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THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

In this study, the evidence of the Early Iron Age obtained by the recent excavations carried out at Amos will be
discussed. Amos located on the northeastern coast of Karia Chersonesos (Bozburun Peninsula), on the Asarcık Hill.
Amos firstly appeared in the historical records by the 5th century BC. Amos, as a member of the Delian League, was
recorded on the Athenian Tribute Lists of 428 BC. Following the establishment of the Rhodes state in 408 BC, the
city became part of the Rhodian Peraea (Incorporated Peraea) and continued this situation until the 2nd century AD.
Amos, also led a koinon, was abandoned by the 3rd century BC. The only research in the city was carried out by G.
E. Bean in 1948. In addition to the survey that have been going on since 2019, the excavations began in 2020 yielded
the earliest evidence of Amos. Up to the present, the earliest archaeological finds of Amos were from the 6th century
BC. In the excavations carried out in the temple on the acropolis in 2021, some traces of the Early Iron Age were
found. The remains of an apsidal building dated to the 10th century BC were found below the temple. Furthermore,
outside the edifice a pyre (cremation area) associated with the building was found. After the secondary cremation,
the intramural burial was placed under the floor of the structure. The first one of the two burials was placed in a belly
amphora, the other into a necked amphora. Among the two urns, the necked amphora is decorated with concentric
circles, while the belly amphora is a coarse ware. A bow fibula was found along with these amphorae as well.
According to the widely view regarding the burial customs of the period, belly amphorae were preferred for women
and necked amphorae for men. The apsidal building where a couple as an intramural burial in, must have belonged
to a chief owing to a similar one in Lefkandi. It is possible to date the evidence at Amos from the Early Iron Age to
the 10th century BC.

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

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  • Aytaçlar, N. (2004). The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. In A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20-21 October 2001 (pp. 17-41). University Studio Press.
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  • Bean, G. E. & Akarca, A. (1956). 1953 Eylülünde Gölenyede (Marmaris) Yapılan Araştırma. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, VI(2), 17-22.
  • Benter, M. (2000). Hydas Yüzey Araştırması 1998. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 17(2), 307-320.
  • Benter, M. (2010). Hydas: Bozburun Yarımadası’nda Müstahkem Bir Yerleşim Yeri. Belleten, 74(271), 659-672.
  • Benzi, M. (1992). Rodi e la civiltà micenea, Incunabula Graeca 94. Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale.
  • Berti, F. (2007). La necropoli geometrica dell’agora di Iasos. In J. Cobet, V. von Graeve, W. D. Niemeier & K. Zimmermann (Eds.), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı 26. September-1. Oktober 1999, Milesische Forschungen 5, 437-446. Philipp von Zabern.
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  • Bouzek, J. (1997). Greece, Anatolia and Europa: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age. Paul Åströms Förlag.
  • Brock, J. K. (1957). Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs Near Knossos. British School at Athens Supplement 2. Cambridge University Press.
  • Carstens, A. M. (2008). Tombs of the Halikarnassos Peninsula-The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Halicarnassian Studies V, 52-118. University Press of Southern Denmark.
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  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1952). Protogeometric Pottery. Oxford Clarendon Press.
  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1972). The Greek Dark Ages. St. Martin's Press.
  • Dickinson, O. (2006). The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC. Routledge.
  • Diler, A. (2016). Stone Tumuli in Pedasa on the Lelegian Peninsula. Problems of Terminology and Origin. In O. Henry & U. Kelp (Ed.), Tumulus as Sema. Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, 455-473. De Gruyter.
  • Dimitriadou, E. M. (2019). Early Athens. Settlements and Cemeteries in the Submycenaean, Geometric, and Archaic Periods. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
  • Fagerström, K. (1988). Greek Iron Age Architecture, Developments Through Changing Times. P. Åström,
  • Fraser, P. M. & Bean, G. E. (1954). The Rhodian Peraea. Oxford University Press.
