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Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 323 - 340, 16.06.2022

Ozlem Senvar , Nihan Gunes Cagin

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic caused a serious interruption in global aviation and tourism industries. The purpose of this study is to examine the economic and operational effects of COVID-19 on aviation industry including airlines and airports, and how it relates to tourism sector. A descriptive approach is adopted using secondary data and reports of national, regional, international authorities and organizations. The comparison of 2019, 2020, and in some cases, first quarter of 2021, is made by analyzing and interpreting global, European, and Turkish civil aviation data together with Turkish tourism data. The findings reveal that, in contrast to cargo traffic, passenger and aircraft traffics in world, Europe, and Turkey have massively been hurt by the pandemic in 2020 which caused critical losses in airlines and airports. Since aviation is the locomotive of tourism, it is found that foreign visitors entering Turkey by air dropped significantly affecting tourism revenues in 2020. It is expected that stagnation and slow recovery in aviation and tourism industries will continue in 2021 due to the travel restrictions and full lockdown caused by severe third wave of COVID-19 in Turkey and deferred country-wide crisis response. Lastly, recommendations are made for aviation and tourism industries to overcome this crisis.

Keywords

Air Transportation COVID-19 Turkish Turism civil aviaiton

References

  • Adıgüzel, S. (2020). After COVID 19 Air Transportation. Al-Farabi International Journal on Social Sciences, 5(3), 65-77.
  • Bae, S.Y., Chang, P.-J., 2020. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1017-1035.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye havayolu ulaşımına etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 76, 45-58.
  • Bloomberg (2021, 9 April). Vaccine tracker - Global. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/
  • Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C. & Xie, W. (2020). Corporate Immunity to the COVID-19 Pandemic NBER Working paper No. 27055. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27055 Accessed 11 March 2021.
  • Dube, K., Nhamo, G. & Chikodzi, D. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022.
  • Ertaş M. & Yağcı K. (2020). Understanding the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tourism Industry. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 7(2), 327-338.
  • EUROCONTROL (2020). COVID-19 impact on EUROCONTROL Member States - Turkey (3 November 2020). https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/covid-19-impact-eurocontrol-member-states-turkey
  • EUROCONTROL (2021a). COVID-19 impact on the European air traffic network. Five-Year Forecast 2020-2024. https://www.eurocontrol.int/covid19
  • EUROCONTROL (2021b). What COVID-19 did to European Aviation in 2020, and Outlook 2021. https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/what-covid19-did-european-aviation-2020-outlook-2021
  • EUROCONTROL (2021c). Data Snapshot on Airline Schedules in 2020. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021d). Data Snapshot on what has happened to the network. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021e). Data Snapshot on COVID-19's impact on Europe's long-haul network. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021f). COVID-19 - Grounded aircraft in the EUROCONTROL area (as of 18 April 2021). https://ansperformance.eu/covid/acft_ground /
  • EUROCONTROL (2021g). Data. Airport Traffic. https://ansperformance.eu/data/ Flightradar24 (2021). Flight Tracking Statistics. https://www.flightradar24.com/data/statistics
  • Gallego, I. & Font, X. (2020). Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: using Big Data to inform tourism policy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–20.
  • General Directorate of State Airports Authority (2021a). Türkiye Geneli Havalimanı İstatistikleri. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • General Directorate of State Airports Authority (2021b). Havalimanları Karşılaştırmalı İstatistikleri. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D. & Hall, C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021a). Revenue / Pax / Seat Losses. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/economic.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021b). Airport Revenue / Losses. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/airports.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021c). Operational Impact on Air Transport. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/operational.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021d). Aircraft Fleet Comparisons by Aircraft Types. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/aircraft.htm
  • Kunt, S. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Turizme Etkisi Konusunda Yapılan Çalışmaların Carrot² Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 30-47.
  • Kurt, Y. (2020). Covid-19 Crisis in Air Transportation: Passengers and Human Resources Protection Measures. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 191-211.
  • Maneenop, S. & Kotcharin, S. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on the global airline industry: an event study approach. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101920.
  • Macit, A. & Macit, D. (2020). Türk Sivil Havacilik Sektöründe COVID-19 Pandemisinin Yönetimi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 100-116.
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021a). Sınır İstatistikleri. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021b). Turizm Gelirleri ve Giderleri. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021c). Mart 2021 Haber Bülteni. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Health (2021, 9 April). Turkey COVID-19 Patient Table. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020a). COVID-19 and implications for the aviation sector: a global perspective. In: Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry. Springer, Cham, pp. 89–107 s.l.
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020b). Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry. In: Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Network of Airports. Springer, Cham., pp. 109–133 s.l.
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020c). Impact of COVID-19 on the global network of airports. In: Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry. Springer, Cham, pp. 109–133 s.l.
  • Robert Koch Institute (24 April 2021). Information on the designation of international risk areas. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Transport/Archiv_Risikogebiete/Risikogebiete_aktuell_en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • Ru, H., Yang, E. & Zou, K. (in press). Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of the SARS Imprint (January 19, 2021). Management Science, Forthcoming, Available at https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569330
  • Sobieralski, J. B. (2020). COVID-19 and airline employment: Insights from historical uncertainty shocks to the industry. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100123.
  • Suau-Sanchez, P., Voltes-Dorta, A. & Cuguer´o-Escofet, N. (2020). An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it? Journal of Transport Geography, 86, 102749, 1-8.
  • Turkish Directorate General of Civil Aviation (2021). Covid-19 Tedbirleri Kapsamında Ülkelere Giriş Tablosu (11 April 2021). ttp://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/duyuru/2021/SHGM-UGT-11042021.pdf
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). COVID-19 in Turkey. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/covid-4/coronavirus-turkey

Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 323 - 340, 16.06.2022

Ozlem Senvar , Nihan Gunes Cagin

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic caused a serious interruption in global aviation and tourism industries. The purpose of this study is to examine the economic and operational effects of COVID-19 on aviation industry including airlines and airports, and how it relates to tourism sector. A descriptive approach is adopted using secondary data and reports of national, regional, international authorities and organizations. The comparison of 2019, 2020, and in some cases, first quarter of 2021, is made by analyzing and interpreting global, European, and Turkish civil aviation data together with Turkish tourism data. The findings reveal that, in contrast to cargo traffic, passenger and aircraft traffics in world, Europe, and Turkey have massively been hurt by the pandemic in 2020 which caused critical losses in airlines and airports. Since aviation is the locomotive of tourism, it is found that foreign visitors entering Turkey by air dropped significantly affecting tourism revenues in 2020. It is expected that stagnation and slow recovery in aviation and tourism industries will continue in 2021 due to the travel restrictions and full lockdown caused by severe third wave of COVID-19 in Turkey and deferred country-wide crisis response. Lastly, recommendations are made for aviation and tourism industries to overcome this crisis.

Keywords

air transportation civil aviation Turkish Tourism covid-19

References

  • Adıgüzel, S. (2020). After COVID 19 Air Transportation. Al-Farabi International Journal on Social Sciences, 5(3), 65-77.
  • Bae, S.Y., Chang, P.-J., 2020. The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’ tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1017-1035.
  • Bakırcı, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin Türkiye havayolu ulaşımına etkisi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 76, 45-58.
  • Bloomberg (2021, 9 April). Vaccine tracker - Global. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/covid-vaccine-tracker-global-distribution/
  • Ding, W., Levine, R., Lin, C. & Xie, W. (2020). Corporate Immunity to the COVID-19 Pandemic NBER Working paper No. 27055. https://www.nber.org/papers/w27055 Accessed 11 March 2021.
  • Dube, K., Nhamo, G. & Chikodzi, D. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022.
  • Ertaş M. & Yağcı K. (2020). Understanding the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Tourism Industry. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 7(2), 327-338.
  • EUROCONTROL (2020). COVID-19 impact on EUROCONTROL Member States - Turkey (3 November 2020). https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/covid-19-impact-eurocontrol-member-states-turkey
  • EUROCONTROL (2021a). COVID-19 impact on the European air traffic network. Five-Year Forecast 2020-2024. https://www.eurocontrol.int/covid19
  • EUROCONTROL (2021b). What COVID-19 did to European Aviation in 2020, and Outlook 2021. https://www.eurocontrol.int/publication/what-covid19-did-european-aviation-2020-outlook-2021
  • EUROCONTROL (2021c). Data Snapshot on Airline Schedules in 2020. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021d). Data Snapshot on what has happened to the network. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021e). Data Snapshot on COVID-19's impact on Europe's long-haul network. https://www.eurocontrol.int/library?f%5B0%5D=product%3A1136&f%5B1%5D=product%3A1136
  • EUROCONTROL (2021f). COVID-19 - Grounded aircraft in the EUROCONTROL area (as of 18 April 2021). https://ansperformance.eu/covid/acft_ground /
  • EUROCONTROL (2021g). Data. Airport Traffic. https://ansperformance.eu/data/ Flightradar24 (2021). Flight Tracking Statistics. https://www.flightradar24.com/data/statistics
  • Gallego, I. & Font, X. (2020). Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: using Big Data to inform tourism policy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–20.
  • General Directorate of State Airports Authority (2021a). Türkiye Geneli Havalimanı İstatistikleri. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • General Directorate of State Airports Authority (2021b). Havalimanları Karşılaştırmalı İstatistikleri. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D. & Hall, C. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021a). Revenue / Pax / Seat Losses. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/economic.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021b). Airport Revenue / Losses. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/airports.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021c). Operational Impact on Air Transport. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/operational.htm
