikasında Dinamizm ve Başkanlar: Retorik ve Uygulama içinde (s.79-115) Ankara: Nobel Yayınları
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2014a). Data-Driven Public Diplomay, State Department, 23.09.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/231945.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2014b). Comprehensie Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting, State Department, 23.04.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/235159.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (2017). Comprehensie Annual Report on Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting, State Department, 29.10.2017 tarihinde https://www.state.gov/documents/ organization/274950.pdf, tarihinde adresinden alındı.
- Van Ham, P. (2005). “The New Public Diplomacy, Soft Power in İnternational”, Relations (Ed, Jan Melissen), İçinde Power, Public Dipomacy, and Paks Americana, 47-63, Palgrave Macmillan
- Wallin, M (2012). The New Public Diplomacy Imperative, American Secrity Project, 01.03.2017 tarihinde americansecurityproject: https://www.americansecurityproject.org/public-diplomacy-and-strategic-communication/the-new-public-diplomacy-imperative/ adresinden alınmıştır
- White House Report (2009). Interangency Strategy for Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication, 20.02.2017 tarihinde https://fas.org/man/eprint/pubdip.pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Wimbush , E. (Tarihsiz) Fixing Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communications, Hudson Institute, 07.04.2016 tarihinde http://www.hudson.org/content/ researchattachments/attachment/696/wimbush_-_final_low_res_(2).pdf, adresinden alındı.
- Zaharna, R. S. (2009). “Obama, U.S. Public Diplomacy and the Islamic World”, Politics Review, 23.02.2016 tarihinde http://www.american.edu/soc/faculty/upload/ Zaharna-public-diplomacy-islamic-world.pdf, adresinden alındı.
There are 23 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 15, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 |