  • Gerber, C. (2019). Die Karische Chersones prähistorischer Zeit. Ergebnisse der Begehungen in Loryma 2001 und Bybassos 2006. In W. Held (Ed.), Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, Marburg, 11-65. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
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  • Gürbüzer, M. (2022). Amos Antik Kenti 2019-2020 Yılları Yüzey Araştırması”. In C. Keskin (Ed.), 2019-2020 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları 2, 227-248. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Ana Yayın.
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  • Lagia, A., Papathanasiou, A., Malaksioti, Z. & Tsiouka, F. (2013). Cremations of the Early Iron Age from Mound 36 at Voulokalyva (ancient Halos) in Thessaly: A Bioarchaeological Appraisal. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Cremation Burials in the Region between the Middle Danube and the Aegean, 1300–750 BC. Proceedings of the international Symposium Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 11th–12th, 2010, 197-219. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

In this study, the evidence of the Early Iron Age obtained by the recent excavations carried out at Amos will be
discussed. Amos located on the northeastern coast of Karia Chersonesos (Bozburun Peninsula), on the Asarcık Hill.
Amos firstly appeared in the historical records by the 5th century BC. Amos, as a member of the Delian League, was
recorded on the Athenian Tribute Lists of 428 BC. Following the establishment of the Rhodes state in 408 BC, the
city became part of the Rhodian Peraea (Incorporated Peraea) and continued this situation until the 2nd century AD.
Amos, also led a koinon, was abandoned by the 3rd century BC. The only research in the city was carried out by G.
E. Bean in 1948. In addition to the survey that have been going on since 2019, the excavations began in 2020 yielded
the earliest evidence of Amos. Up to the present, the earliest archaeological finds of Amos were from the 6th century
BC. In the excavations carried out in the temple on the acropolis in 2021, some traces of the Early Iron Age were
found. The remains of an apsidal building dated to the 10th century BC were found below the temple. Furthermore,
outside the edifice a pyre (cremation area) associated with the building was found. After the secondary cremation,
the intramural burial was placed under the floor of the structure. The first one of the two burials was placed in a belly
amphora, the other into a necked amphora. Among the two urns, the necked amphora is decorated with concentric
circles, while the belly amphora is a coarse ware. A bow fibula was found along with these amphorae as well.
According to the widely view regarding the burial customs of the period, belly amphorae were preferred for women
and necked amphorae for men. The apsidal building where a couple as an intramural burial in, must have belonged
to a chief owing to a similar one in Lefkandi. It is possible to date the evidence at Amos from the Early Iron Age to
the 10th century BC.

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

  • Akurgal, E. (1997). Eski İzmir I. Yerleşme Katları ve Athena Tapınağı (3rd ed.). Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Atakuman, Ç., Erdoğu, B., Gemici, H. C., Baykara, İ., Karakoç, M., Biagi, P., Starnini, E., Guilbeau, D., Yücel, N., Turan, D. & Dirican, M. (2022). Before the Neolithic in the Aegean: The Pleistocene and the Early Holocene record of Bozburun - Southwest Turkey. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 17(3), 1-33.
  • Aytaçlar, N. (2004). The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. In A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20-21 October 2001 (pp. 17-41). University Studio Press.
  • Bean, G. E. (1971). Turkey Beyond the Maeander. Ernest Benn and Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Bean, G. E. & Akarca, A. (1956). 1953 Eylülünde Gölenyede (Marmaris) Yapılan Araştırma. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, VI(2), 17-22.
  • Benter, M. (2000). Hydas Yüzey Araştırması 1998. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 17(2), 307-320.
  • Benter, M. (2010). Hydas: Bozburun Yarımadası’nda Müstahkem Bir Yerleşim Yeri. Belleten, 74(271), 659-672.
  • Benzi, M. (1992). Rodi e la civiltà micenea, Incunabula Graeca 94. Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale.
  • Berti, F. (2007). La necropoli geometrica dell’agora di Iasos. In J. Cobet, V. von Graeve, W. D. Niemeier & K. Zimmermann (Eds.), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı 26. September-1. Oktober 1999, Milesische Forschungen 5, 437-446. Philipp von Zabern.
