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Budizmin Kırgızların Geleneksel İnançlarındaki Etkileri ve İzleri

Year 2025, Volume: 89 Issue: 314, 79 - 99, 08.04.2025

Abstract

Eski Türklerin manevi hayatını ağırlıklı olarak Şamanizm inancı şekillendirirken, aralarında yayılan ilk din olan Budizm de sonraki dönemlerde önemli bir etki yaratmıştır. Budizm eski Türkler ve Kırgızlar arasında azalmış olsa da Türkistan sınırları içerisinde izler bırakmış ve nihayetinde çağdaş Kırgızlar arasında da kaybolmuştur. Tanrı Dağları eteklerinde keşfedilen Budist yazıtları ve Kırgız tarihinde Budizm ile ilişkilendirilen inançlar yakın zamana kadar nispeten az incelenmiştir. Makalenin giriş bölümünde Budizm’in Orta Asya’ya yayılmasının kısa bir tarihi verilmektedir. Birinci el kaynaklara dayanarak, Kök Türk Kağanlıkları ve Uygur Kağanlığı arasında yayılması ve bu dinin diğer topluluklara ve Kırgızlara etkisi hakkındaki bilgiler mukayeseli araştırmalarla incelendi. Birinci bölümde, Kâşgarlı Mahmud’un Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk adlı eserinde de görüldüğü gibi, İslam Dini’nin Türkistan topraklarında yayılmasının ardından Budizm’in gerilemesi incelemeye ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde, Budizm’in Orta Asya’daki gelişimini Cungarların (Kalmuk) Türkistan topraklarını fethetme arzularıyla bağlantılı olarak ele almaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu makale, Budizm’in Kırgızistan’daki ve Kırgızlardaki etkisinin ana aşamalarının izini sürerek, Kırgız tarihine ilişkin yazılı kaynakların karşılaştırmalı bir analizini sunmaktadır. Çalışmada son olarak “Manas”, “ḳut”, “çatır”, “çerik”, “eştek” gibi terimlerin etimolojik kökenlerini araştırarak, bunların Sanskritçe köklerinin Budizm aracılığıyla Kırgızların kültüründe ve manevi inançlarında bulunduğunu öne sürüyor ve Kırgızların eski inançlarının korunmasına ışık tutulmuştur.

