ULUS KİMLİĞİNİN SEMBOLİK İNŞASI: STK’LARIN ULUSAL GÜNLERDEKİ INSTAGRAM PAYLAŞIMLARININ NİTEL ANALİZİ

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 192 - 211, 01.01.2022

Umur Bedir , Müge Öztunç

Abstract

Bu makale Türkiye’de farklı toplumsal grupları temsil eden sivil toplum kuruluşlarının (STK) İnstagramdaki ulusal bayram temsilleri üzerinden ulus kimliğini sembolik olarak nasıl inşa ettiklerini incelemektedir. Ulusal simge ve semboller, ulusal kimliği iletme ve aidiyet duygusu inşa etme işlevi üstlenirler. Görsel imgeler, aynı zamanda kimliklerin şekillendiği sosyal, ekonomik ve politik süreçlerin izleri olarak ortaya çıkar. Bu bağlamda, makalede sivil toplum kuruluşlarının (STK') Instagram gönderilerini analiz etmenin, ulusal kimliğin ulusal günler aracılığıyla nasıl inşa edildiğine dair fikir verebileceği savunulmaktadır. NGO'ları milli bayramlar üzerinden tanımlamak amacıyla gömülü kodlama süreci kullanılarak tematik içerik analiz yöntemi uygulanmıştır. QDA Miner yazılımı kullanılarak hangi kodların hangileri ile ilişkilendiğini ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla kümeleme analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular, kutlama mesajlarının çoğunlukla sosyal medyadaki belirli ulusal semboller aracılığıyla görselleştirildiğini ve bunların, STK'ların siyasi ve ideolojik pozisyonlarına veya temsil ettikleri sosyal gruplara ve değerlere paralel olarak üç ana ulusal kimlik söylemi çerçevesinde farklılaştığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

İletişim Çalışmaları, Ulusala Günler, Ulusal Kimlik, Sembolik İnşa, İnstagram

SYMBOLIC CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF NGOs INSTAGRAM POSTS ON NATIONAL DAYS

Abstract

This article examines how NGOs that represent social groups in Turkey symbolically construct a national identity through the representation of national days in Instagram. National signs and symbols function to communicate national identity to its members and create a sense of belonging. Visual images also appear as traces of social, economic, and political processes in which identities are shaped. Therefore, this paper argues that analyzing Instagram posts by non-government organizations (NGOs) can provide insight into how national identity is constructed through national days. A thematic analysis approach, supported by a grounded coding process, was used to explore how NGOs portray national days. For this qualitative thematic analysis, a coding frame was used to conduct cluster analyses of the symbols by using QDA Miner software to understand how they relate to another. The findings indicate that the celebration messages are mostly visualized through certain national symbols in social media and these differ in three main national identity discourses parallel to NGO’s political and ideological positions or social groups and values they represents.

Keywords

Communication Studies, National Days, National Identity, Symbolic Construction, Instagram