  • Blinkenberg, C. (1926). Fibules Grecques et Orientales. A. F. Høst.
  • Blümel, W. (1991). Die Inschriften der rhodischen Peraia. Habelt.
  • Boardman, J. (1960). Protogeometric Graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos (Knossos Survey 3). The Annual of the British School at Athens, 55, 128-148.
  • Bouzek, J. (1997). Greece, Anatolia and Europa: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age. Paul Åströms Förlag.
  • Brock, J. K. (1957). Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs Near Knossos. British School at Athens Supplement 2. Cambridge University Press.
  • Carstens, A. M. (2008). Tombs of the Halikarnassos Peninsula-The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Halicarnassian Studies V, 52-118. University Press of Southern Denmark.
  • Coldstream, J. N. (1979). Geometric Greece. Psychology Press.
  • Coldstream, J. N. (2006). Greek Geometric Pottery. A survey of ten local styles and their chronology (2nd ed.). Liverpool University Press.
  • Coldstream, J. N. & Catling, H. W. (1996). Knossos North Cemetery Early Greek Tombs. British School at Athens.
  • Coldstream, J. N., Eiring, L. J. & Forster, G. (2001). Knossos Pottery Handbook: Greek and Roman. British School at Athens.
  • D’Acunto, M. (2017). The Protogeometric and Geometric Necropolis of Ialysos (Rhodes): Burial Customs, Commerce and Society. In A. M. Mazarakis-Ainian, A. Alexandridou & X. Charalambidour (Ed.), Regional Stories Towards a New Perception of the Early Greek World Acts of An International Symposium in Honour of Professor Jan Bouzek, Volos 18-21 June 2015, 437-486. Volos University Press.
  • D'Agostino, B. (2006). Funerary Customs and Society on Rhodes in The Geometric Period. Some observations”. In E. Herring, I. Lemos, F. Lo Schiavo, L. Vagnietti, R. Whitehouse & J. Wilkins (Ed.), Across Frontiers: Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians & Cypriots. Studies in Honour of David Ridgway and Francesca Romana Serra Ridgway, 57-69. Accordia Research Institute.
  • Day, L. P., Coulson, W. D. E. & Gesell, G. C. (1986). Kavousi, 1983-1984: The Settlement at Vronda. Hesperia, 55, 355-387.
  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1952). Protogeometric Pottery. Oxford Clarendon Press.
  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1972). The Greek Dark Ages. St. Martin's Press.
  • Dickinson, O. (2006). The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC. Routledge.
  • Diler, A. (2016). Stone Tumuli in Pedasa on the Lelegian Peninsula. Problems of Terminology and Origin. In O. Henry & U. Kelp (Ed.), Tumulus as Sema. Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, 455-473. De Gruyter.
  • Dimitriadou, E. M. (2019). Early Athens. Settlements and Cemeteries in the Submycenaean, Geometric, and Archaic Periods. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
  • Fagerström, K. (1988). Greek Iron Age Architecture, Developments Through Changing Times. P. Åström,
  • Fraser, P. M. & Bean, G. E. (1954). The Rhodian Peraea. Oxford University Press.
  • Gerber, C. (2019). Die Karische Chersones prähistorischer Zeit. Ergebnisse der Begehungen in Loryma 2001 und Bybassos 2006. In W. Held (Ed.), Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, Marburg, 11-65. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
  • Gürbüzer, M. (2021). Amos’ta Yeni Araştırmalar ve Bulgular. Cedrus, 9, 219-249.
  • Gürbüzer, M. (2022). Amos Antik Kenti 2019-2020 Yılları Yüzey Araştırması”. In C. Keskin (Ed.), 2019-2020 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları 2, 227-248. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Ana Yayın.
  • Hänsel, B. (1979). Ergebnisse der Grabungen bei Kastanas in Zentralmakedonien 1975-1978. Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums 26, 167-202.
  • Herdt, G. (2015). On the Architecture of the Toumba Building at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 110, 203-212.
  • Holleaux, M. (1894). Notes épigraphiques. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 18, 390-407.