References

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  • Asankanov, Ablabek, Kırgızı Sindzyana (KNR), Biyiktik, Bishkek 2010.
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  • Biran, Michal. “Islamic Expansion into Central Asia and Muslim-Buddhist Encounters”, Buddhism in Central Asia III Impacts of Non-Buddhist Influences, Doctrines, Edited by Lewis Doney Carmen Meinert Henrik H. Sørensen Yukiyo Kasai. Brill, Leiden, Boston 2023, p. 13-89.
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  • Erkoç, Hayrettin İ., “Pre-Manichaean Beliefs of the Uyghurs II: Other Religious Elements”, Journal of Religious History, Vol. 47/No. 4, December 2023 https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9809.13005
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  • Kebekova, Batma, Kırgız El Irçılarının Tarıhının Oçerkteri, T.1, Turar, Bishkek, 2009.
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  • Klyashtorny, Sergei, Livshits, Vladimir, “Sogdiyskaya Nadpis’ iz Buguta”, Stranı i Narody Vostoka, T. 10, Nauka, Moskva 1971.
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  • Kubarev, Vladimir, Drevnetyurkskie Izvayaniya Altaya, Nauka, Novosibirsk 1984.
  • Liu, Xinru, “Silk Road Legacy: The Spread of Buddhism and Islam.” Journal of World History, Vol. 22/No. 1, 2011, pp. 55-81.
  • Manas, Birinchi bölük, 1 kitep, Kyskartylyp biriktirilgen variant, Zhalpy redaktsiyalagan Red. Bolot Yunusaliyev, Kyrgyzmambas, Frunze 1958.
  • Manas, S. Karalayevdin Varianty, Tüz.: A. Caynakova, A. Akmatalyiev. Turar, Bishkek 2010.
  • Materialy Po Istorii Kirgizov i Kirgizii, Vyp.1, Otv. red. V.A. Romodin, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Materialy Po Istorii Russko-Mongolskih Otnosheniy, T. 4. Otv. red. N.F. Demidova, Vostochnaya literatura, Moskva 2000.
  • Mkrtychev, Tigran, Buddiyskoe Iskusstvo Sredney Azii (I-X vv.), IKC Akademkniga, Moskva 2000.
  • Mokeev, Anvarbek, Zhaparov, Amantur, “Evolyutsiya Pohoronnyh Obryadov Kyrgyzskogo Naroda”, Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, №. 75, 2022, pp. 148-156.
  • Mokeev, Anvarbek, Kyrgyzy Na Altae i Na Tyan-Shane, Izdaniya Kyrgyzsko- Turetskogo Universiteta “Manas”, Bishkek 2010.
  • Moldo, Togolok, Chygarmalar Zhyinagy, T.1, Kyrgyzstan, Frunze 1970.
  • Muhtarova, Gulmira, Jeleznyakov, Boris, “Buddizm Iliyskoy Doliny XII-nachala XIII v. O Nahodkah Predmetov Buddiyskogo Kul’ta Na Gorodishe Talgar I. I. Kopylovym”, Narody i Religii Evrazii, Tom 26, No. 3, 2021, pp. 145-160.
  • Naṭanzi, Moʿin-al-Din, Montaḵab al-tavāriḵ-e Moʿini, Edited by Jean Aubin. Tehran, 1957.
  • Nurtazina, Nazira, Islam v Istorii Srednevekovogo Kazahstana, Farab, Almaty 2000. Pallas, Peter, Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften, Vol. I-II, Saint-Petersburg 1776.
  • Porció, Tibor, “Turkic Peoples of Central Asia and Buddhism”, Mongolica Pragensia ‘15. Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture, Vol.8, No. 2, 2015, pp. 15-42.
  • Potapov, Leonid, “Umay-Bojestvo Drevnih Tyurkov v Svete Etnograficheskih Dannyh”, Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik, 1972, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Poyarkov, Fyodor, “Iz Arheologicheskih Ekskursiy Po Pishpekskomu Uezdu i Po Beregam Issyk-Kulya”, Pamyatnaya Knijka Semirechenskogo Oblastnogo Statisticheskogo Komiteta Na 1898 g. Tom II, Tipografiya Semirechenskogo Oblastnogo Pravleniya, Vernyi 1898.
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  • Slavin Philip, “A rise and fall of a Chaghadaid community: demographic growth and crisis in ‘late-medieval’ Semirech’ye (Zhetysu), circa 1248-1345”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 33/Issue 2, April 2023, pp. 513 – 544. https://doi. org/10.1017/S135618632200044X
  • Thomas, Frederick, W., “Tibetan Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan II: The Sa-cu Region”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Cambridge University Press 1927.
  • Trembley, Xavier, “The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century”, The Spread of Buddhism, ed. Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher, Leiden-Boston 2007, pp. 75- 129.
  • Vasilyev, Dmitrii, Graficheskiy Fond Pamyatnikov Tyurkskoy Runicheskoy Pis’mennosti Aziatskogo areala (Opyt Sistemizatsii), Nauka, Moskva 1983.
  • Vostochnyi Turkestan v Drevnosti i Rannem Srednevekovye, Pod Redaktsiei B. A. Litvinskogo, Nauka, Moskva 1992.
  • Wilkens, Jens. “Uyghur Buddhism and the Impact of Manichaeism and Native Religion: The Case of Religious Terminology”, Buddhism in Central Asia III Impacts of Non-Buddhist Influences, Doctrines, Edited by Lewis Doney Carmen Meinert Henrik H. Sørensen Yukiyo Kasai. Brill, Leiden, Boston. 2023, p. 90-122.
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  • Zhumagulov, Chetin, Epigrafika Kirgizii, Vyp, 2, Ilim, Frunze 1982.

Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People

Year 2025, Volume: 89 Issue: 314, 79 - 99, 08.04.2025

Abstract

While Shamanism predominantly shaped the spiritual life of the Ancient Türks, Buddhism, as the first religion to spread among them, also exerted a significant influence in later periods. Although Buddhism waned among the ancient Türks and the Kyrgyz, it left traces within the boundaries of Turkestan, eventually fading among the contemporary Kyrgyz. The Buddhist inscriptions discovered in the Tian-Shan region and the beliefs associated with Buddhism in Kyrgyz history have been relatively understudied until recently. The introduction provides a brief history of Buddhism’s expansion into Central Asia. Based on the first-hand sources, its dissemination among the Türk and Uyghur States and the information about the influence of this religion on other communities and the Kyrgyz were examined through comparative research. The first section explores Buddhism’s decline following Islam’s spread in Turkestan, as documented in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari. The second section examines the development of Buddhism in Central Asia and the Junghars’ (Qalmuq) aspirations to conquer Turkestan. In conclusion, this article offers a comparative analysis of written sources concerning Kyrgyz history, tracing the key phases of Buddhism’s influence on Kyrgyz people and Kyrgyzstan. Lastly, the study delves into the etymological origins of terms like “Manas”, “qut”, “chatyr”, “cherik” and “eshtek” suggesting their Sanskrit roots through Buddhism in the culture and spiritual beliefs of Kyrgyz, shedding light on the preservation of ancient beliefs of the Kyrgyz’s.

