The Acute Effects of Dynamic and Static Stretching on Tennis Serve Targeting Performance

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 403 - 410, 10.01.2020

Bülent Turna , Asuman Şahan , Bahar Yılmaz

Abstract

The study investigates the
acute effects of dynamic and static stretching on the tennis serve targeting
performance of amateur tennis players. Twenty male athletes who were between
the ages of 16-24 years and played tennis for at least 1 year (21.40±2.16 years,
181±0.06 cm, 71.85±7.42 kg, tennis playing time 1.55±0.88 years) voluntarily
participated in the study.

Prior to the pre-tests and
after applying the traditional warm-up protocol, serve targeting test (STT) was
applied to all participants. In the post-tests, STT was used after applying three
different warm-up methods on three different days (48-hour rest interval). The
warm-up stages included No Treatment (NT) (jogging, rally), Static Stretching
(SS) and Dynamic Stretching (DS).

In the statistical analysis,
the homogeneity of the data was investigated using the Shapiro Wilk test. The
Wilcoxon test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test results of the
non-homogeneous data; Friedman test was used to compare the three different
stretching methods with each other; in the paired comparisons of the groups,
the paired samples t-test was used for the homogenous data and Wilcoxon test
was used for the non-homogeneous data.

In conclusion, stretching
exercises before serving increased the serve targeting performance and the
increase in the dynamic stretching exercises was higher than that in static
stretching exercises.