  • Hoskyn, R. (1842). Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor; And of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840-1; Accompanied by a Map. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 12, 143-161.
  • Lagia, A., Papathanasiou, A., Malaksioti, Z. & Tsiouka, F. (2013). Cremations of the Early Iron Age from Mound 36 at Voulokalyva (ancient Halos) in Thessaly: A Bioarchaeological Appraisal. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Cremation Burials in the Region between the Middle Danube and the Aegean, 1300–750 BC. Proceedings of the international Symposium Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 11th–12th, 2010, 197-219. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Laurenzı, L. (1936). Necropoli Ialysie (Scavi Dell’Anno 1934). Clara Rhodos VIII, 7-208. Istituto Storico Archeologico.
  • Lemos, I. S. (2002). The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. Oxford University Press.
  • Lemos, I. S. & Mitchell, D. (2011). Elite Burials in Early Iron Age Aegean: Some Preliminary Observations Considering the Spatial Organization of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. In A. Mazarakis-Ainian (Ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited: Acts of the International Symposium in Memory of W. D. E. Coulson. University of Thessaly, Volos, 14–17 June 2007, 635-644. University of Thessaly Press. Liston, M. A. (2007). Secondary Cremation Burials at Kavousi Vronda, Crete: Symbolic Representation in Mortuary Practice. Hesperia, 76, 57-71.
  • Maiuri, A. (1924). Viaggio di esplorazione in Caria. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 4-5(1921-1922), 395-459.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1988). Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function. In R. Hägg, N. Marinatos & G. C. Nordquist (Ed.), Early Greek Cult Practice. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26-29 June 1986, 105-119. Svenska Institutet i Athen.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1989). Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and Adjacent Areas. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 84, 269-288.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (2007). Architecture and Social Structure in Early Iron Age Greece. British School at Athens Studies, 15, 57-168.
  • Mcnicoll, A. W. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. ‎Clarendon Press.
  • Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T. & Mcgregor, M. F. (1939). The Athenian Tribute Lists I. Harvard University Press.
  • Morricone, L. (1967). Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della tarda Età del Bronzo a Coo. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 43/44, 5-311.
  • Morris, I. (1989). Burial and Ancient Society. The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mcdonald, W. A., Coulson, W. D. E. & Rosser, J. (1983). Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, Volume III. Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Özer, B. (2018). Pedasa’dan Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Mezar Platformları ve Urne Pithoslar. TÜBA-AR, 22, 35-55.
  • Özer, B. (2020). Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Karia Fibulaları. In H. G. Yalçın & O. Stegemeier (Ed.), Metallurgica Anatolica. Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, 225-244. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özer, B. & Şimşek-Özer, Ö. (2017). Asarlık Paton Tomb O: Some Observations on Funerary Practices of Lelegian Peninsula in 12th Century BC and the Arrival of Newcomers. Colloquium Anatolicum, 16, 139-162.
  • Pakkanen, J. & Pakkanen, P. (2000). The Toumba Building at Lefkandi: Some Methodological Reflections on Its Plan and Function. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 95, 239-252.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. (1994). Early Iron Age Potters' Marks in the Aegean. Hesperia, 63, 437-507.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. & Michael, R. S. (2003). Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora, Hesperia Suppl. 31. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K., Smithson, E. L., Liston, M. A., Ruscillo, D., Strack, S. & Dimitriadou, E. (2017). The Athenian Agora, Volume 36. The Early Iron Age: The Cemeteries. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Paton, W. R. (1887). Excavations in Caria. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 8, 64-82.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (1994). Les fortifications de la Pérée rhodienne. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 243-271.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (2000). Archéologie de la défense. Histoire des fortifications antiques de Carie (époques classique et hellénistique. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises.
  • Popham, M. R. & Lemos, I. S. (1995). A Euboean Warrior Trader. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14, 151-157.
  • Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H., Themelis, P. G., Boardman, J., Price, M. J., Catling, H. W., Catling, E. A., Desborough, V. R. D'a., Dickinson, O. T. P. K., Higgins, R. A. & Jeffery, L. H. (1979). Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. Plates. The Settlement. The Cemeteries. Thames and Hudson.
