Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne Karşı Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı

Year 2021, Volume: 35 Issue: 2, 159 - 182, 30.06.2021

Mehmet Sezai Türk , Özkan Avcı , Tuğba Baytimur

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.923450

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Amaç: Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC)’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi olarak adlandırılan ve Marksizm’e ihanet olarak değerlendirilen Kruşçev’in politikaları, Soğuk Savaş içerisinde Çin-Sovyet Ayrılığı olarak bilinen dönemin başlamasına yol açmıştır. Bu dönemde ÇHC, Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne karşı propagandaya girişmiş, Çin halkının Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne yönelik fikirlerden uzak durmasını amaçlamıştır. Propaganda sürecinde Çin halkının Marksist-Leninist temelli kitaplar okuması teşvik edilerek, ideolojik sapmanın önüne geçilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu dönemde hazırlanan ideolojik temelli posterlerde de kitaplar propaganda amaçlı olarak ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, dönemin ideolojik yansımalarının kitaplarla propaganda kapsamında nasıl kullanıldığını göstermek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmada ÇHC tarafından Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne ve ideolojik sapmaya karşı hazırlanan posterlerde kitapların propaganda amaçlı ne şekilde sunuldukları Jakobson’un göstergebilim yöntemi üzerinden incelenmiştir. Göstergebilim yöntemi olarak Jakobson’un iletişim modelindeki altı temel işlevden üçü (duygusal boyut, gönderimsel boyut ve çağrışımsal boyut) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularda, posterler üzerinden Çin toplumunda Marksist-Leninist kitapların okunmasına yönelik genel bir seferberliğin başlatıldığına ve bu seferberliğin kitleler tarafından desteklendiğine yönelik algının ön plana çıkarıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Özgünlük: Konuya ilişkin Türkiye adresli yapılan çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Araştırmanın özündeki tarihsel geçmiş incelendiğinde Sovyetler Birliği’nde Joseph Stalin’in ölümünden sonra ülkenin liderliğine gelen Nikita Kruşçev döneminde destalinizasyon sürecine girildiği ve dış siyasette Sovyetler Birliği ile ABD arasındaki ilişkilerin uzlaşı temelinde ilerlemesine çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Tüm bu süreçte Mao Zedong liderliğindeki ÇHC, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki uygulamalara karşı çıkmış, iki ülke arasında ciddi ideolojik farklılıklar ortaya çıkmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada bu ideolojik farklılıkları yansıtan kitaplar konu edinilmiştir. Sonuç: ÇHC’nin Sovyetler Birliği’yle ideolojik açıdan mücadelesinde kitaplar önemli bir rol üstlenmektedir. ÇHC’nin, Çin halkını Sovyet Revizyonizmi’nden korumak için kitapları kullandığı ve Marksist-Leninist ideolojisine yönelik yayınların okunmasını teşvik ettiği ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

Sovyet Revizyonizmi, Kitap, Propaganda, Çin, Sovyetler Birliği

The Use of Books Against Soviet Revisionism for The Purpose of Propaganda in People's Republic of China

Abstract

Objective: The policies of Khrushchev, called Soviet Revisionism in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and considered as a betrayal of Marxism, led to the beginning of the period known as the Sino-Soviet Separation in the Cold War. During this period, the PRC embarked on propaganda against Soviet Revisionism and aimed to keep the Chinese people away from the ideas of Soviet Revisionism. In the propaganda process, the Chinese people were encouraged to read Marxist-Leninist based books and ideological deviation was tried to be prevented. In the ideological-based posters prepared in this period, the books were also highlighted for propaganda purposes. In this study, it was aimed to show how the ideological reflections of the period were used in books within the scope of propaganda. Method: In the study, how the books were presented for propaganda purposes in the posters prepared by the PRC against Soviet Revisionism and ideological deviation was examined through Jakobson's method of semiotics. Three of the six basic functions (emotive function, referential function and conative function) in Jakobson's communication model were used as semiotics method. Results: In the findings obtained in the study, it was concluded that a general mobilization was initiated in Chinese society towards reading Marxist-Leninist books through posters and the perception that this mobilization was supported by the masses was highlighted. Originality: Studies on the subject in Turkey were limited. When the historical background of the study was examined, it was seen that the destalization process was initiated in the Soviet Union in the reign of Nikita Khrushchev, who came to the leadership of the country after the death of Joseph Stalin and it was tried that the relations between the Soviet Union and the USA continued on the basis of consensus in foreign policy. In all this process, the PRC, led by Mao Zedong, opposed the practices in the Soviet Union and serious ideological differences emerged between the two countries. In the study, books reflecting these ideological differences were the subject. Conclusion: Books played an important role in the ideological struggle of the PRC with the Soviet Union. It was revealed that the PRC used books to protect the Chinese people from Soviet Revisionism and encouraged the reading of publications on Marxist-Leninist ideology.

Keywords

Soviet Revisionism, Book, Propaganda, China, Soviet Union

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