Contribution of Tourism Revenue to Economic Growth in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 105 - 118, 26.12.2024
Mehmet Akif Kara
,
Oğuz Ciğerlioğlu
,
Tuba Aksu
Abstract
After the 1980s, tourism revenues have been added to the traditional production factors of economic growth. When the economic growth inputs of countries with significant tourism resources are analyzed, it is seen that tourism resources play an effective role. The study aims to investigate how the economic growth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has important tourism resources, is affected by tourism revenues. The relationship between tourism revenues and economic growth in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus has been analyzed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. In the study where the dependent variable is per capita income and the independent variables are total employment, gross fixed capital investments, and tourism revenues, annual data for the period 1990-2019 are used. The data are obtained from the State Planning Organisation database of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The Johansen cointegration test based on VAR analysis suggests that tourism revenues positively affect economic growth in the long run.
References
- Altıner, A. (2019). Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1969-2018), Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(2), 114-133.
- Bahar, O. & Kozak, M. (2013). Turizm Ekonomisi, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Balaguer, J. Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002). Tourism As a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case, Applied Economics, 34(7), 877-884.
- Bilen, M. Yilanci, V. & Eryüzlü, H. (2015). Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis in the Frequency Domain”, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(1), 27-32.
- Brida, J. Risso, W. & Bonapace, A., (2008). The Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for The Case of Chile, Sustainable Tourism as a Factor of Local Development,7-8, 1-5
- Chang, C. L. Khamkaew, T. & McAleer, M. (2010). IV Estimation of a Panel Threshold Model of Tourism Specialization and Economic Development, CIRJE F-Series, CIRJE-F-732, CIRJE, SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-49
- Çağlayan, E. Güriş, B. & Öskönbayeva, Z. (2012). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti İçin Geçerliliğinin Analizi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 105-121.
- Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 1057-1072.
- Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism As a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece, Tourism Economics, 10, 305 –316.
- Durbarry, R. (2004). Tourism and Economic Growth: the Case of Mauritius, Tourism Economics, 10(4), 389-401.
- Dünya Seyahat ve Turizm Konseyi (WTTC), Erişim adresi: https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact (Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2023).
- Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 251-276.
- Fayissa, B. Nsiah, C. & Tadasse, B. (2007). Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa, Tourism Economics, 4(4), 807-818.
- Gao, J. Xu, W. & Zhang, L. (2019). Tourism, Economic Growth and Tourism-Induced EKC Hypothesis: Evidence from Mediterranean Region, Empirical Economics, 60, 1507-1529.
- Gujarati DN (1995). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Hassoun, S. E. S. Adda, K. S. & Sebbane, A. (2021). Examining The Connection Among National Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth in Algeria, Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-9.
- Hye, Q. M. A. & Khan, R. E. A. (2013). Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A Case Study of Pakistan, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 303-313.
- Jamel, L. (2020). The Relation Between Tourism and Economic Growth: A Case of Saudi Arabia as an Emerging Tourism Destination, Virtual Economics, 3(4), 29-47.
- Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications to The Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
- Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254.
- Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation And Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 1551-1580.
- Katırcıoğlu, S. (2010). International Tourism, Higher Education and Economic Growth: The Case of North Cyprus, The World Economy, 33(12), 1955-1972.
- Kreishan, F. (2010). Tourism And Economic Growth: The Case of Jordan, European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 63– 68.
- Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Devlet Planlama Örgütü (DPÖ), (2022). Ekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergeler 2022, Erişim adresi: https://www.dpo.gov.ct.tr/seg-tr.html (Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2023)
- Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Turizm Planlama Dairesi, 2022 Turizm Raporu, Erişim adresi: https://turizmplanlama.gov.ct.tr/2022-Turizm-%C4%B0statistikleri (Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2023)
- Lanza A. & Pigliaru F. (2000), Why Are Tourism Countries Small and Fast-Growing? In: A. Fossati and G. Panella (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 57-69.
- Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2008). Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels. Tourism Management, 29, 180–192.
- Lee, C-C. & Chien, C. (2008). Structural Breaks, Tourism Development, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Taiwan, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 77, 358– 368.
- Martin, J. L. Morales, N. M. & Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: a Panel Data Approach, 2005.
- Mustafa, A.M.M. & Santhirasegaram, S. (2014), Empirical Investigation of The Relationship Between Tourism Receipts and Sustainable Economic Growth in Srilanka, Journal of Emerging Trends İn Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS), 5(7), 131–137.
- Narayan, P. K. Narayan, S., Prasad, A. & Prasad, B. C. (2010). Tourism and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Pacific Island Countries, Tourism Economics, 16(1), 169–183.
