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Year 2014, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 72 - 79, 05.06.2014

İlbilge Ozsu

Abstract

One of the profound factors that affect sprint performance of athletes is the transfer of the possible highest propulsive force onto the starting blocks using an ideal sprint start body position. Hence, in the literature, there are a great deal of studies related to assessment and improvement of sprint start performance. In this review, evaluation of the literature based on improving the sprint start performance and sharing obtained instructions with sport scientists, trainers and athletes were aimed. According to the literature knowledge, it is stated that higher propulsive force onto the starting block and acceleration are two most important factors affecting on the results of sprint running. Also, it is rational to state that permanent kinesthetic awareness of individualized sprint start position could lead to significant improvements in sprint performances. For this reason, biofeedback trainings will be useful methods that provide a kinesthetic awareness of individualized sprint start position for athletes. Thus, athletes increase the probability of learning motor skill when they have opportunity to compare the actual motor performance output with expected ideal performance output. It is stated that motor skill acquisition level of athletes increases considerably if feedback is provided appropriately. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to present literature based knowledge about biomechanics of sprint start and effects of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance

Keywords

Biofeedback biomechanics sprint performance starting block

References

  • Banz R, Bolliger M, Colombo G, Dietz V, Lunenburger L. Computerized visual feedback: An adjunct to robotic-assisted gait training. Phys Ther, 2008; 88(10): 1135-1145.
  • Barrios JA, Crossley KM, Davis IS. Gait retraining to reduce the knee adduction moment through real-time visual feedback of dynamic knee alignment. J Biomech, 2010; 43(11): 2208-2213.
  • Bezodis NE, Salo AI, Trewartha G. Choice of sprint start performance measure affects the performance-based ranking within a group of sprinters: Which is the most appropriate measure? Sports Biomech, 2010; 9(4): 258-269.
  • Blumenstein B, Eli MB, Tenenbaum G. Brain and body in sport and exercise biofeed back applications in performance enhancement. 1st ed. Sussex: John Wiley & Sons., 2002:1
  • Coh M, Jost B, Skof B, Tomazin K, Dolenec A. Kinematic and kinetic parameters of the sprint start and start acceleration model of top sprinters. Gymnica, 1998; 28: 33-42.
  • Coh M, Peharec S, Bacic P. The sprint start: Biomechanical analysis of kinematic, dynamic and electromyographic parameters. New Studies in Athletics, 2007; 22(3): 29-38.
  • Coh M, Peharec S, Bacic P, Kampmiller T. Dynamic factors and electromyographic activity in a sprint start. Biology of Sport, 2009; 26(2): 137-147.
  • Coh M, Tomazin K, Štuhec S. The biomechanical model of the sprint start and block acceleration. Facta Universitatis Physical Education and Sport, 2006; 4(2): 103-114.
  • Collins DF, Prochazka A. Movement illusions evoked by ensemble cutaneous input from the dorsum of the human hand. J Physiol, 1996; 496 (Pt 3)(857-871.
  • Collins DF, Refshauge KM, Todd G, Gandevia SC. Cutaneous receptors contribute to kinesthesia at the index finger, elbow, and knee. J Neurophysiol, 2005; 94(3): 1699-1706.
  • Coppenolle VH, Delecluse C, Goris M, Seagrave L, Kraayenhof H. An evaluation of the start action world class female sprinters. Track Technique, 1989; 90: 3581-3582.
  • Fothergill S. Examining the effect of real-time visual feedback on the quality of rowing technique. in 8th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) 2010. Cambridge, UK: Procedia Engineering.
  • Guissard N, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Emg and mechanical changes during sprint starts at different front block obliquities. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1992; 24(11): 1257-1263.
  • Gutierrez-Davilla M, Dapena J, Campos J. The effect of muscular pre-tensing on the sprint start. J Appl Biomech, 2006; 22(3): 194-201.
  • Hamill J, van Emmerik RE, Heiderscheit BC, Li L. A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 1999; 14(5): 297-308.
  • Harland MJ, Steele JR. Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sports Med, 1997; 23(1): 11-20.
  • Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. The margin for error when releasing the high bar for dismounts. J Biomech, 2003; 36(3): 313-319.
  • Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Optimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount. J Biomech, 2008; 41(8): 1730-1735.
  • Korchemny R. A new concept for sprint start and acceleration training. New Studies in Athletics, 1992; 7(4): 65-72.
