Anadolu’nun Güney Kıyılarındaki Geç Antik Dönem Transept Bazilikaları Üzerine

Year 2025, Volume: 89 Issue: 314, 27 - 77, 08.04.2025

Orçun Erdoğan

Abstract

Transept, bazilikal planlı kiliselerde bulunan ve yapının nefleri ile apsisi arasına konumlandırılan yatay bir mimari birimdir. Bu birimin Roma mimarisinden miras alınan bir öge olmamasının yanı sıra kilise mimarisinde nadiren uygulanması, özellikle 20. yüzyılın başından itibaren araştırmacıların dikkatini çekmiş; klasik bazilikal planlı kiliselerden daha farklı bir işleve sahip olup olmadığı sorgulanmıştır. Transept bazilikalar, 4 ile 6. yüzyıllar arasında Geç Antik Dönemin geniş bir coğrafyasına yayılmış; Ortadoğu, Kuzey Afrika, Akdeniz ve Ege Adaları, Balkanlar ve Avrupa’nın çeşitli yerlerinde örneklerine rastlanmıştır. İmparatorluğun doğu bölümünde 6. yüzyıl sonrası popülerliğini kaybetmiş olmasına rağmen batıda özellikle Karolenj ile sonrası Romanesk ve Gotik dönemlerde kullanımını sürdürmüştür. Şimdilik en fazla transeptli bazilikaya sahip coğrafya olarak tanımlayabileceğimiz Anadolu’nun bu kilise tipine yönelik detaylı bir çalışma şu ana kadar gerçekleştirilmemiştir. Buradan hareketle bu makalede Anadolu’nun özellikle güney kıyılarında bulunan Lykia, Pamphylia, Kilikia ve Isauria’daki transeptli bazilikal kiliseler tipoloji ve olası işlevler bağlamında incelenmektedir. Söz konusu Akdeniz bölgesinin yanı sıra, Anadolu’nun diğer bölgelerinde tespit edilmiş diğer transept planlı bazilika örnekleri de konu kapsamında kısaca tartışılmaktadır. Arazideki gözlemlerimi de içeren bu çalışma, Anadolu’daki bu tip bazilikaların kırsal yerleşimlerden çok kentlerde yer aldığını; çoğunlukla tipik bir bölgesel-cemaat kilisesi rolü üstlendiğini; bazı durumlarda ise mezar, martyrion ve piskoposluk kilisesi gibi işlevlere de sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Keywords

Küçük Asya, Litürji, kilise mimarisi, piskoposluk kilisesi, kathedral

Thanks

Bu makale Depremden Etkilenen Bursiyerler Programı (FESS) kapsamında tamamlanmıştır. Araştırmamı verimli bir şekilde yürütmemi sağlayan ANAMED ve Koç Üniversitesi'ne teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Concerning the Transept Basilicas on the Southern Coast of Anatolia in Late Antiquity

Abstract

The transept, in the most general sense, is the transverse unit of a basilical church located between the nave and the apse. Since it did not originate from Roman architecture and was rarely included in church planning, several scholars have attempted to understand whether the transept functioned differently from ordinary basilicas since the beginning of the 20th century. Transept basilicas spread over a wide geographical area during Late Antiquity, between the 4th and the 6th centuries, and ceased to be employed after the 6th century in the eastern part of the empire, while they continued to be a substantial unit of churches from the Carolingian through the Romanesque and Gothic periods in the West. Although most transept basilicas seem to occur in Anatolia, no extensive study has been published to date concerning this church type. From this point of view, this study deals with the typology and possible functions of transept basilicas in Anatolia, with special reference to the southern part where the vast majority of the examples were found. Within the scope of this work, including my personal observations on many sites, we can conclude that the transept churches in Anatolia occur in urban environments rather than the countryside and may have functioned mainly as ordinary parish churches, as well as, albeit apparently less often, as episcopal, memorial and funerary.

Keywords

Asia Minor, liturgy, church architecture, episcopal church, cathedral

Thanks

This article was completed as part of the Fellowship for Earthquake - Stricken Scholars (FESS). I would like to express my gratitude to ANAMED and Koç University for enabling me to conduct my research efficiently.

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