References

• Açıkel, F. (2015). Post-Muhafazakarlık, Melankolik Öfke ve AKP’nin Restorasyon İdeolojisi. Birikim, 309-310.
• Alkan, H. (1998). “Türkiye’de İş adamı Örgütleri ve Devlet”, Birikim, 114, 43-62.
• Alkan M.Ö. (2001). Resmi İdeolojinin Doğuşu ve Evrimi Üzerine Bir İnceleme in Modern Türkiye’de Siyasi Düşünce Cumhuriyet’e Devreden Düşünce Mirası Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet’in Birikimi, Cilt: I, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınevi, 377- 407.
• Altan, C. (2004). Visual Narration of a Nation: Painting and National Identity in Turkey. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 4. (2): 2-17.
• Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York and London: Verso books.
• Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
• Ayan, V, M. (2019). AKP Devrinde Medya Alemi, İstanbul: Yordam Yay.
• Aydogan, Z. (2011). “Symbolic politics in action: the case of Turkey”. Doctoral dissertation, San Francisco State University, 2011.
• Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang.
• Baruh, L., Popescu, M. (2008). Guiding metaphors of nationalism: the Cyprus issue and the construction of Turkish national identity in online discussions. Discourse and Communication 2. (1): 79-9
• Berger, J. (1972). Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting Association and Penguin.
• Billig, M. (1975). Banal Nationalism London: Sage Publication.
• Bora, Tanıl. (2003). Nationalist Discourses in Turkey, South Atlantic Quarterly 102. (2-3): 433-451.
• Bozdoǧan, S. (1997). The Predicament of Modernism in Turkish Architectural Culture. In Bozdoğan, Sibel and Reşat Kasaba (Ed.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Canbolat, İ. (2002). Küreselleşen Dünya ve Türkiye, Bursa: Vipaş Yayınları.
• Castells, M. (1997). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. II, Cambridge, MA and Oxford: Blackwell.
• Caymaz, B. (2019). The construction and re-construction of the civil religion around the cult of Atatürk. Middle Eastern Studies, 55. (6): 945-957.
• Cohen, A., P. (2011). The symbolic Construction of Community, London and New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
• Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the pictures in our heads: Exploring the framing and agenda-setting effects of visual images in D’Angelo, Paul and Jim A. Kuypers (Ed.), Doing news framing analysis: Empirical Theoretical Perspectives, New York: Routledge. 233-262.
• Cizre-Sakallıoğlu, Ü., Çınar, M. (2003). “Turkey 2002: Kemalism, Islamism, and politics in the light of the February 28 process. The South Atlantic Quarterly 102. (2): 309-332
• Edensor, T. (2020). National identity, popular culture and everyday life. Oxford and New York: Berg.
• Geisler, M. E. (2009). The calendar conundrum: national days as unstable signifiers. In McCrone, David and Gayle McPherson, (Ed.), National Days, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 10-25.
• Glyptis, L. (2008). Living up to the father: The national identity prescriptions of remembering Atatürk; his homes, his grave, his temple. National Identities 10. (4): 353-372.
• Gür, F. (2013). Sculpting the nation in early republican Turkey. Historical Research. 86. (232): 342-372.
• Gümüşçü, Ş. (2010). Class, Status and Party: The Changing Face of Political Islam in Turkey and Egypt. Comparative Political Studies. 43. (7): 835–861.
• Hall, S., Du Gay, P. (ed.). (1996). Questions of cultural identity”, Sage Publications, London, 1996.
• Hansen, A., Machin. D. (2013). Media and Communication Research Methods: An Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Hart, K, (1999). Images and Aftermaths: The Use and Contextualization of Ataturk Imagery in Political Debates in Turkey. PoLAR, 22. (66).
• Hobsbawm, E., Ranger, T. (2000). “The invention of tradition”. Cambridge University Press.
• Houston, C, (2005). Provocations of the built environment: animating cities in Turkey as Kemalist. Political Geography 24. (1):101-119.
• Keyman, F. E. (1997). Globalization, State and Identity/Difference, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 193–206.
• Keyman, F, E. (2007). Modernity, Secularism and Islam: The case of Turkey. Theory, Culture and Society 24. (2): 215-234.
• Kezer, Z. (2009). An imaginable community: the material culture of nation-building in early republican Turkey. Environment and Planning D. Society and Space 27. (3):508-530.
• Khatib, L. (2013). Image politics in the middle east: The role of the visual in political struggle. London: I.B Tauris.
• Kongar, E. (2013). 21. Yüzyılda Türkiye. Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul.
• Köse, A. and Yılmaz, M. (2012). Flagging Turkishness: the reproduction of banal nationalism in the Turkish press. Nationalities Papers 40. (6):909-925.
• Mango, A. (2002). Atatürk: the biography of the founder of modern Turkey. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press.
• Mardin, Ş. (1973), Center-Periphery relations: A key to Turkish Politics, Daedalus 102.(1):169–90.
• McCrone, D. and McPherson, G. (2009), National Days, Palgrave Macmillan, London.
• Meeker, M. (1997). Once there was, once there wasn’t: national monuments and interpersonal exchange. in Bozdoğan, Sibel and Reşat Kasaba (Ed.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Ongur, H. O. (2015). Identifying Ottomanisms: The discursive evolution of Ottoman pasts in the Turkish presents. Middle Eastern Studies 51. (3):416-432.
• Ökten, N. (2007). An endless death and an eternal mourning, The Politics of Public Memory in Turkey, in Özyürek, Esra. (Ed.). The politics of public memory in Turkey. New York: Syracuse University Press.
• Öniş, Z., Türem, U. (2001). “Business, Globalization and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis of Turkish Business Associations”, Turkish Studies 2.(2): 94-120.
• Özyürek, E. (2006). Nostalgia for the modern: State secularism and everyday politics in Turkey. Duke University Press.
• Özyürek, E. (2004). Miniaturizing Atatürk Privatization of state imagery and ideology in Turkey. American Ethnologist 31. (3): 374-391.
• Rose G. (2016). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials, 4th edn. London: Sage.
• Skey, M. (2009). The national in everyday life: A critical engagement with Michael Billig's thesis of Banal Nationalism. The Sociological Review 57. (2):331-346.
• Skilling, P. (2020). The construction and use of national identity in contemporary New Zealand political discourse. Australian journal of political science 45.c(2): 175-189.
• Smith, A. D. (1991). National identity. (Vol. 11). Reno: University of Nevada Press.
• Szulc, L. (2017). Banal nationalism in the Internet Age: Rethinking the relationship between nations, nationalisms and the media. In Skey, Michael and Marco Antonsich (eds.) Everyday Nationhood: Theorising Culture, Identity and Belonging after Banal Nationalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 53-74.
• Toprak, B., Çarkoğlu, A. (2006). Religion, society and politics in a changing Turkey. İstanbul: TESEV.
• Türk, E., B. (2018). Kalpak as A National Image in Turkish Novel. Gazi Türkiyat, 22: 159-178.
• Wodak, R. (2009). Discursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Yılmaz, İ., Caman, M. E. and Bashirov, G. (2020). How an Islamist party managed to legitimate its authoritarianization in the eyes of the secularist opposition: the case of Turkey. Democratization, 27. (2): 265-282
• Yılmaz, İ. (2020), The Rise and Fall of Muslim Democrats in Turkey, January 21, 2020, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3696147 Erişim Tarihi: 02.02 2021.
• Yumul, A., Özkırımlı, U. (2000). Reproducing the nation: banal nationalism'in the Turkish press. Media, Culture and Society 22. (6):787-804.