  • Kuchenbecker KJ, Gurari N, Okamura AM. Effects of visual and proprioceptive motion feedback on human control of targeted movement. in In Proceedings of the International Conference Noordwijk. Robotics. June, 2007.
  • Lackner JR, Dizio P. Rapid adaptation to coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory. J Neurophysiol, 1994; 72(1): 299-313.
  • Lees A. Science and the major racket sports: A review. J Sports Sci, 2003; 21(9): 707-732.
  • Liebermann DG, Katz L, Hughes MD, Bartlett RM, McClements J, Franks IM. Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance. J Sports Sci, 2002; 20(10): 755-769.
  • Locatelli E, Arsac L. The mechanics and energetics of the 100m sprint. New Studies in Athletics, 1995; 10(1): 81-87.
  • Luhtanen P, Komi PV. Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking, running, and jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1980; 44(3): 279-289.
  • Mann R, Sprague P. A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1980; 51(2): 334-348.
  • McClements, JD, Sanders, LK, Gande, BE. Kinetic and kinematic factors related to sprint starting as measured by the saskatchewan sprint start team. . New Studies in Athletics. 1996; 11(2-3): 133-135.
  • Mendoza L, Schollhorn W. Training of the sprint start technique with biomechanical feedback. J Sports Sci, 1993; 11(1): 25-29.
  • Mero A. Force-time characteristics and running velocity of male sprinters during the acceleration phase of sprinting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1988; 59(2):
  • Mero A, Komi PV. Reaction time and electromyographic activity during a sprint start. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1990; 61(1-2): 73-80.
  • Mero A, Komi PV, Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of sprint running. A review. Sports Med, 1992; 13(6): 376-392.
  • Mero A, Kuitunen S, Harland M, Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Effects of muscle-tendon length on joint moment and power during sprint starts. J Sports Sci, 2006; 24(2): 165-173.
  • Mero A, Luhtanen P, Komi P. A biomechanical study of the sprint start. Scandinavian Journal of Sport Sciences, 1983; 5(1): 20-28.
  • Mills C, Yeadon MR, Pain MT. Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings. Sports Biomech, 2010; 9(3): 153-164.
  • Morrish WA. Sprint start training, progressive resistance training and the ability to accelerate to maximum velocity. University of British Columbia, 1972.
  • Pau M, Loi A, Pezzotta MC. Does sensorimotor training improve the static balance of young volleyball players? Sports Biomech, 2012; 11(1): 97-107.
  • Graubner R, Nixdorf E. Biomechanical analysis of the sprint and hurdles events at the 2009 iaaf world championships in athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 2011; 26(1-2): 19-53.
  • Schache AG, Wrigley TV, Baker R, Pandy MG. Biomechanical response to hamstring muscle strain injury. Gait Posture, 2009; 29(2): 332-338.
  • Scheidt RA, Dingwell JB, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Learning to move amid uncertainty. J Neurophysiol, 2001; 86(2): 971-985.
  • Schmidt RA, Lee T. Motor control and learning. ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999:126-128
  • Schot PK, Knutzen KM. A biomechanical analysis of four sprint start positions. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1992; 63(2): 137-147.
  • Shadmehr R, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task. J Neurosci, 1994; 14(5 Pt 2): 3208-3224.
  • Silder A, Thelen DG, Heiderscheit BC. Effects of prior hamstring strain injury on strength, flexibility, and running mechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2010; 25(7): 681-686.
  • Slawinski J, Bonnefoy A, Leveque JM, Ontanon G, Riquet A, Dumas R, Cheze L. Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start. J Strength Cond Res, 2010; 24(4): 896-905.
  • Tellez T, Doolittle D. Sprinting from start to finish. Track Technique, 1984; 88: 2802-2805.
  • Thoroughman KA, Shadmehr R. Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Nature, 2000; 407(6805): 742-747.
  • Ey W. Charles frederick "charlie” booth- inventor of starting blocks. The Veteran Athlete, 1987; 2(1): 4.
  • Waldron M, Worsfold P, Twist C, Lamb K. Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a global positioning system (gps) and timing gates to assess sprint performance variables. J Sports Sci, 2011; 29(15): 1613-1619.
  • Williams G, Irwin G, Kerwin DG, Newell KM. Kinematic changes during learning the longswing on high bar. Sports Biomech, 2012; 11(1): 20-33.
  • Yarrow K, Brown P, Krakauer JW. Inside the brain of an elite athlete: The neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2009; 10(8): 585-596.
  • Zaichkowsky LD, Fuchs CZ. Biofeedback applications in exercise and athletic performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 1988; 16: 381-421.

Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance

Year 2014, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 72 - 79, 05.06.2014

İlbilge Ozsu

Abstract

One of the profound factors that affect sprint performance of athletes is the transfer of the possible highest propulsive force onto the starting blocks using an ideal sprint start body position. Hence, in the literature, there are a great deal of studies related to assessment and improvement of sprint start performance. In this review, evaluation of the literature based on improving the sprint start performance and sharing obtained instructions with sport scientists, trainers and athletes were aimed. According to the literature knowledge, it is stated that higher propulsive force onto the starting block and acceleration are two most important factors affecting on the results of sprint running. Also, it is rational to state that permanent kinesthetic awareness of individualized sprint start position could lead to significant improvements in sprint performances. For this reason, biofeedback trainings will be useful methods that provide a kinesthetic awareness of individualized sprint start position for athletes. Thus, athletes increase the probability of learning motor skill when they have opportunity to compare the actual motor performance output with expected ideal performance output. It is stated that motor skill acquisition level of athletes increases considerably if feedback is provided appropriately. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to present literature based knowledge about biomechanics of sprint start and effects of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance.

Keywords

Biofeedback biomechanics sprint performance starting block.

References

  • Banz R, Bolliger M, Colombo G, Dietz V, Lunenburger L. Computerized visual feedback: An adjunct to robotic-assisted gait training. Phys Ther, 2008; 88(10): 1135-1145.
  • Barrios JA, Crossley KM, Davis IS. Gait retraining to reduce the knee adduction moment through real-time visual feedback of dynamic knee alignment. J Biomech, 2010; 43(11): 2208-2213.
  • Bezodis NE, Salo AI, Trewartha G. Choice of sprint start performance measure affects the performance-based ranking within a group of sprinters: Which is the most appropriate measure? Sports Biomech, 2010; 9(4): 258-269.
  • Blumenstein B, Eli MB, Tenenbaum G. Brain and body in sport and exercise biofeed back applications in performance enhancement. 1st ed. Sussex: John Wiley & Sons., 2002:1
  • Coh M, Jost B, Skof B, Tomazin K, Dolenec A. Kinematic and kinetic parameters of the sprint start and start acceleration model of top sprinters. Gymnica, 1998; 28: 33-42.
  • Coh M, Peharec S, Bacic P. The sprint start: Biomechanical analysis of kinematic, dynamic and electromyographic parameters. New Studies in Athletics, 2007; 22(3): 29-38.
  • Coh M, Peharec S, Bacic P, Kampmiller T. Dynamic factors and electromyographic activity in a sprint start. Biology of Sport, 2009; 26(2): 137-147.
  • Coh M, Tomazin K, Štuhec S. The biomechanical model of the sprint start and block acceleration. Facta Universitatis Physical Education and Sport, 2006; 4(2): 103-114.
  • Collins DF, Prochazka A. Movement illusions evoked by ensemble cutaneous input from the dorsum of the human hand. J Physiol, 1996; 496 (Pt 3)(857-871.
  • Collins DF, Refshauge KM, Todd G, Gandevia SC. Cutaneous receptors contribute to kinesthesia at the index finger, elbow, and knee. J Neurophysiol, 2005; 94(3): 1699-1706.
  • Coppenolle VH, Delecluse C, Goris M, Seagrave L, Kraayenhof H. An evaluation of the start action world class female sprinters. Track Technique, 1989; 90: 3581-3582.
  • Fothergill S. Examining the effect of real-time visual feedback on the quality of rowing technique. in 8th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) 2010. Cambridge, UK: Procedia Engineering.
  • Guissard N, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Emg and mechanical changes during sprint starts at different front block obliquities. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1992; 24(11): 1257-1263.
  • Gutierrez-Davilla M, Dapena J, Campos J. The effect of muscular pre-tensing on the sprint start. J Appl Biomech, 2006; 22(3): 194-201.
  • Hamill J, van Emmerik RE, Heiderscheit BC, Li L. A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 1999; 14(5): 297-308.
  • Harland MJ, Steele JR. Biomechanics of the sprint start. Sports Med, 1997; 23(1): 11-20.
  • Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. The margin for error when releasing the high bar for dismounts. J Biomech, 2003; 36(3): 313-319.
  • Hiley MJ, Yeadon MR. Optimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount. J Biomech, 2008; 41(8): 1730-1735.
  • Korchemny R. A new concept for sprint start and acceleration training. New Studies in Athletics, 1992; 7(4): 65-72.
