Review
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DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?

Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2017

Abstract

Disleksi, bireyler arasında sık rastlanan bir öğrenme güçlüğüdür ve dünyada önemli bir araştırma konusudur. Türkiyede
ise son y
ıllarda, bu güçlüğe olan ilgi
artmaktad
ır. Bu ilgiyle
beraber, d
ünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiyede
de, disleksi hakk
ında bilgi karmaşasının yaşandığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, disleksi hakkında doğru bilinen yanlışları ortaya koymak ve
toplumda disleksi fark
ındalığının arttırılmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Bu amaçla, disleksi hakkında yazılı ve çoklu medya
kaynaklar
ında sıklıkla rastlanan 11
efsanevi bilgi
üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapılan araştırmalar incelenmiş ve disleksi ile
ilgili do
ğrulara ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Disleksi ile
ilgili kuramsal bilgiler verilmi
ş, bu bilgiler tez ve antitezleri ile
birlikte sunulmu
ştur.

References

  • Akhtar, S. (2008). The nature of developmental dyslexia. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Long Island Üniversitesi, New York.
  • Altuntaş, F. (2010). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin disleksiye ilişkin bilgileri ve dislektik öğrencilere yönelik çalışmaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Annett, M. (2011). Dyslexia and handedness: Developmental phonological and surface dyslexias are associated with different biases for handedness 1. Perceptual and motor skills, 112(2), 417-425.
  • Balcı, E. (2015). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde disleksili bireylere uygulanan eğitim ve öğretim programlarının Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalara katkısı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bates, E., & Goodman, J. C. (2001). On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: Evidence from acquisition. M. Tomasello & E. Bates (Ed.), Language development the essential readings (s. 134–162). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • BDA (British Dyslexia Association). (2012). Adults and dyslexia, 40 years on. 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde www.bdadyslexia.org.uk sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Beaton, A. A. (2002). The relation of planum temporale asymmetry and morphology of the corpus callosum to handedness, gender, and dyslexia: A review of the evidence. Brain and Language, 60(2), 255–322.
  • Bingöl, A. (2003). Ankara’daki ilkokul 2. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerinde gelişimsel disleksi oranı. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 56(2), 67-82.
  • Bruck, M. (1994). Outcomes of adults with childhood histories of dyslexia. Portekiz: Paper Presented at NATO Advanced Study İnstitute in Alvor.
  • Chan, D. W., Ho, C. S. H., Tsang, S. M., Lee, S. H., & Chung, K. K. (2007). Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong. Educational Studies, 33(2), 249-265.
  • Cho, H., & Pyun, S. B. (2015). Characteristics of acquired phonological dyslexia in Korean. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20(4), 570-586.
  • Davis, R. (2010). The gift of dyslexia (Revize edilmiş ve genişletilmiş baskı). ABD: Perigee Books.
  • Drigas, A. S., & Elektra, B. (2016). Dyslexia and ICTs, assessment and early intervention in kindergarten. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 11(02), 53-56.
  • Duranović, M. (2016). Spelling errors of dyslexic children in Bosnian language with transparent orthography. Journal of learning disabilities, 0022219416645814.
  • Dyszy-Chudzińskai, P. (2009). Developmental dyslexia vs. Japanese writing systems neuronal processing. İnvestigationes Lınguisticae, 18, 27-45.
  • Edwards, J. (1994). The scars of dyslexia: Eight case studies in emotional reactions. London: Cassell. Eglinton, E., & Annett, M. (1994). Handedness and dyslexia: A meta-analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3f), 1611-1616.
  • Everatt, J., Steffert, B., & Smythe, I. (1999). An eye for the unusual: creative thinking in dyslexics. Dyslexia, 5(1), 28–46.
  • Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L, Liberman, I. Y., Stuebing, K.K., Francis, D.J., Fowler, A.E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1994). Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 6-23.
  • Flynn, M. J., & Deering, M. W. (1989). Subtypes of dyslexia: İnvestigation of border’s system using quantitative neurophysiology. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 31, 215–223.
  • Francis, D. J., Shaywitz, S. E., Stuebing, K. K., Shaywitz, B. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (1996). Developmental lag versus deficit models of reading disability: a longitudinal, individual growth curves analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 3–17.