References

  • Arslanova, Firaya, Klyashtorny, Sergei “Runicheskaya nadpis’ na zerkale iz verhnego Priirtyshya”, Tyurkologicheskiy Sbornik, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Asankanov, Ablabek, Kırgızı Sindzyana (KNR), Biyiktik, Bishkek 2010.
  • Baddeley, John, F., Russia, Mongolia, China, Vol. I. P. CLXVIII, Macmillan and Company, London, 1912.
  • Barthold, Vasiliy, V., Sochineniya, Tom II, Ch.1, Nauka, Moskva 1963. Barthold, Vasiliy, V., Sochineniya, Tom V, Nauka, Moskva 1968.
  • Barthold, Vasiliy, V., Sochineniya, Tom VIII, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Biran, Michal, Shenkar, Michael, Tabaldiev, Kubatbek, Akmatov, Kunbolot and Kolchenko, Valery, “The Kök-Tash Underground Mausoleum İn North- Eastern Kyrgyzstan: The First-Ever İdentified Qara Khitai Wlite Tomb?”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 33/Issue 3, July 2023, pp. 713-745, https://doi. org/10.1017/S1356186322000621
  • Biran, Michal. “Islamic Expansion into Central Asia and Muslim-Buddhist Encounters”, Buddhism in Central Asia III Impacts of Non-Buddhist Influences, Doctrines, Edited by Lewis Doney Carmen Meinert Henrik H. Sørensen Yukiyo Kasai. Brill, Leiden, Boston 2023, p. 13-89.
  • Dankoff, Robert, From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi: Studies in Middle Turkic and Ottoman Literatures, Gorgias Press, Istanbul 2009.
  • Dashkovskiy, Petr, “Slujiteli Kul’tov u Tyurok Tsentral’noy Azii v Epohu Srednevekovya”, Izvestiya Altayskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 4-1(64), 2009, pp. 65-71.
  • Dykanbaeva, Aigerim, Kyrgyz Ulamyshtary, Bishkek 2005, s. 346-348.
  • Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Vol. 1 A-L, Robert E. Buswell, Jr., Editor in Chief, Macmillan Reference USA™, Thomson&Gale™ 2004.
  • Ercilasun, Konuralp, Ch’ing Hanedanı Zamanında Kâşgar (19. Yüzyıl Başına Kadar), Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, Unpublished PhD Thesis, Ankara 2003.
  • Erkoç, Hayrettin İ., “Pre-Manichaean Beliefs of the Uyghurs II: Other Religious Elements”, Journal of Religious History, Vol. 47/No. 4, December 2023 https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-9809.13005
  • Erofeeva, Irina, Aubekerov, Bolat, Rogojinskiy, Aleksei I dr. Anırakayskiy Treugol’nik: Istoriko-Geografiçeskii Areal i Hronika Velikogo Srajeniya, Dayk-Press, Almatı 2008.
  • Etimologichaskiy slovar’ mongolskih yazikov. T. 3, IV RAN, Moskva 2018, s. 63;
  • Genç, Reşat, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâti (XI. Yüzyıl) (Türk Hâkimiyet Anlayışı ve Karahanhlar), T.C. Ministry of Culture Publications, Istanbul, 1981.
  • Goryacheva, Valentina, Gorod Zolotogo Verblyuda (Krasnoreçenskoye Gorodishe), İlim, Frunze 1988.
  • Haydar, Mirza Mohammed, Istoriya Rashidi, Vvedenie, Perevod s Persidskogo A. Urunbaeva, R. Djalilovoy, L. Epifanovoy, Otv. red. V. Rahmanov, “Sharq”, Tashkent 2016.
  • Kebekova, Batma, Kırgız El Irçılarının Tarıhının Oçerkteri, T.1, Turar, Bishkek, 2009.
  • Khazanov, Anatoly, “The Spread of World Religions in Medieval Nomadic Societies of the Eurasian Steppes”, Nomadic Diplomacy, Destruction and Religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic, eds. M. Gervers and W. Schleep, Toronto Studies in Central and Inner Asia, No. 1, Toronto 1994.
  • Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim, “Buddhism in Turkish Central Asia”, Numen, Vol. 37/ Fasc. 1, 1990, pp. 53-69.
  • Klyashtorny, Sergei, “Drevnetyurkskaya Pis’mennost i Kul’tura Narodov Tsentralnoy Azii”, Tyurkologicheskiy Sbornik, 1972, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Klyashtorny, Sergei, Livshits, Vladimir, “Sogdiyskaya Nadpis’ iz Buguta”, Stranı i Narody Vostoka, T. 10, Nauka, Moskva 1971.
  • Klyashtorny, Sergei, Sultanov, Tursun, Gosudarstva i Narody Evraziyskih Stepey: Ot Drevnosti k Novomy Vremeni, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, SPb 2009.
  • Kubarev, Vladimir, Drevnetyurkskie Izvayaniya Altaya, Nauka, Novosibirsk 1984.
  • Liu, Xinru, “Silk Road Legacy: The Spread of Buddhism and Islam.” Journal of World History, Vol. 22/No. 1, 2011, pp. 55-81.
  • Manas, Birinchi bölük, 1 kitep, Kyskartylyp biriktirilgen variant, Zhalpy redaktsiyalagan Red. Bolot Yunusaliyev, Kyrgyzmambas, Frunze 1958.
  • Manas, S. Karalayevdin Varianty, Tüz.: A. Caynakova, A. Akmatalyiev. Turar, Bishkek 2010.
  • Materialy Po Istorii Kirgizov i Kirgizii, Vyp.1, Otv. red. V.A. Romodin, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Materialy Po Istorii Russko-Mongolskih Otnosheniy, T. 4. Otv. red. N.F. Demidova, Vostochnaya literatura, Moskva 2000.
  • Mkrtychev, Tigran, Buddiyskoe Iskusstvo Sredney Azii (I-X vv.), IKC Akademkniga, Moskva 2000.
  • Mokeev, Anvarbek, Zhaparov, Amantur, “Evolyutsiya Pohoronnyh Obryadov Kyrgyzskogo Naroda”, Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya, №. 75, 2022, pp. 148-156.
  • Mokeev, Anvarbek, Kyrgyzy Na Altae i Na Tyan-Shane, Izdaniya Kyrgyzsko- Turetskogo Universiteta “Manas”, Bishkek 2010.
  • Moldo, Togolok, Chygarmalar Zhyinagy, T.1, Kyrgyzstan, Frunze 1970.
  • Muhtarova, Gulmira, Jeleznyakov, Boris, “Buddizm Iliyskoy Doliny XII-nachala XIII v. O Nahodkah Predmetov Buddiyskogo Kul’ta Na Gorodishe Talgar I. I. Kopylovym”, Narody i Religii Evrazii, Tom 26, No. 3, 2021, pp. 145-160.
  • Naṭanzi, Moʿin-al-Din, Montaḵab al-tavāriḵ-e Moʿini, Edited by Jean Aubin. Tehran, 1957.
  • Nurtazina, Nazira, Islam v Istorii Srednevekovogo Kazahstana, Farab, Almaty 2000. Pallas, Peter, Sammlungen Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften, Vol. I-II, Saint-Petersburg 1776.
  • Porció, Tibor, “Turkic Peoples of Central Asia and Buddhism”, Mongolica Pragensia ‘15. Linguistics, Ethnolinguistics, Religion and Culture, Vol.8, No. 2, 2015, pp. 15-42.
  • Potapov, Leonid, “Umay-Bojestvo Drevnih Tyurkov v Svete Etnograficheskih Dannyh”, Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik, 1972, Nauka, Moskva 1973.
  • Poyarkov, Fyodor, “Iz Arheologicheskih Ekskursiy Po Pishpekskomu Uezdu i Po Beregam Issyk-Kulya”, Pamyatnaya Knijka Semirechenskogo Oblastnogo Statisticheskogo Komiteta Na 1898 g. Tom II, Tipografiya Semirechenskogo Oblastnogo Pravleniya, Vernyi 1898.
  • Radlov, Vasilii, Iz Sibiri, Nauka, Moskva 1989.
  • Radnabhadra, Lunnyi Svet. Istoriya Rabdcam Zaya-Pandity, Perevod s Oyratskogo G. N. Rumyantseva i A.G. Sazykina. Transliteratsiya Teksta, Predisloviye, Kommentariy, Ukazateli i Primechaniya A.G. Sazykina, Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, Sankt- Petersburg 1999.
  • Slavin Philip, “A rise and fall of a Chaghadaid community: demographic growth and crisis in ‘late-medieval’ Semirech’ye (Zhetysu), circa 1248-1345”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 33/Issue 2, April 2023, pp. 513 – 544. https://doi. org/10.1017/S135618632200044X
  • Thomas, Frederick, W., “Tibetan Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan II: The Sa-cu Region”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Cambridge University Press 1927.
  • Trembley, Xavier, “The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century”, The Spread of Buddhism, ed. Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacher, Leiden-Boston 2007, pp. 75- 129.
  • Vasilyev, Dmitrii, Graficheskiy Fond Pamyatnikov Tyurkskoy Runicheskoy Pis’mennosti Aziatskogo areala (Opyt Sistemizatsii), Nauka, Moskva 1983.
  • Vostochnyi Turkestan v Drevnosti i Rannem Srednevekovye, Pod Redaktsiei B. A. Litvinskogo, Nauka, Moskva 1992.
  • Wilkens, Jens. “Uyghur Buddhism and the Impact of Manichaeism and Native Religion: The Case of Religious Terminology”, Buddhism in Central Asia III Impacts of Non-Buddhist Influences, Doctrines, Edited by Lewis Doney Carmen Meinert Henrik H. Sørensen Yukiyo Kasai. Brill, Leiden, Boston. 2023, p. 90-122.
  • Yudahin, Konstantin, Kirgizsko-Russkiy Slovar’, T. 1. Glavnaya Redaktsiya Kirgizskoi Sovetskoi Entsiklopedii, Frunze 1985.
  • Zeren, Münevver, E. “Conceptıon of God and Unıverse Among Turks in Buddhism and Islamic Sufism”, Turkish Studies, Vol. 13/2, Winter 2018, p. 127- 144.
  • Zhumagulov, Chetin, Epigrafika Kirgizii, Vyp, 2, Ilim, Frunze 1982.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Anarbek Mokeev 0000-0002-0381-6975