Keywords

Tennis, Static Stretching, Dynamic Stretching, Warm-up, Targeting

References

• Aktaş, S., Tatlici, A., & Çakmakçi, O. (2019). Determination Of Isokinetic Strength Of Upper And Lower Body Of Elite Male Boxers. Turkish Journal Of Sport And Exercise, 21(2), 188-191. Akyuz, M., Agar, M., Akyuz, O. and Dogru, Y. (2016). Motivational Factors Affecting Athletes in Selecting the Sport Branches of Athletics, Ski and Tennis. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(12), 160-165.Akyuz, M., Ozmaden, M., Dogru, Y., Karademir, E., Aydın, Y. and Hayta, U. (2017). Effect of static and dynamic stretching exercises on some physical parameters in young basketball players. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(2), 1492-1500.Avela, J., H. Kyrolainen, and P.V. Komi (1999). Altered reflex sen- sitivity after repeated and prolonged passive muscle stretch- ing. J. Appl. Physiol. 86:1283–1291. Baykose, N., Civar Yavuz, S., Ozer, O. and Sahin, A. (2017). The role of self-talk and self-effıcacy levels of athletes studyıng at facultıes of sport scıences on predıctıng mental toughness. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,2017 (December Special Issue), 591-595. Behringer, M., H. Vom, M. Matthews, and J. Mester, (2011). Effects Of Strength Training On Motor Performance Skills İn Children And Adolescents: A MetaAnalysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci, 23(2),186–206.Bishop, D. (2003). A Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Medicine 33, 439-454.Bompa, T. O. (2001). Plyometric for Rapid Force Development at High Level (E Tuzemen Cev.) Ankara: Bagırgan Yayınevi.Chaouachi A, C. Castagna, M. Chtara, M. Brughelli, O. Turki, O. Galy, K. Chamari, and D.G. Behm (2010). “Effect of warm-ups involving static or dynamic stretching on agility, sprinting, and jumping performance in trained individuals”. J Strength Cond Res. 24(8). pp, Cornwell, A., A.G. Nelson, G.D. Heise, and B. Sidaway (2001). Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on vertical jump performance. J. Hum. Mov. Studies 40:307–324. Çakmakçi, E., Tatlici, A., & Yirmibeş, B. (2018). Comparıson Of Some Performance Parameters of Physıcally Actıve Mentally Retarded and Inactıve Mentally Retarded Indıvıduals. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science, 4(12), 49–57. Faigenbaum, A. D., Kang, J., McFarland, J., Bloom, J. M., Magnatta, J., Ratamess, N. A., and Hoffman, J. R. (2006). Acute effects of different warm-up protocols on anaerobic performance in teenage athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 18(1), 64-75.Fowles, J.R., D.G. Sale, and J.D. Macdougall (2000). Reduced strength after passive stretch of the human plantar flexors. J. Appl. Physiol. 89:1179–1188. Gelen, E., M., Dede, B. M. Bingul, ve M. Aydın, (2012). Acute effects of static stretching, dynamic exercises, and high volume upper extremity plyometric activity on tennis serve performance. Journal of sports science and medicine, 11(4), 600.Gourgoulis, V., N. Aggeloussis, ,P. Kasimatis, , G. Mavromatis, and A. Garas, (2003) Effect of a submaximal half-squats warm-up program on vertical jumping abilitythe Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 17, 342-344.Haag, S.J., G.A., Wright, C.M. Gillette, and J.F. Greany, (2010) Effects of acute static stretching of the throwing shoulder on pitching performance of national collegiate athletic association division III baseball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, 452-457.Hodgson M, D. Docherty, D. Robbins, (2005). Post-activation potentiation: Underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Med. 2005;35(7):585-95.Holcomb, R. W. (2000) Stretching and warm-up. In: Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Eds: Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 322-329.International Tennis Federation (ITF) 2004. The ITF International Tennis Number Manual, 2004. From http://www.itftennis.com/media/113844/113844.pdf.Kaya, M., and M.Polat (2018). The Effect of Stretching Exercises on Ground Shoot Performance and Agility in Tennis Players, Journal Of Health Sciences, 2; 118-124.Kermen, O. (1997). Tennis Technical and Tactics. Asama Typography, İstanbul.Kibler, W. B.., T. J. Chandler, R., Shapiro, and M. Conuel, (2007). Muscle Activation İn Coupled Scapulohumeral Motions İn The High Performance Tennis Serve. Br J Sports Med. 1(11), 745–749.Kılınc, F. (2008). An intensive combined training program modulates physical, physiological, biomotoric, and technical parameters in women basketball players. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(6), 1769-1778.Kırmızıgul, B. (2012). Effects of three different flexibility trainings on vertical jump performance. PhD Thesis, Ege University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Training Sciences, İzmir, 64.Knudson, D. V., Magnusson, P., and McHugh, M. (2000). Current Issues in Flexibility Fitness. President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest, 3(10):1–8. Knudson, D.V., G.J., Noffal, R.E., Bahamonde, J.A., Bauer, and J. R. Blackwell, (2004). Stretching has no effect on tennis serve performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(3), 654-656.Kokkonen, J., A.G. Nelson, and A. Cornwell (1998). Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 69:411–415. Mandengue, S.H., I., Miladi, D., Bishop, A., Temfemo, F., Cissé, and S., Ahmaidi, (2009) Methodological approach for determining optimal active warm-up intensity: predictive equations. Science and Sport 24, 9-14.McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S. and Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: the effect on power and agility performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 492-499.Nelson, A.G., and J. Kokkonen (2001). Acute ballistic muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Res. Q. Ex- erc. Sport 72:415–419.Nelson, A.G., J.D. Allen, A. Cornwell, and J. Kokkonen (2001). Inhibition of maximal voluntary isometric torque production by acute stretching is joint-angle speciftc. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 72: 68–70. Olcucu, B., A., Canikli, H.A.D.I., Gokhan, and M. Y. Tasmektepligil, (2012). Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Women Tennis Players in 12-14 Age Categories. Journal of Sports and Performance Research 3(1).Ozcan, S., and F., Kılınc (2011). Investigation of the Effect of Two Different Training Methods on Technical Biometric and Physiological Characteristics in Basic Tennis Technical Education, PhD Thesis, Health Sciences Institute SDU, Isparta.Reid, M., and K., Schneiker, (2008). Strength And Conditioning İn Tennis: Current Research And Practice. J Sci Med Sport, 11, 248–56Sahin, A., Baykose, N. and Civar Yavuz, S. (2017a). Does the undergraduate athletes‟ self talk levels affect imagery levels?. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,2017 (December Special Issue), 867- 871. Suna, G., Alp, M., and Cetinkaya, E. (2016). Investigating the effects of technical trainings applied 10-12 age male tennis players on their stroke performances. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 4980-4985.Tatlıcı, A., and Unlu, G., (2018). Elit Güreşçilerde Proprioseptif Nöromuskuler Fasilitasyon (Pnf) Uygulamalarının Dinamik Denge Performansına Akut Etkileri. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 57–63. Tatlıcı, A., Çakmakçı, E., Yılmaz, S., & Arslan, F. (2018) Comparison of Visual Reaction Values of Elite Deaf Wrestlers and Elite Normally Hearing Wrestlers. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 20(2), 63–66. Tatlici, A., & Cakmakci, O. (2019). The effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on anaerobic power of elite boxers. Medicina Dello Sport, 72(2), 225–233.Thompsen, A.G., T., Kackley, M.A. Palumbo, and A.D. Faigenbaum, (2007) Acute effects of different warm-up protocols with and without a weighted vest on jumping performance in athletic women. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21, 52-56.Torres, E.M., W.J., Kraemer, J.L., Vingren, J.S., Volek, and D.L. Hatfield, Spiering, B.A., Ho, J.Y., Fragala, M.S., Thomas, G.A., Anderson, J.M., Hakkinen, K. and Maresh, C.M. (2008) Effects of stretching on upper-body muscular performance. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22(4), 1279- 1285.Turna B., (2017). Acute Effect of Dynamic and Static Stretching Exercises on Some Biomotoric Properties of Elite Male Handball Players, Lambert Publisher.Weerapong P., P.A Hume, and G.S. Kolt, (2004).Stretching: Mechanisms and Benefits for Sport Performance and Injury Prevention. Physical Therapy Reviews; 9: 189-206.Yamaguchi, T., K., Ishii, M., Yamanaka, and K. Yasuda, (2007). Acute effects of dynamic stretching exercise on power output during concentric dynamic constant external resistance leg extension.Yıldız, S., Gelen, E., Sert, V., Akyuz, M., Tas, M., Bakıcı, D., and Cırak, E. (2018a). Investigation of the Relationship Between Explosive Force and Speed in Children's Tennis Players. Celal Bayar University Journal of Institute of Health Sciences, 5(3), 64-67.Yıldız, S., Pinar, S. and Gelen, E. (2018b). Effects of 8-Week Functional vs. Traditional Training on Athletic Performance and Functional Movement on Prepubertal Tennis Players. Journal of strength and conditioning research.Yıldız, S., Cilli, M., Gelen, E., and Guzel, E. (2013). Acute Effect of Static Germin on Speed Performance at Different Times. International Journal of Human Sciences, 10(1), 1202-1213.Young, W. B., and D.G. Behm, (2002). Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities?. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 24(6), 33-37.