  • Friedmann, N., & Gvion, A. (2001). Letter position dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18(8), 673-696.
  • Gersons-Wolfensberger, D. C. M. & Ruijssenaars, A. J. J. M. W. (1997). Definition and treatment of dyslexia: A report by the committee on dyslexia of the health council of the netherlands. Journal of Learning Disabities, 30(2), 209-213.
  • Geschwind, N., & Behan, P. (1982). Left-handedness: Association with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorder. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America. 79(16), 5097-5100.
  • Gooddy, W., & Reinhold, M. (1961). Congenital dyslexia and asymmetry of cerebral function. Brain, 84(2), 231-242.
  • Guerin, D. W., Griffin, J. R., Gottfried, A. W., & Christenson, G. N. (1993). Dyslexic Subtypes and Severity Levels: Are There Gender Differences?. Optometry & Vision Science, 70(5), 348-351.
  • Gus, S., & Samuelsson, S. (1999). İntelligence and dyslexia: Implications for diagnosis and intervention. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 40(2), 27–134.
  • Heaton, P. & Mitchel, G. (2008). Dyslexia: Students in need. United Kingdom: Whurr.
  • Hornsby, B. (2011). Overcoming dyslexia. Random House.
  • Houssart, J. (2001) Counting difficulties at key stage two, Support for Learning, 16(1), 11-16.
  • Hultquist, M. A. (2006). An introduction to dyslexia for parents and professionals. Londra: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Hultquist, A. M. (2008). What is dyslexia?: A book explaining dyslexia for kids and adults to use together. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Humphrey, N. (2003). Teacher and pupil ratings of self-esteem in developmental dyslexia. British Journal of Special Education. 29(1), 29-36.
  • Hurst, E. B. (2010). Passing as literate: gender, dyslexia, and the shaping of identities. Doktora Tezi, Georgia State Üniversitesi, Amerika.
  • IDA. (2009). Testing and evaulation. 19 Ocak 2015 tarihinde http://www.interdys.org sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Jimenez, E. J., Cadena, G. C., Siegel, S. L., O’Shanahan, I., Garcia, E., & Rodriguez, C. (2011). Gender ratio and cognitive profiles in dyslexia: a cross-national study. Reading and Writing, 24(7), 729-747.
  • Kennison, M. S. (2013). Introduction to language development. ABD: Sage Publications.
  • Lorna, H. (2013). The role of the home literacy environment in the early literacy development of children at family-risk of dyslexia. Doktora Tezi, York Üniversitesi, York.
  • Moll, K., Thompson, P. A., Mikulajova, M., Jagercikova, Z., Kucharska, A., Franke, H., ... & Snowling, M. J. (2016).
  • Precursors of Reading Difficulties in Czech and Slovak Children At‐Risk of Dyslexia. Dyslexia, 22(2), 120-136.
  • Morgan, W. (1997). Dyslexia and crime. Dyslexia, 3, 247-248.
  • Nass, R. D. (1993). Sex differences in learning abilities and disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 43(1), 61-77.
  • Nicolson, I. R. (1996). Developmental dyslexia: Past, present and future. Dyslexia, 2, 190- 207.
  • Nijakowska, J. (2008). An experiment with direct multisensory instruction in teaching word reading and spelling to Polish dyslexic learners of English. Kormos, J. & H. Kontra (Ed.), Language learners with special needs: An international perspective. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Ogawa, S., Shibasaki, M., Isomura, T., & Masataka, N. (2016). Orthographic reading deficits in dyslexic Japanese children: Examining the transposed-letter effect in the color-word stroop paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 767.
  • Orton, S. T. (1928). Specific reading disability - strephosymbolia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 90(14), 1095-1099.
  • Pennington, B. F. (1991). Genetics of learning disabilities. Seminars in Neurolgy, 11, 28–34.
  • Pumfrey, P. , & Reason, R. (1991). Specific learning difficulties (Dyslexia). İngiltere: Nfer- Nelson.