- Nene, G. & Taivan, A. (2017). Causality Between Tourism and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(2), 155–169.
- Ordu, S. & Doğan, B. B. (2022). Turizm Gelirleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti İçin Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım, ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2837-2854.
- Özışık, T. (2022). Türkiye’deki Turizm Gelirleri ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi, Journal Of Economisc, 10(1), 37-46.
- Po, W.C. & Huang, B.N. (2008). Tourism Development and Economic Growth –A Non-Linear Approach, Physica A, 387, 5535–5542.
- Rodriguez, J. V. Rodriguez, F, L. & Gallego, M. S. (2015). Testing Dependence Between GDP And Tourism’s Growth Rates, Tourism Management, 48, 268-282.
- Salifou, C. K., & Haq, I. U. (2017). Tourism, Globalization and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis for Selected West African States, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(6), 664-667.
- Şengönül, A. Karadaş, H.A. & Koşaroğlu, Ş.M. (2018). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin OECD Üyesi Olan Akdeniz Ülkeleri İçin Analizi, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(60), 1123-1135.
Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri (7. Baskı), Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
- Türkiye Seyahat Acenteler Birliği (TÜRSAB) (2022) Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Turizm Raporu, Erişim adresi: https://www.tursab.org.tr/assets/assets/uploads/ulke-raporlari/kktc-turizm-raporu-2022.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 11.10.2023).
- Vita, G. D. & Kyaw, K. S. (2016). Tourism Development and Growth, Annals of Tourism Research, 60, 23 - 26.
Yazdi, S. Salehi, K. & Soheilzad, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Iran, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(1), 15-26.
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Turizm Gelirlerinin Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı
Year 2024,
Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 105 - 118, 26.12.2024
Mehmet Akif Kara
,
Oğuz Ciğerlioğlu
,
Tuba Aksu
Abstract
Ekonomik büyümenin geleneksel üretim faktörlerine, 1980’li yıllardan sonra turizm gelirleri de eklenmiştir. Turizm alanında önemli kaynaklara sahip olan ülkelerin ekonomik büyüme girdilerine bakıldığında turizm kaynaklarının etkin bir rol oynadığı görülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı önemli turizm kaynaklarına sahip olan Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin ekonomik büyümesinin turizm gelirlerinden ne yönde etkilendiğinin araştırılmasıdır. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde turizm gelirleri ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki Cobb-Douglas üretim fonksiyonu kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Bağımlı değişkenin kişi başına düşen gelir ve bağımsız değişkenlerin toplam istihdam, gayri safi sabit sermaye yatırımları ile turizm gelirleri olarak belirlendiği çalışmada 1990-2019 dönemi yıllık veriler kullanılmaktadır. Veriler Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nin Devlet Planlama Örgütü veri tabanından temin edilmiştir. VAR analizine dayalı Johansen Eşbütünleşme testiyle uzun dönemde turizm gelirlerinin iktisadi büyümeyi olumlu etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır..
Ethical Statement
Bu araştırma etik kurul kararı gerektirmeyen araştırmalar arasında yer almaktadır
References
- Altıner, A. (2019). Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği (1969-2018), Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(2), 114-133.
- Bahar, O. & Kozak, M. (2013). Turizm Ekonomisi, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Balaguer, J. Cantavella-Jorda, M. (2002). Tourism As a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: The Spanish Case, Applied Economics, 34(7), 877-884.
- Bilen, M. Yilanci, V. & Eryüzlü, H. (2015). Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Panel Granger Causality Analysis in the Frequency Domain”, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(1), 27-32.
- Brida, J. Risso, W. & Bonapace, A., (2008). The Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth: An Empirical Analysis for The Case of Chile, Sustainable Tourism as a Factor of Local Development,7-8, 1-5
- Chang, C. L. Khamkaew, T. & McAleer, M. (2010). IV Estimation of a Panel Threshold Model of Tourism Specialization and Economic Development, CIRJE F-Series, CIRJE-F-732, CIRJE, SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-49
- Çağlayan, E. Güriş, B. & Öskönbayeva, Z. (2012). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti İçin Geçerliliğinin Analizi, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 105-121.
- Dickey, D. A. & Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 1057-1072.
- Dritsakis, N. (2004). Tourism As a Long-Run Economic Growth Factor: An Empirical Investigation for Greece, Tourism Economics, 10, 305 –316.
- Durbarry, R. (2004). Tourism and Economic Growth: the Case of Mauritius, Tourism Economics, 10(4), 389-401.
- Dünya Seyahat ve Turizm Konseyi (WTTC), Erişim adresi: https://wttc.org/research/economic-impact (Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2023).
- Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 251-276.
- Fayissa, B. Nsiah, C. & Tadasse, B. (2007). Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth and Development in Africa, Tourism Economics, 4(4), 807-818.
- Gao, J. Xu, W. & Zhang, L. (2019). Tourism, Economic Growth and Tourism-Induced EKC Hypothesis: Evidence from Mediterranean Region, Empirical Economics, 60, 1507-1529.
- Gujarati DN (1995). Basic Econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Hassoun, S. E. S. Adda, K. S. & Sebbane, A. (2021). Examining The Connection Among National Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth in Algeria, Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-9.
- Hye, Q. M. A. & Khan, R. E. A. (2013). Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis: A Case Study of Pakistan, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 303-313.
- Jamel, L. (2020). The Relation Between Tourism and Economic Growth: A Case of Saudi Arabia as an Emerging Tourism Destination, Virtual Economics, 3(4), 29-47.
- Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration with Applications to The Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
- Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254.
- Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation And Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 1551-1580.
- Katırcıoğlu, S. (2010). International Tourism, Higher Education and Economic Growth: The Case of North Cyprus, The World Economy, 33(12), 1955-1972.
- Kreishan, F. (2010). Tourism And Economic Growth: The Case of Jordan, European Journal of Social Sciences, 15(2), 63– 68.
- Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Devlet Planlama Örgütü (DPÖ), (2022). Ekonomik ve Sosyal Göstergeler 2022, Erişim adresi: https://www.dpo.gov.ct.tr/seg-tr.html (Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2023)
- Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Turizm Planlama Dairesi, 2022 Turizm Raporu, Erişim adresi: https://turizmplanlama.gov.ct.tr/2022-Turizm-%C4%B0statistikleri (Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2023)
- Lanza A. & Pigliaru F. (2000), Why Are Tourism Countries Small and Fast-Growing? In: A. Fossati and G. Panella (eds), Tourism and Sustainable Economic Development, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher, 57-69.
- Lee, C. C. & Chang, C. P. (2008). Tourism Development and Economic Growth: A Closer Look at Panels. Tourism Management, 29, 180–192.
- Lee, C-C. & Chien, C. (2008). Structural Breaks, Tourism Development, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Taiwan, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 77, 358– 368.
- Martin, J. L. Morales, N. M. & Scarpa, R. (2004). Tourism and Economic Growth in Latin American Countries: a Panel Data Approach, 2005.
- Mustafa, A.M.M. & Santhirasegaram, S. (2014), Empirical Investigation of The Relationship Between Tourism Receipts and Sustainable Economic Growth in Srilanka, Journal of Emerging Trends İn Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS), 5(7), 131–137.
- Narayan, P. K. Narayan, S., Prasad, A. & Prasad, B. C. (2010). Tourism and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis for Pacific Island Countries, Tourism Economics, 16(1), 169–183.
- Nene, G. & Taivan, A. (2017). Causality Between Tourism and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(2), 155–169.
- Ordu, S. & Doğan, B. B. (2022). Turizm Gelirleri ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti İçin Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım, ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(3), 2837-2854.
- Özışık, T. (2022). Türkiye’deki Turizm Gelirleri ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi, Journal Of Economisc, 10(1), 37-46.
- Po, W.C. & Huang, B.N. (2008). Tourism Development and Economic Growth –A Non-Linear Approach, Physica A, 387, 5535–5542.
- Rodriguez, J. V. Rodriguez, F, L. & Gallego, M. S. (2015). Testing Dependence Between GDP And Tourism’s Growth Rates, Tourism Management, 48, 268-282.
- Salifou, C. K., & Haq, I. U. (2017). Tourism, Globalization and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis for Selected West African States, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(6), 664-667.
- Şengönül, A. Karadaş, H.A. & Koşaroğlu, Ş.M. (2018). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin OECD Üyesi Olan Akdeniz Ülkeleri İçin Analizi, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(60), 1123-1135.
Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri (7. Baskı), Kocaeli: Umuttepe Yayınları.
- Türkiye Seyahat Acenteler Birliği (TÜRSAB) (2022) Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Turizm Raporu, Erişim adresi: https://www.tursab.org.tr/assets/assets/uploads/ulke-raporlari/kktc-turizm-raporu-2022.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 11.10.2023).
- Vita, G. D. & Kyaw, K. S. (2016). Tourism Development and Growth, Annals of Tourism Research, 60, 23 - 26.
Yazdi, S. Salehi, K. & Soheilzad, M. (2017). The Relationship Between Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Evidence from Iran, Current Issues in Tourism, 20(1), 15-26.