Kayrat Belek 0000-0003-0495-9182

Nursultan Abdimitalip Uulu 0009-0002-1689-0741

Publication Date April 8, 2025
Submission Date April 11, 2024
Acceptance Date February 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 89 Issue: 314

Cite

APA Mokeev, A., Belek, K., & Abdimitalip Uulu, N. (2025). Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People. BELLETEN, 89(314), 79-99.
AMA Mokeev A, Belek K, Abdimitalip Uulu N. Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People. TTK BELLETEN. April 2025;89(314):79-99.
Chicago Mokeev, Anarbek, Kayrat Belek, and Nursultan Abdimitalip Uulu. “Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People”. BELLETEN 89, no. 314 (April 2025): 79-99.
EndNote Mokeev A, Belek K, Abdimitalip Uulu N (April 1, 2025) Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People. BELLETEN 89 314 79–99.
IEEE A. Mokeev, K. Belek, and N. Abdimitalip Uulu, “Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People”, TTK BELLETEN, vol. 89, no. 314, pp. 79–99, 2025.
ISNAD Mokeev, Anarbek et al. “Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People”. BELLETEN 89/314 (April 2025), 79-99.
JAMA Mokeev A, Belek K, Abdimitalip Uulu N. Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People. TTK BELLETEN. 2025;89:79–99.
MLA Mokeev, Anarbek et al. “Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People”. BELLETEN, vol. 89, no. 314, 2025, pp. 79-99.
Vancouver Mokeev A, Belek K, Abdimitalip Uulu N. Influence and Traces of Buddhism on Traditional Beliefs of the Kyrgyz People. TTK BELLETEN. 2025;89(314):79-9.