  • Raschle, N. M., Becker, B. L. C., Smith, S., Fehlbaum, L. V., Wang, Y., & Gaab, N. (2015). Investigating the influences of language delay and/or familial risk for dyslexia on brain structure in 5-year-olds. Cerebral Cortex, bhv267.
  • Regvoort, A. G. F. M. (2007). Early intervantion with children of dyslexic parents: Effects of computer-based reading instruction at home on literacy acquisition. Learning and İndividual Diffirences. 17(1), 35-53.
  • Rescorla, L. (2000). Do late-talking toddlers turn out to have language and reading outcomes a decade later. Annals of Dyslexia. 50, 87-102.
  • Sandu, A. L., Specht, K., Beneventi, H., Lundervold, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2008). Sex-differences in grey–white matter structure in normal-reading and dyslexic adolescents. Neuroscience letters, 438(1), 80-84.
  • Satz, P., & Soper, H. V. (1986). Left-handedness, dyslexia, and autoimmune disorder: A critique. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8(4), 453-458.
  • Satz, P., & Fletcher, J. M. (1987). Left-handedness and dyslexia: An old myth revisited. Journal of pediatric psychology, 12(2), 291-298.
  • Scarborough, H. S. (1990). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children. Child development, 61(6), 1728-1743.
  • Shaywitz, S., Shaywitz, B., Fletcher, M. J., & Escobar, D. M. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(8), 998-1002.
  • Shaywitz, S. E (1998). Current concepts: Dyslexia. The New England Journal Medicine, 338, 307–312.
  • Shaywitz, S. (2003). Overcoming dyslexia: A new and complete science-based program for reading problems at any level. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Shaywitz, S., & Shaywitz, B. (2003). Dyslexia (Specific reading disability). Language- cognition, 24(5), 147-153.
  • Shaywitz, S. E. & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003). Neurobiological indices of dyslexia. Swanson, H. L., Harris, K. R., Graham, S. (Ed.), Handbook of Learning Disabilities. New York: Guilford.
  • Siegel, L. S. (1989). Why we do not need intelligence test scores in the definition and analyses of Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 514-518.
  • Smythe, I., & Everatt, J. (2000). Dyslexia diagnosis in different languages. Peer, L. ve Reid, G. (Ed.), Multilingualism, literacy and dyslexia. Londra: David Fulton.
  • Smythe, P., & Annett, M. (2006). Phonology and handedness in primary school: predictions of the right shift theory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(2), 205-212.
  • Snowling, M. (2000). Dyslexia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Stanovich, E. K. (1991). Discrepancy definitions of reading disability: Has intelligence led us astray? Reading Research Quarterly, 26(1), 7-29.
  • Tanaka, H., Black, J. M., Hulme, C., Stanley, L. M., Kesler, S. R., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Hoeft, F. (2011). The brain basis of the phonological deficit in dyslexia is independent of IQ. Psychological science, 22(11), 1442-1451.
  • Taylor, E. K., & Walter, J. (2003). Occupation choices of adults with and without symptoms of dyslexia. Dyslexia, 9(3), 177-185.
  • Thomson, M. (2003). Monitoring dyslexics’ intelligence and attainments: A follow-up study. Dyslexia, 9(1), 3-17.
  • Tonnessen, F. E., Løkken, A., Høien, T., & Lundberg, I. (1993). Dyslexia, left-handedness, and immune disorders.
  • Archives of Neurology, 50(4), 411-416.
  • Townend, J., & Turner, M. (1999). Dyslexiain practice: A guide for teachers. İngiltere: Kluwer Academic Plenum. Unhjem, A., Eklund, K., & Nergård-Nilssen, T. (2015). Early markers of language delay in children with and without family risk for dyslexia. First Language, 35(3), 254-271.
  • United Nations Development Programme in the Arab States (UNDP) (2008). Disabilities & İnclusion in Kuwait. 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde www.arabstates.undp.org sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Westwood, S. P. (2001). Reading and learning difficulties: Approaches to teaching and assessment. İngiltere: Aust Council for Ed Research.
  • Whyte, J., Curry, C., & Hale, D. (1985). İnspection time and intelligence in dyslexic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26(3), 423-428.