  • Popham, M. R., Touloupa, E. & Sackett, L. H. (1982). Further Excavation of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 77, 213-248.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Catling, R. W. V. & Lemos, I. S. (1990). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part I: The Pottery. British School at Athens.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Coulton, J. & Catling, H. W. (1993). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2: The Excavation, Architecture and Finds. British School at Athens.
  • Rice, E. E. (1999). Relations Between Rhodes and the Rhodian Peraia. In V. Gabrielsen, P. Bilde, T. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Hannestad &J. Zahle ((Eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, 45-54. Aarhus University Press.
  • Ruppenstein, F. (2013). Cremation Burials in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: Continuity or Change?. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Brandbestattungen von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 v. Chr. Akten des internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.-12. Februar 2010, 185-196. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Saner, T. (1994). Observations on the Different Types of Masonry Used in the City Walls of Amos. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 273-284.
  • Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E. (1978). Die Fibeln Der griechischen Inseln. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Abteilung XIV-Band 4. Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Schüssler, U., Kasper, K., Brätz, H. & Gerber, C. (2019). Obsidian Artefacts from the Prehistoric Caria, West Anatolia. In W. Held (Ed.) Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, 66-80. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
  • Smithson, E. L. (1961). The Protogeometric Cemetery at Nea Ionia, 1949. Hesperia, 30, 147-178.
  • Snodgrass, A. M. (1972). Dark Age of Greece. University Press Edinburgh.
  • Tozluca, D. O. & Doksanaltı, E. M. (2019). Group of Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery Found in Knidos. Anodos, 14, 217-225.
  • Warner, J. (1979). The Megaron and Apsidal House in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia: New Evidence from Karataş. American Journal of Archaeology, 83, 133-147.
  • Whitley, J. (1991). Style and Society in Dark Age Greece. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, H. (2004a). Death Warmed up: The Agency of Bodies and Bones in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Rites. Journal of Material Culture, 9, 263-291.
  • Williams, H. (2004b). Potted Histories: Cremation, Ceramics, and Social Memory in Early Roman Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 23, 417-424.
  • Yaman, A. (2022). Amos Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Seramikler. Olba, 30, 113-127.

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

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  • Atakuman, Ç., Erdoğu, B., Gemici, H. C., Baykara, İ., Karakoç, M., Biagi, P., Starnini, E., Guilbeau, D., Yücel, N., Turan, D. & Dirican, M. (2022). Before the Neolithic in the Aegean: The Pleistocene and the Early Holocene record of Bozburun - Southwest Turkey. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 17(3), 1-33.
  • Aytaçlar, N. (2004). The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. In A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20-21 October 2001 (pp. 17-41). University Studio Press.
  • Bean, G. E. (1971). Turkey Beyond the Maeander. Ernest Benn and Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Bean, G. E. & Akarca, A. (1956). 1953 Eylülünde Gölenyede (Marmaris) Yapılan Araştırma. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, VI(2), 17-22.
  • Benter, M. (2000). Hydas Yüzey Araştırması 1998. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 17(2), 307-320.
  • Benter, M. (2010). Hydas: Bozburun Yarımadası’nda Müstahkem Bir Yerleşim Yeri. Belleten, 74(271), 659-672.
  • Benzi, M. (1992). Rodi e la civiltà micenea, Incunabula Graeca 94. Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale.
  • Berti, F. (2007). La necropoli geometrica dell’agora di Iasos. In J. Cobet, V. von Graeve, W. D. Niemeier & K. Zimmermann (Eds.), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı 26. September-1. Oktober 1999, Milesische Forschungen 5, 437-446. Philipp von Zabern.
  • Blinkenberg, C. (1926). Fibules Grecques et Orientales. A. F. Høst.
  • Blümel, W. (1991). Die Inschriften der rhodischen Peraia. Habelt.
  • Boardman, J. (1960). Protogeometric Graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos (Knossos Survey 3). The Annual of the British School at Athens, 55, 128-148.