  • Kuchenbecker KJ, Gurari N, Okamura AM. Effects of visual and proprioceptive motion feedback on human control of targeted movement. in In Proceedings of the International Conference Noordwijk. Robotics. June, 2007.
  • Lackner JR, Dizio P. Rapid adaptation to coriolis force perturbations of arm trajectory. J Neurophysiol, 1994; 72(1): 299-313.
  • Lees A. Science and the major racket sports: A review. J Sports Sci, 2003; 21(9): 707-732.
  • Liebermann DG, Katz L, Hughes MD, Bartlett RM, McClements J, Franks IM. Advances in the application of information technology to sport performance. J Sports Sci, 2002; 20(10): 755-769.
  • Locatelli E, Arsac L. The mechanics and energetics of the 100m sprint. New Studies in Athletics, 1995; 10(1): 81-87.
  • Luhtanen P, Komi PV. Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking, running, and jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1980; 44(3): 279-289.
  • Mann R, Sprague P. A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1980; 51(2): 334-348.
  • McClements, JD, Sanders, LK, Gande, BE. Kinetic and kinematic factors related to sprint starting as measured by the saskatchewan sprint start team. . New Studies in Athletics. 1996; 11(2-3): 133-135.
  • Mendoza L, Schollhorn W. Training of the sprint start technique with biomechanical feedback. J Sports Sci, 1993; 11(1): 25-29.
  • Mero A. Force-time characteristics and running velocity of male sprinters during the acceleration phase of sprinting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1988; 59(2):
  • Mero A, Komi PV. Reaction time and electromyographic activity during a sprint start. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1990; 61(1-2): 73-80.
  • Mero A, Komi PV, Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of sprint running. A review. Sports Med, 1992; 13(6): 376-392.
  • Mero A, Kuitunen S, Harland M, Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Effects of muscle-tendon length on joint moment and power during sprint starts. J Sports Sci, 2006; 24(2): 165-173.
  • Mero A, Luhtanen P, Komi P. A biomechanical study of the sprint start. Scandinavian Journal of Sport Sciences, 1983; 5(1): 20-28.
  • Mills C, Yeadon MR, Pain MT. Modifying landing mat material properties may decrease peak contact forces but increase forefoot forces in gymnastics landings. Sports Biomech, 2010; 9(3): 153-164.
  • Morrish WA. Sprint start training, progressive resistance training and the ability to accelerate to maximum velocity. University of British Columbia, 1972.
  • Pau M, Loi A, Pezzotta MC. Does sensorimotor training improve the static balance of young volleyball players? Sports Biomech, 2012; 11(1): 97-107.
  • Graubner R, Nixdorf E. Biomechanical analysis of the sprint and hurdles events at the 2009 iaaf world championships in athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 2011; 26(1-2): 19-53.
  • Schache AG, Wrigley TV, Baker R, Pandy MG. Biomechanical response to hamstring muscle strain injury. Gait Posture, 2009; 29(2): 332-338.
  • Scheidt RA, Dingwell JB, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Learning to move amid uncertainty. J Neurophysiol, 2001; 86(2): 971-985.
  • Schmidt RA, Lee T. Motor control and learning. ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1999:126-128
  • Schot PK, Knutzen KM. A biomechanical analysis of four sprint start positions. Res Q Exerc Sport, 1992; 63(2): 137-147.
  • Shadmehr R, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task. J Neurosci, 1994; 14(5 Pt 2): 3208-3224.
  • Silder A, Thelen DG, Heiderscheit BC. Effects of prior hamstring strain injury on strength, flexibility, and running mechanics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2010; 25(7): 681-686.
  • Slawinski J, Bonnefoy A, Leveque JM, Ontanon G, Riquet A, Dumas R, Cheze L. Kinematic and kinetic comparisons of elite and well-trained sprinters during sprint start. J Strength Cond Res, 2010; 24(4): 896-905.
  • Tellez T, Doolittle D. Sprinting from start to finish. Track Technique, 1984; 88: 2802-2805.
  • Thoroughman KA, Shadmehr R. Learning of action through adaptive combination of motor primitives. Nature, 2000; 407(6805): 742-747.
  • Ey W. Charles frederick "charlie” booth- inventor of starting blocks. The Veteran Athlete, 1987; 2(1): 4.
  • Waldron M, Worsfold P, Twist C, Lamb K. Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a global positioning system (gps) and timing gates to assess sprint performance variables. J Sports Sci, 2011; 29(15): 1613-1619.
  • Williams G, Irwin G, Kerwin DG, Newell KM. Kinematic changes during learning the longswing on high bar. Sports Biomech, 2012; 11(1): 20-33.
  • Yarrow K, Brown P, Krakauer JW. Inside the brain of an elite athlete: The neural processes that support high achievement in sports. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2009; 10(8): 585-596.
  • Zaichkowsky LD, Fuchs CZ. Biofeedback applications in exercise and athletic performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 1988; 16: 381-421.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İlbilge Ozsu