  • Ziegler, J. C., Perry, C., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Modelling reading development through phonological decoding and self-teaching: implications for dyslexia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 369(1634), 20120397.
Year 2017, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 1 - 17, 30.06.2017

Abstract

References

  • Akhtar, S. (2008). The nature of developmental dyslexia. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Long Island Üniversitesi, New York.
  • Altuntaş, F. (2010). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin disleksiye ilişkin bilgileri ve dislektik öğrencilere yönelik çalışmaları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Annett, M. (2011). Dyslexia and handedness: Developmental phonological and surface dyslexias are associated with different biases for handedness 1. Perceptual and motor skills, 112(2), 417-425.
  • Balcı, E. (2015). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde disleksili bireylere uygulanan eğitim ve öğretim programlarının Türkiye’de yapılan çalışmalara katkısı açısından değerlendirilmesi. Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Bates, E., & Goodman, J. C. (2001). On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: Evidence from acquisition. M. Tomasello & E. Bates (Ed.), Language development the essential readings (s. 134–162). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • BDA (British Dyslexia Association). (2012). Adults and dyslexia, 40 years on. 25 Aralık 2014 tarihinde www.bdadyslexia.org.uk sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Beaton, A. A. (2002). The relation of planum temporale asymmetry and morphology of the corpus callosum to handedness, gender, and dyslexia: A review of the evidence. Brain and Language, 60(2), 255–322.
  • Bingöl, A. (2003). Ankara’daki ilkokul 2. ve 4. sınıf öğrencilerinde gelişimsel disleksi oranı. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 56(2), 67-82.
  • Bruck, M. (1994). Outcomes of adults with childhood histories of dyslexia. Portekiz: Paper Presented at NATO Advanced Study İnstitute in Alvor.
  • Chan, D. W., Ho, C. S. H., Tsang, S. M., Lee, S. H., & Chung, K. K. (2007). Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong. Educational Studies, 33(2), 249-265.
  • Cho, H., & Pyun, S. B. (2015). Characteristics of acquired phonological dyslexia in Korean. Communication Sciences & Disorders, 20(4), 570-586.
  • Davis, R. (2010). The gift of dyslexia (Revize edilmiş ve genişletilmiş baskı). ABD: Perigee Books.
  • Drigas, A. S., & Elektra, B. (2016). Dyslexia and ICTs, assessment and early intervention in kindergarten. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 11(02), 53-56.
  • Duranović, M. (2016). Spelling errors of dyslexic children in Bosnian language with transparent orthography. Journal of learning disabilities, 0022219416645814.
  • Dyszy-Chudzińskai, P. (2009). Developmental dyslexia vs. Japanese writing systems neuronal processing. İnvestigationes Lınguisticae, 18, 27-45.
  • Edwards, J. (1994). The scars of dyslexia: Eight case studies in emotional reactions. London: Cassell. Eglinton, E., & Annett, M. (1994). Handedness and dyslexia: A meta-analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3f), 1611-1616.
  • Everatt, J., Steffert, B., & Smythe, I. (1999). An eye for the unusual: creative thinking in dyslexics. Dyslexia, 5(1), 28–46.
  • Fletcher, J. M., Shaywitz, S. E., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L, Liberman, I. Y., Stuebing, K.K., Francis, D.J., Fowler, A.E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1994). Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement definitions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 6-23.
  • Flynn, M. J., & Deering, M. W. (1989). Subtypes of dyslexia: İnvestigation of border’s system using quantitative neurophysiology. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 31, 215–223.
  • Francis, D. J., Shaywitz, S. E., Stuebing, K. K., Shaywitz, B. A., & Fletcher, J. M. (1996). Developmental lag versus deficit models of reading disability: a longitudinal, individual growth curves analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 3–17.
  • Friedmann, N., & Gvion, A. (2001). Letter position dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 18(8), 673-696.
  • Gersons-Wolfensberger, D. C. M. & Ruijssenaars, A. J. J. M. W. (1997). Definition and treatment of dyslexia: A report by the committee on dyslexia of the health council of the netherlands. Journal of Learning Disabities, 30(2), 209-213.