  • International Civil Aviation Organization (2021d). Aircraft Fleet Comparisons by Aircraft Types. https://data.icao.int/coVID-19/aircraft.htm
  • Kunt, S. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinin Turizme Etkisi Konusunda Yapılan Çalışmaların Carrot² Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 30-47.
  • Kurt, Y. (2020). Covid-19 Crisis in Air Transportation: Passengers and Human Resources Protection Measures. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 191-211.
  • Maneenop, S. & Kotcharin, S. (2020). The impacts of COVID-19 on the global airline industry: an event study approach. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101920.
  • Macit, A. & Macit, D. (2020). Türk Sivil Havacilik Sektöründe COVID-19 Pandemisinin Yönetimi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 100-116.
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021a). Sınır İstatistikleri. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021b). Turizm Gelirleri ve Giderleri. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2021c). Mart 2021 Haber Bülteni. https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html
  • Ministry of Health (2021, 9 April). Turkey COVID-19 Patient Table. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020a). COVID-19 and implications for the aviation sector: a global perspective. In: Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry. Springer, Cham, pp. 89–107 s.l.
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020b). Counting the cost of COVID-19 on the global tourism industry. In: Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Network of Airports. Springer, Cham., pp. 109–133 s.l.
  • Nhamo, G., Dube, K. & Chikodzi, D. (2020c). Impact of COVID-19 on the global network of airports. In: Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry. Springer, Cham, pp. 109–133 s.l.
  • Robert Koch Institute (24 April 2021). Information on the designation of international risk areas. https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Transport/Archiv_Risikogebiete/Risikogebiete_aktuell_en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • Ru, H., Yang, E. & Zou, K. (in press). Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of the SARS Imprint (January 19, 2021). Management Science, Forthcoming, Available at https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569330
  • Sobieralski, J. B. (2020). COVID-19 and airline employment: Insights from historical uncertainty shocks to the industry. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 5, 100123.
  • Suau-Sanchez, P., Voltes-Dorta, A. & Cuguer´o-Escofet, N. (2020). An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it? Journal of Transport Geography, 86, 102749, 1-8.
  • Turkish Directorate General of Civil Aviation (2021). Covid-19 Tedbirleri Kapsamında Ülkelere Giriş Tablosu (11 April 2021). ttp://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/duyuru/2021/SHGM-UGT-11042021.pdf
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). COVID-19 in Turkey. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/covid-4/coronavirus-turkey
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ozlem Senvar 0000-0003-3648-9445

Nihan Gunes Cagin 0000-0001-6240-8392

Publication Date June 16, 2022
Submission Date May 3, 2021
Acceptance Date March 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Senvar, O., & Gunes Cagin, N. (2022). Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 9(1), 323-340.
AMA Senvar O, Gunes Cagin N. Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. June 2022;9(1):323-340.
Chicago Senvar, Ozlem, and Nihan Gunes Cagin. “Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey With European and Global Aviation”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9, no. 1 (June 2022): 323-40.
EndNote Senvar O, Gunes Cagin N (June 1, 2022) Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9 1 323–340.
IEEE O. Senvar and N. Gunes Cagin, “Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 323–340, 2022.
ISNAD Senvar, Ozlem - Gunes Cagin, Nihan. “Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey With European and Global Aviation”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 9/1 (June 2022), 323-340.
JAMA Senvar O, Gunes Cagin N. Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2022;9:323–340.
MLA Senvar, Ozlem and Nihan Gunes Cagin. “Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey With European and Global Aviation”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2022, pp. 323-40.
Vancouver Senvar O, Gunes Cagin N. Examination of Airlines and Airports in COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Study of Turkey with European and Global Aviation. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2022;9(1):323-40.
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