Investigation of the Mediator Role of Hope in the Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Resilience in Adolescents

Year 2023, , 465 - 480, 29.12.2023

Hatice Kübra Yaşar , Mine Begümhan Alabay , Mehmet Demir , Fuat Aydoğdu

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1267342_5

Abstract

This study evaluated self-compassion, hope and resilience in high school students using a mediation model. The study has two main objectives. The first one is to determine whether these variables differ according to gender. The second objective involves the evaluation of a theoretical model that reveals the mediating effect of hope in the link between self-compassion and resilience. The study included a total of 730 students (16.00±1.02 years old), 426 female and 304 male participants. Difference statistics were analyzed using Independent Sample t-test. As a result of the analysis, it was seen that the mean scores of self-compassion and psychological resilience of male students were higher than female students. However, it was found that participants' hope scores did not differ based on gender. Mediation analysis was conducted using regression-based bootstrapping. In the mediation analysis, direct effects revealed that self-compassion significantly predicted hope and resilience, and hope significantly predicted resilience. When the indirect effect was examined, it was observed that the path coefficient between self-compassion and psychological resilience decreased significantly with the inclusion of hope as a mediator variable. Therefore, it was concluded that hope partially mediates the relationship between psychological resilience and self-compassion.

Keywords

self-compassion, hope, resilience, adolescents, positive pyschology

References

• Ai, A. L., Tice, T. N., Whitsett, D. D., Ishisaka, T., & Chim, M. (2007). Posttraumatic symptoms and growth of Kosovar war refugees: The influence of hope and cognitive coping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760601069341
• Alibekiroğlu, P. B., Akbaş, T., Bulut-Ateş, F., & Kırdök, O. (2018). Mediator effect of self compassion in the relationship between life satisfaction and psychological resilience in college students. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(2), 1-17.
• American Psychological Association (2020). Building your resilience. https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience/building-your-resilience
• Arutyunova, K. R., Alexandrov, Y. I., & Hauser, M. D. (2016). Sociocultural influences on moral judgments: East–west, male–female, and young–old. Frontiers in psychology, 7, 1334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01334
• Ataman, A. (2021). The effect of hope-based intervention program on syrian refugee children’s hope and resilience levels (Publication no. 669120) [Master’s thesis, İbn Haldun University].
• Atik, G., & Atik-Erkan, Z. (2017). Predicting hope levels of high school students: The role of academic self-efficacy and problem solving. Education and Science, 42(190), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.5348
• Aydın-Sünbül, Z. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and resilience among adolescents: Mediating role of self compassion and difficulties in emotion regulation (Publication no. 481527) [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University].
• Aydın-Sünbül, Z., & Aslan-Gördesli, M. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience in parents of children with special needs: The mediating role of hope. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(2), 690-705. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.749645
• Aydın-Sünbül, Z., & Çekici, F. (2018). Hope as a unique agent of resilience in socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 7(4), 299-304. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v7i4.15354
• Aydoğdu. F. (2021). Öğretmenlerin çözüm odaklı düşünme ile mutluluk ilişkisinde sürekli umut ve yaşam doyumunun aracı rolü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 13(Ek1), 337-360. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.983099
• Bacanlı, F., & Çarkıt, E. (2020). An examination of self compassion according to gender: Meta-analysis study. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 21(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.648331
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
• Ben-Asher, S., Sagy, S., Srour, A., Walden, T., Huss, E., Shahar, E., & Alsraiha, K. (2020). Hope among refugee children attending the international school of peace on Lesbos. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 2180-2199. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa003
• Bluth, K., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2017). Response to a mindful self compassion intervention in teens: A within-person association of mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotional well-being outcomes. Journal of Adolescence, 57, 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.001
• Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014). Mindfulness and self-compassion: Exploring pathways to adolescent emotional well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(7), 1298-1309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2