  • Geschwind, N., & Behan, P. (1982). Left-handedness: Association with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorder. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America. 79(16), 5097-5100.
  • Gooddy, W., & Reinhold, M. (1961). Congenital dyslexia and asymmetry of cerebral function. Brain, 84(2), 231-242.
  • Guerin, D. W., Griffin, J. R., Gottfried, A. W., & Christenson, G. N. (1993). Dyslexic Subtypes and Severity Levels: Are There Gender Differences?. Optometry & Vision Science, 70(5), 348-351.
  • Gus, S., & Samuelsson, S. (1999). İntelligence and dyslexia: Implications for diagnosis and intervention. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 40(2), 27–134.
  • Heaton, P. & Mitchel, G. (2008). Dyslexia: Students in need. United Kingdom: Whurr.
  • Hornsby, B. (2011). Overcoming dyslexia. Random House.
  • Houssart, J. (2001) Counting difficulties at key stage two, Support for Learning, 16(1), 11-16.
  • Hultquist, M. A. (2006). An introduction to dyslexia for parents and professionals. Londra: Jessica Kingsley.
  • Hultquist, A. M. (2008). What is dyslexia?: A book explaining dyslexia for kids and adults to use together. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Humphrey, N. (2003). Teacher and pupil ratings of self-esteem in developmental dyslexia. British Journal of Special Education. 29(1), 29-36.
  • Hurst, E. B. (2010). Passing as literate: gender, dyslexia, and the shaping of identities. Doktora Tezi, Georgia State Üniversitesi, Amerika.
  • IDA. (2009). Testing and evaulation. 19 Ocak 2015 tarihinde http://www.interdys.org sayfasından erişilmiştir.
  • Jimenez, E. J., Cadena, G. C., Siegel, S. L., O’Shanahan, I., Garcia, E., & Rodriguez, C. (2011). Gender ratio and cognitive profiles in dyslexia: a cross-national study. Reading and Writing, 24(7), 729-747.
  • Kennison, M. S. (2013). Introduction to language development. ABD: Sage Publications.
  • Lorna, H. (2013). The role of the home literacy environment in the early literacy development of children at family-risk of dyslexia. Doktora Tezi, York Üniversitesi, York.
  • Moll, K., Thompson, P. A., Mikulajova, M., Jagercikova, Z., Kucharska, A., Franke, H., ... & Snowling, M. J. (2016).
  • Precursors of Reading Difficulties in Czech and Slovak Children At‐Risk of Dyslexia. Dyslexia, 22(2), 120-136.
  • Morgan, W. (1997). Dyslexia and crime. Dyslexia, 3, 247-248.
  • Nass, R. D. (1993). Sex differences in learning abilities and disabilities. Annals of Dyslexia, 43(1), 61-77.
  • Nicolson, I. R. (1996). Developmental dyslexia: Past, present and future. Dyslexia, 2, 190- 207.
  • Nijakowska, J. (2008). An experiment with direct multisensory instruction in teaching word reading and spelling to Polish dyslexic learners of English. Kormos, J. & H. Kontra (Ed.), Language learners with special needs: An international perspective. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Ogawa, S., Shibasaki, M., Isomura, T., & Masataka, N. (2016). Orthographic reading deficits in dyslexic Japanese children: Examining the transposed-letter effect in the color-word stroop paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 767.
  • Orton, S. T. (1928). Specific reading disability - strephosymbolia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 90(14), 1095-1099.
  • Pennington, B. F. (1991). Genetics of learning disabilities. Seminars in Neurolgy, 11, 28–34.
  • Pumfrey, P. , & Reason, R. (1991). Specific learning difficulties (Dyslexia). İngiltere: Nfer- Nelson.
  • Raschle, N. M., Becker, B. L. C., Smith, S., Fehlbaum, L. V., Wang, Y., & Gaab, N. (2015). Investigating the influences of language delay and/or familial risk for dyslexia on brain structure in 5-year-olds. Cerebral Cortex, bhv267.
  • Regvoort, A. G. F. M. (2007). Early intervantion with children of dyslexic parents: Effects of computer-based reading instruction at home on literacy acquisition. Learning and İndividual Diffirences. 17(1), 35-53.