Publication Date June 5, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ozsu, İ. (2014). Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.99534
AMA Ozsu İ. Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance. Turk J Sport Exe. June 2014;16(1):72-79. doi:10.15314/tjse.99534
Chicago Ozsu, İlbilge. “Biomechanical Structure of Sprint Start and Effect of Biological Feedback Methods on Sprint Start Performance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 16, no. 1 (June 2014): 72-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.99534.
EndNote Ozsu İ (June 1, 2014) Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 16 1 72–79.
IEEE İ. Ozsu, “Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 72–79, 2014, doi: 10.15314/tjse.99534.
ISNAD Ozsu, İlbilge. “Biomechanical Structure of Sprint Start and Effect of Biological Feedback Methods on Sprint Start Performance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 16/1 (June 2014), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.99534.
JAMA Ozsu İ. Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance. Turk J Sport Exe. 2014;16:72–79.
MLA Ozsu, İlbilge. “Biomechanical Structure of Sprint Start and Effect of Biological Feedback Methods on Sprint Start Performance”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 16, no. 1, 2014, pp. 72-79, doi:10.15314/tjse.99534.
Vancouver Ozsu İ. Biomechanical structure of sprint start and effect of biological feedback methods on sprint start performance. Turk J Sport Exe. 2014;16(1):72-9.
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