• Bluth, K., Roberson, P. N., Gaylord, S. A., Faurot, K. R., Grewen, K. M., Arzon, S., & Girdler, S. S. (2015). Does self-compassion protect adolescents from stress? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4), 1098-1109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0307-3
• Bluth, K., Mullarkey, M., & Lathren, C. (2018). Self-compassion: A potential path to adolescent resilience and positive exploration. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3037-3047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1125-1
• Bolat, Z. (2013). Investigation of the relation between resilience and self compassion of university students (Publication no. 328679) [Master’s thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University].
• Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 681– 682. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671
• Brown, L., Bryant, C., Brown, V., Bei, B., & Judd, F. (2016). Self-compassion, attitudes to ageing and indicators of health and well-being among midlife women. Aging & Mental Health, 20(10), 1035-1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1060946
• Büyüköztürk. Ş.. Çakmak. E. K.. Akgün. Ö. E.. Karadeniz. Ş., & Demirel. F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
• Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behavior research and therapy, 44(4), 585-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
• Chu, X. W., Fan, C. Y., Liu, Q. Q., & Zhou, Z. K. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety among Chinese adolescents: Examining hopelessness as a mediator and self-compassion as a moderator. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.039
• Cihanyurdu, İ., İlbasmış, Ç., Toksoy-Aksoy, A., Ünver, H., & Arman-Rodopman, A. (2020). The anxiety and hope levels of adolescents for the future in the COVID-19 outbreak. Turkish Journal Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 28(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2020.68552
• Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
• Cortes, L., & Buchanan, M. J. (2007). The experience of Columbian child soldiers from a resilience perspective. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9027-0
• Creswell. J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning. conducting. and evaluating quantitative. Pearson.
• Çiçek, İ. (2021). Effect of hope on resilience in adolescents: Social support and social connectedness as mediators. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 5(2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v5i2.283
• Çiltaş, Ç. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between psychological resilience and hope levels of women who receiving women's guesthouse services (Publication no. 599067) [Master’s thesis, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University].
• Deniz, M. E., & Sümer, A. S. (2010). The evaluation of depression, anxiety, and stress in university students with different self-compassion levels. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(158), 115-127.
• Derman, O. (2008). Psychosocial development in adolescents. Adolescent Health II
• Dilmaç-Pınar, Ş. (2020). Determination of psychological resilience and self-compassion levels of nursing students (Publication no. 652376) [Master's thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University].
• Doğan, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and
• Dolbier, C. L., Smith, S. E., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2007). Relationships of protective factors to stress and symptoms of illness. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31(4), 423-433.
• Eggerman, M., & Panter-Brick, C. (2010). Suffering, hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023
• Erarslan, Ö. (2014). The investigation of the mediator role of positive views of self, world and future on the relationship of psychological resilience with depressive symptoms, and life satisfaction in university students (Publication no. 380089) [Master's thesis, Hacettepe University].
• Eseoğlu, B. N. (2021). The relationship between hope and the psychological resilience levels in refugee children (Publication no. 701527) [Master's thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University].
• Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26(1), 399-419. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357
• France, A. (2007). Understanding youth in late modernity. Open University Press.
• Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2009). Shame, self-criticism and self-compassion in adolescence. In N. Allen & L. Sheeber (Eds.), Adolescent emotional development and the emergence of depressive disorders (pp. 195–214). Cambridge University Press.
• Goodman, J. H. (2004). Coping with trauma and hardship among unaccompanied refugee youths from Sudan. Qualitative Health Research, 14(9), 1177-1196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304265923
• Güloğlu, B., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2014). The explanation of resilience within attachment model among adults with earthquake experience. Çukurova University Journal of Education Facult, 43(2), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.14812/cufej.2014.0010
• Güngörmüş, K., Okanlı, A., & Kocabeyoğlu, T. (2015). Factors ınfluencing resilience in nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric, 6(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.5505/phd.2015.80299