  • Rescorla, L. (2000). Do late-talking toddlers turn out to have language and reading outcomes a decade later. Annals of Dyslexia. 50, 87-102.
  • Sandu, A. L., Specht, K., Beneventi, H., Lundervold, A., & Hugdahl, K. (2008). Sex-differences in grey–white matter structure in normal-reading and dyslexic adolescents. Neuroscience letters, 438(1), 80-84.
  • Satz, P., & Soper, H. V. (1986). Left-handedness, dyslexia, and autoimmune disorder: A critique. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8(4), 453-458.
  • Satz, P., & Fletcher, J. M. (1987). Left-handedness and dyslexia: An old myth revisited. Journal of pediatric psychology, 12(2), 291-298.
  • Scarborough, H. S. (1990). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children. Child development, 61(6), 1728-1743.
  • Shaywitz, S., Shaywitz, B., Fletcher, M. J., & Escobar, D. M. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(8), 998-1002.
  • Shaywitz, S. E (1998). Current concepts: Dyslexia. The New England Journal Medicine, 338, 307–312.
  • Shaywitz, S. (2003). Overcoming dyslexia: A new and complete science-based program for reading problems at any level. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Shaywitz, S., & Shaywitz, B. (2003). Dyslexia (Specific reading disability). Language- cognition, 24(5), 147-153.
  • Shaywitz, S. E. & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003). Neurobiological indices of dyslexia. Swanson, H. L., Harris, K. R., Graham, S. (Ed.), Handbook of Learning Disabilities. New York: Guilford.
  • Siegel, L. S. (1989). Why we do not need intelligence test scores in the definition and analyses of Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 514-518.
  • Smythe, I., & Everatt, J. (2000). Dyslexia diagnosis in different languages. Peer, L. ve Reid, G. (Ed.), Multilingualism, literacy and dyslexia. Londra: David Fulton.
  • Smythe, P., & Annett, M. (2006). Phonology and handedness in primary school: predictions of the right shift theory. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(2), 205-212.
  • Snowling, M. (2000). Dyslexia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • Stanovich, E. K. (1991). Discrepancy definitions of reading disability: Has intelligence led us astray? Reading Research Quarterly, 26(1), 7-29.
  • Tanaka, H., Black, J. M., Hulme, C., Stanley, L. M., Kesler, S. R., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., & Hoeft, F. (2011). The brain basis of the phonological deficit in dyslexia is independent of IQ. Psychological science, 22(11), 1442-1451.
  • Taylor, E. K., & Walter, J. (2003). Occupation choices of adults with and without symptoms of dyslexia. Dyslexia, 9(3), 177-185.
  • Thomson, M. (2003). Monitoring dyslexics’ intelligence and attainments: A follow-up study. Dyslexia, 9(1), 3-17.
  • Tonnessen, F. E., Løkken, A., Høien, T., & Lundberg, I. (1993). Dyslexia, left-handedness, and immune disorders.
  • Archives of Neurology, 50(4), 411-416.
  • Townend, J., & Turner, M. (1999). Dyslexiain practice: A guide for teachers. İngiltere: Kluwer Academic Plenum. Unhjem, A., Eklund, K., & Nergård-Nilssen, T. (2015). Early markers of language delay in children with and without family risk for dyslexia. First Language, 35(3), 254-271.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Article
Authors

Emine Balcı

Publication Date June 30, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 19 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Balcı, E. (2017). DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 1-17.
AMA Balcı E. DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. June 2017;19(1):1-17.
Chicago Balcı, Emine. “DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?”. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, no. 1 (June 2017): 1-17.
EndNote Balcı E (June 1, 2017) DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19 1 1–17.
IEEE E. Balcı, “DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?”, Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2017.
ISNAD Balcı, Emine. “DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?”. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19/1 (June 2017), 1-17.
JAMA Balcı E. DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2017;19:1–17.
MLA Balcı, Emine. “DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?”. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1-17.
Vancouver Balcı E. DİSLEKSİ HAKKINDA GERÇEKLER: DİSLEKSİ NEDİR VE NE DEĞİLDİR?. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2017;19(1):1-17.
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