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Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında ABD İletişim Araştırmaları: Türkiye’de Radyo Dinleme Raporunun Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 162 - 181, 23.01.2020

Abstract

Soğuk savaş yıllarında “geleneksel” toplumların “modern” toplumlara dönüştürülmesi politikası çerçevesinde Amerikan değerlerinin ve yaşam tarzının, özellikle üçüncü dünya ülkelerine empoze edilmesi, dolayısıyla anti-komünist Amerikan politik ve ekonomik sisteminin yaygınlaştırılması amaçlanıyordu. Özellikle bu dönemde ABD üniversitelerinde, ABD’nin dış politikalarına bilimsel malzeme sağlamak için politik ve ekonomik kalkınma, uluslararası iletişim ve kitle iletişim araçları konularında çalışmalar yürütülüyordu. 1950’li yıllarda Columbia Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Sosyal Araştırmalar Bürosu, Prof. Dr. Daniel Lerner’ın yönetiminde, ABD’nin dış politikasıyla uyumlu olarak Türkiye’de kitle iletişim araçlarının toplumsal değişmeye etkisi üzerine araştırmaları gerçekleştirmiştir. Saha çalışmasına dayanan araştırmada Türkiye’nin hem toplumsal hem de araçsal bağlamda iletişim haritası altı ayrı raporda detaylı olarak aktarılmıştır. Bu araştırmalar iletişim disiplini bağlamında Türkiye’de yapılmış ilk saha çalışmalarıdır. Bu makalede raporlardan Radio Listening in Turkey (1952) çalışması incelenerek hem 1950’ler Türkiye’sinde radyonun konumu hem de ABD soğuk savaş politikalarının yörüngesi ve biçemi ortaya konmaya çalışılmaktadır. Söz konusu yıllarda Türkiye’de radyonun elzem bir kitle iletişim aracı olduğu, özellikle kırsal kesimin vazgeçilmezi olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca raporda Türkiye’nin BBC başta olmak üzere Batı kaynaklı radyo yayınlarına ilgi gösterdiği ifade edilerek Voice of America’nın konumu hakkında da ön tartışmalar yapılmaktadır.

References

  • Ahıska, M. (2005). Radyonun Sihirli Kapısı: Garbiyatçılık ve Politik Öznellik. İstanbul: Metis
  • Bah, U. (2008). Daniel Lerner, Cold War Propaganda and US Development Communication Research: A Historical Critique. Journal of Third World Studies. Vol. 25, No.1, s. 183-198.
  • Barghoorn, Frederick C. (1964). Soviet Foreign Propaganda. Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library.
  • Barton, Allen H. (2001). Paul Lazarsfeld as Instutional Inventor. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 13, No.3, s. 245-269.
  • Crowther-Heyck, H. (2006), Patrons of the Revolution: Ideas and Institutions in Postwar Behavioral Science. ISIS, Vol. 97, No: 3, s. 420-446.
  • Engerman, David C. (2010). Social Science in the Cold War. ISIS, No:101, s. 393-400.
  • Hyman, H. (1972). Mass Media and Political Socialization: The Role of Patterns of Communication. L. W. Pye (Ed. By.). In Communications and Political Development (ss. 128-148). Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Horten, G. (2002). Radio Goes to War. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Lasswell, H. (1925). Two Forgotten Studies in Political Psychology. American Political Science Rev., 19: 707-17.
  • Lasswell, H. (1927). Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cambridge: MIT Press (Reprinted 1971)
  • Lasswell, H. (1935). Propaganda and Promotional Activities: An annotated bibliography. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota.
  • Lenthall, B. (2007). Radio’s America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
  • Lerner, D. (1968). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press.
  • Lerner, D., Schueller, G. & Stycos, M. (1951). Mass Communications Audiences in Turkey, Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952a). Radio Listening in Turkey: A Comparison of Four Key Groups in Turkish Society. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952b). Newspaper and Foreign Language Publication Reading in Turkey -A Comparison of Four Key Groups in Turkish Society. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952c). Movies, Newsreels and Documentary Films in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952d). Comparisons of the Various Domestic Media in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952e). Personal Contacts with Foreigners in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • Melkote, Srinivas R. (1991). Communication for Development in the Third World: theory and practice. London: Sage Publication.
  • Örnek, C. (2015). Türkiye’nin Soğuk Savaş Düşünce Hayatı, Antikomünizm ve Amerikan Etkisi. İstanbul: Can.
  • Parry-Giles, S. (2002). The Rhetorical Presidency, Propaganda and The Cold War, 1945-1955. Wesport: Praeger.
  • Pool, Ithiel De S. (1972). The Mass Media and Politics in the Modernization Process. L. W. Pye (Ed. By.). In Communications and Political Development (ss. 234-253). Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Rawnsley, Gary D. (1996). Radio Diplomacy and Propaganda. London: Macmillan.
  • Shah, H. (2011). The Production of Modernization. Daniel Lerner and The Passing of Traditional Society. Philadelphia: Temple University.
  • Solovey, M. (2013). Shaky Foundations: The Politics-Patronage- Social Science Nexus in Cold War America. NewJersey: Rutgers University.
  • Tamer, A. (2011). Muhayyel Komünizm: Türk Sağının Anti-Komünizm Propagandası. Doğu Batı Dergisi, 58, 91-113.
  • Vaughan, James R. (2005). The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Arab Middle East, 1945-1957. New York: Palgrave.