• Haroz, E. E., Jordans, M., Jong, J., Gross, A., Bass, J., & Tol, W. (2017). Measuring hope among children affected by armed conflict: Cross cultural validity of the children’s hope scale. Assessment, 24(4), 528-539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115612924
• Harvey, J. H., & Miller, E. D. (2000). Loss and trauma: General and close relationship perspectives. Brunner-Routledge.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, first edition: A regression-based approach (Methodology in the Social Sciences) (First ed.). The Guilford Press.
• Hayter, M. R., & Dorstyn, D. S. (2014). Resilience, self-esteem and self-compassion in adults with spina bifida. Spinal Cord, 52(2), 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2013.152
• Hirani, S., Lasiuk, G., & Hegadoren, K. (2016). The intersection of gender and resilience. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 6(7), 455-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12313.
• Holahan, C. J., & Moos, R. H. (1985). Life stress and health: Personality, coping, and family support in stress resistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 739. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.739
• Hoşoğlu, R., Kodaz, A. F., Bingöl, T. Y., & Batık, M. V. (2018). The resilient levels of preservice teachers. International Journal of Society Researches, 8(14), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.405751
• Howell, K. H. (2011). Resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to family violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 562-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.001
• Hunter, A. J., & Chandler, G. E. (1999). Adolescent resilience. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(3), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00488.x
• Hurwit, M. N., Yun, J., & Ebbeck, V. (2017). Examining the roles of self-compassion and resilience on health-related quality of life for individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Disability and Health Journal, 11(2018), 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.10.010
• Işık, Y. (2019). An investigation of resilience among adolescents in terms of ostracism, social anxiety, gender and grade level (Publication no. 538969) [Master’s thesis, Sakarya University].
• Jiang, Y., You, J., Hou, Y., Du, C., Lin, M. P., Zheng, X., & Ma, C. (2016). Buffering the effects of peer victimization on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The role of self-compassion and family cohesion. Journal of Adolescence, 53, 107-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.09.005
• Kara, E. (2020). Factors affecting the level of psychological resilience of teachers (Publication no. 650153) [Master’s thesis, Mersin University].
• Kimter, N. (2020). Examining the psychological resilience levels of individuals in the days of COVID-19 in terms of some variables. IBAD Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 574-605. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.805481
• Korkut-Owen, F., Demirbaş-Çelik, N., & Doğan, T. (2017). Resilience as a predictor of wellness among university students. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(64), 1461-1479.
• Kulaksızoğlu, A. (2018). Ergenlik Psikolojisi. Remzi Kitabevi.
• Lambert-Jr, C. E., & Lambert, V. A. (1987). Hardiness: Its development and relevance to nursing. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(2), 92-95.
• Lefebvre, J. I., Montani, F., & Courcy, F. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience at work: A practice-oriented review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 22(4), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422320949145
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
• Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W., & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents a meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9(4), 1011-1027.
• Mullin, A. (2019). Children’s hope, resilience and autonomy. Ethics and Social Welfare, 13(3), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2019.1588907
• Murphey, D., Barry, M., & Vaughn, B. (2013). Positive mental health: Resilience. Adolescent Health Highlight, 3, 1–6.
• Nas, E. (2022). Investigation of self-compassion and hope levels of adolescents. MAUN Journal of Education, 2(1), 46-65.
• Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390129863
• Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
• Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y., & Djitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000317
• Nery-Hurwit, M., Yun, J., & Ebbeck, V. (2018). Examining the roles of self-compassion and resilience on health-related quality of life for individuals with Multiple Sclerosis. Disability and Health Journal, 11(2), 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2017.10.010
• Olson, K., Kemper, K. J., & Mahan, J. D. (2015). What factors promote resilience and protect against burnout in first-year pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents? Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(3), 192–198.
• Önder, A., & Gülay, H. (2008). Resilience of 8 Grade Students in Relation to Various Variables. Buca Faculty of Education Journal, 23, 192-197.
• Önel, S. N. (2021). Examining the relationship between self compassion, psychological resilience and depression, anxiety, and stress during Covid-19 (Publication no. 668512) [Master's thesis, Işık University].