Communication Researches of USA During the Cold War: Analyse of Radio Listening in Turkey Report

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 162 - 181, 23.01.2020

Abstract

During the Cold War period, USA had focused to impose the American values and life style to The Third World countries in the context of transforming policy of “traditional” societies to “modern” societies. Besides, to spread the anti-communism and to popularize American way of thinking had been aimed by USA power. In this period, American universities worked on political and economic development, international-political communication and mass communication subjects to provide the scientific data for USA politics. In 1950’s, Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Research, in Daniel Lerner’s direction, made some researches about the influence of mass communication on social change in Turkey. The mass communication map of Turkey was described in six detailed reports which was based on field work. So this mass communication researches were the first field works of Turkish communication studies. In this paper one of these reports, Radio Listening in Turkey (1952) was analysed both as a source of Turkish radio listening attitude and USA Cold War policies on Turkey. According to this report, radio was the essential mass communication, particularly for rural population it was indispensable means. Besides, the attitude of Turkish society for foreign broadcasting, particularly VOA, was discussed in the context of American-Turkish relation.

References

  • Ahıska, M. (2005). Radyonun Sihirli Kapısı: Garbiyatçılık ve Politik Öznellik. İstanbul: Metis
  • Bah, U. (2008). Daniel Lerner, Cold War Propaganda and US Development Communication Research: A Historical Critique. Journal of Third World Studies. Vol. 25, No.1, s. 183-198.
  • Barghoorn, Frederick C. (1964). Soviet Foreign Propaganda. Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library.
  • Barton, Allen H. (2001). Paul Lazarsfeld as Instutional Inventor. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 13, No.3, s. 245-269.
  • Crowther-Heyck, H. (2006), Patrons of the Revolution: Ideas and Institutions in Postwar Behavioral Science. ISIS, Vol. 97, No: 3, s. 420-446.
  • Engerman, David C. (2010). Social Science in the Cold War. ISIS, No:101, s. 393-400.
  • Hyman, H. (1972). Mass Media and Political Socialization: The Role of Patterns of Communication. L. W. Pye (Ed. By.). In Communications and Political Development (ss. 128-148). Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Horten, G. (2002). Radio Goes to War. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Lasswell, H. (1925). Two Forgotten Studies in Political Psychology. American Political Science Rev., 19: 707-17.
  • Lasswell, H. (1927). Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cambridge: MIT Press (Reprinted 1971)
  • Lasswell, H. (1935). Propaganda and Promotional Activities: An annotated bibliography. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota.
  • Lenthall, B. (2007). Radio’s America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago.
  • Lerner, D. (1968). The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press.
  • Lerner, D., Schueller, G. & Stycos, M. (1951). Mass Communications Audiences in Turkey, Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952a). Radio Listening in Turkey: A Comparison of Four Key Groups in Turkish Society. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952b). Newspaper and Foreign Language Publication Reading in Turkey -A Comparison of Four Key Groups in Turkish Society. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952c). Movies, Newsreels and Documentary Films in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952d). Comparisons of the Various Domestic Media in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • .............. (1952e). Personal Contacts with Foreigners in Turkey. Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
  • Melkote, Srinivas R. (1991). Communication for Development in the Third World: theory and practice. London: Sage Publication.
  • Örnek, C. (2015). Türkiye’nin Soğuk Savaş Düşünce Hayatı, Antikomünizm ve Amerikan Etkisi. İstanbul: Can.
  • Parry-Giles, S. (2002). The Rhetorical Presidency, Propaganda and The Cold War, 1945-1955. Wesport: Praeger.
  • Pool, Ithiel De S. (1972). The Mass Media and Politics in the Modernization Process. L. W. Pye (Ed. By.). In Communications and Political Development (ss. 234-253). Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Rawnsley, Gary D. (1996). Radio Diplomacy and Propaganda. London: Macmillan.
  • Shah, H. (2011). The Production of Modernization. Daniel Lerner and The Passing of Traditional Society. Philadelphia: Temple University.
  • Solovey, M. (2013). Shaky Foundations: The Politics-Patronage- Social Science Nexus in Cold War America. NewJersey: Rutgers University.
  • Tamer, A. (2011). Muhayyel Komünizm: Türk Sağının Anti-Komünizm Propagandası. Doğu Batı Dergisi, 58, 91-113.
  • Vaughan, James R. (2005). The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Arab Middle East, 1945-1957. New York: Palgrave.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Makale
Authors

Aytül Tamertorun 0000-0003-2697-8448

Birgül Koçak 0000-0002-6783-2843

Publication Date January 23, 2020
Submission Date November 26, 2019
Acceptance Date December 9, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Tamertorun, A., & Koçak, B. (2020). Soğuk Savaş Yıllarında ABD İletişim Araştırmaları: Türkiye’de Radyo Dinleme Raporunun Analizi. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 162-181.