• Özer, E. (2013). Alternate title: An investigation of university students' resilience level on the view of trait emotional eq and the five factor personality traits (Publication no. 347489) [Doctoral dissertation, Necmettin Erbakan University].
• Pars, H., & Çavuşoğlu, H. (2019). Examining the psychological resilience of adolescents with leukemia: A comparative study. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 27(2), 104-108. https://doi.org/10.26650/FNJN18024
• Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702
• Rand, K. L., & Cheavens, J. S. (2009). Hope theory. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 322–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0030
• Rew, L., Taylor‐Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
• Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10020
• Saleci, R. (2021). Kaygı üzerine (B. E. Aksoy, Çev.). Metis Yayıncılık.
• Savi-Çakar, F., & Kılınç (20). Review on adolescents’ needs of psychological assistance. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 54, 488-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1044946
• Simmons, R. G., & Blyth, D. A. (2009). Moving into adolescence: The impact of pubertal change and school context. Transaction Publishers.
• Sleijpen, M., Boeije, H. R., Kleber, R. J., & Mooren, T. (2016). Between power and powerlessness: A meta-ethnography of sources of resilience in young refugees. Ethnicity & Health, 21(2), 158-180.https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1044946
• Smith, J. L. (2015). Self-compassion and resilience in senior living residents. Seniors Housing and Care Journal, 23, 16-31.
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Jennifer Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-585.
• Snyder, C. R., McDermott, D., Cook, W., & Rapoff, M. (1997). Hope for the journey: Helping children through the good times and the bad. Basic Books.
• Starner, T. M., & Peters, R. M. (2004). Anger expression and blood pressure in adolescents. The Journal of Nursing, 20(6), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/10598405040200060801
• Şahin, D. (2014).  The investigation of teacher's self compassion from the point of resilience and life satisfaction (Publication no. 381082) [Master’s thesis, Karadeniz Technical University].
• Şahin-Baltacı, H. (2018). Comparison of hope and life satisfaction levels of Turkish and American middle school students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 18(74), 99-122. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2018.74.6
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
• Tarhan, S., & Bacanlı, H. (2015). Adaptation of dispositional hope scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
• Toprak, H. (2014). Psychological resilience and satisfaction of psychological needs as predictors of subjective well- being and life satisfaction in the adolescents (Publication no. 353103) [Master’s thesis, Sakarya University].
• Turgut, Ö. (2016). Investigation of resilience of adolescents in terms of major life events, perceived social support and school engagement (Publication no. 395175) [Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University].
• Uysal, M. (2019). An i̇nvestigation of university student's i̇nterpersonal conflict resolution skills i̇n terms of psychological resilience and self-compassion (Publication no. 556699) [Master thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University].
• Wasonga, T. (2002). Gender effects on perceptions of external assets, development of resilience and academic achievement: Perpetuation theory approach. Gender Issues, 20(4), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-002-0022-4
• Werner E., & Smith R. (1992). Overcoming odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press.
• Werner, E. E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(1), 72-81.
• Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966
• Yelpaze, İ. (2020). Cognitive flexibility as a predictor of psychological resilience of university students: the mediating role of self compassion. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 22(2), 535-549. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.631767
• Yen, S. C. (2008). Relationships of age, gender, and hope with coping styles among Taiwanese adolescents [Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas].
• Yıldırım, M. (2018). Examination of the effectiveness of the self-compassion enhancement program towards adolescents on the fear of self-compassion and the subjective well-being (Publication no. 511250) [Master’s thesis, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University].
• Yıldırım, D. (2021). Investigation of interpersonal conflict resolution skills of political party youth branch members in terms of psychological resilience and self-understanding (Publication no. 676788) [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Kent University].
• Yıldırım, M., & Sarı, T. (2018). Adaptation of the Short Form of Self-Compassion Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education, 18(4), 2502-2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171
• Yıldız, A., & Kahraman, S. (2021). The relationship between resilience, social emotional learning skills, and life satisfaction in secondary school students. The Journal of School Counseling, 4(2), 23-60.
• Zournazi, M. (2004). Umut değişim için yeni felsefeler (U. Abacı, Çev.). Literatür