  • Bouzek, J. (1997). Greece, Anatolia and Europa: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age. Paul Åströms Förlag.
  • Brock, J. K. (1957). Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs Near Knossos. British School at Athens Supplement 2. Cambridge University Press.
  • Carstens, A. M. (2008). Tombs of the Halikarnassos Peninsula-The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Halicarnassian Studies V, 52-118. University Press of Southern Denmark.
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  • Lagia, A., Papathanasiou, A., Malaksioti, Z. & Tsiouka, F. (2013). Cremations of the Early Iron Age from Mound 36 at Voulokalyva (ancient Halos) in Thessaly: A Bioarchaeological Appraisal. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Cremation Burials in the Region between the Middle Danube and the Aegean, 1300–750 BC. Proceedings of the international Symposium Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 11th–12th, 2010, 197-219. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Laurenzı, L. (1936). Necropoli Ialysie (Scavi Dell’Anno 1934). Clara Rhodos VIII, 7-208. Istituto Storico Archeologico.
  • Lemos, I. S. (2002). The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. Oxford University Press.
  • Lemos, I. S. & Mitchell, D. (2011). Elite Burials in Early Iron Age Aegean: Some Preliminary Observations Considering the Spatial Organization of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. In A. Mazarakis-Ainian (Ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited: Acts of the International Symposium in Memory of W. D. E. Coulson. University of Thessaly, Volos, 14–17 June 2007, 635-644. University of Thessaly Press. Liston, M. A. (2007). Secondary Cremation Burials at Kavousi Vronda, Crete: Symbolic Representation in Mortuary Practice. Hesperia, 76, 57-71.
  • Maiuri, A. (1924). Viaggio di esplorazione in Caria. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 4-5(1921-1922), 395-459.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1988). Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function. In R. Hägg, N. Marinatos & G. C. Nordquist (Ed.), Early Greek Cult Practice. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26-29 June 1986, 105-119. Svenska Institutet i Athen.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1989). Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and Adjacent Areas. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 84, 269-288.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (2007). Architecture and Social Structure in Early Iron Age Greece. British School at Athens Studies, 15, 57-168.
  • Mcnicoll, A. W. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. ‎Clarendon Press.
  • Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T. & Mcgregor, M. F. (1939). The Athenian Tribute Lists I. Harvard University Press.
  • Morricone, L. (1967). Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della tarda Età del Bronzo a Coo. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 43/44, 5-311.
  • Morris, I. (1989). Burial and Ancient Society. The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mcdonald, W. A., Coulson, W. D. E. & Rosser, J. (1983). Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, Volume III. Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Özer, B. (2018). Pedasa’dan Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Mezar Platformları ve Urne Pithoslar. TÜBA-AR, 22, 35-55.
  • Özer, B. (2020). Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Karia Fibulaları. In H. G. Yalçın & O. Stegemeier (Ed.), Metallurgica Anatolica. Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, 225-244. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özer, B. & Şimşek-Özer, Ö. (2017). Asarlık Paton Tomb O: Some Observations on Funerary Practices of Lelegian Peninsula in 12th Century BC and the Arrival of Newcomers. Colloquium Anatolicum, 16, 139-162.
  • Pakkanen, J. & Pakkanen, P. (2000). The Toumba Building at Lefkandi: Some Methodological Reflections on Its Plan and Function. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 95, 239-252.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. (1994). Early Iron Age Potters' Marks in the Aegean. Hesperia, 63, 437-507.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. & Michael, R. S. (2003). Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora, Hesperia Suppl. 31. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K., Smithson, E. L., Liston, M. A., Ruscillo, D., Strack, S. & Dimitriadou, E. (2017). The Athenian Agora, Volume 36. The Early Iron Age: The Cemeteries. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Paton, W. R. (1887). Excavations in Caria. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 8, 64-82.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (1994). Les fortifications de la Pérée rhodienne. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 243-271.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (2000). Archéologie de la défense. Histoire des fortifications antiques de Carie (époques classique et hellénistique. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises.
  • Popham, M. R. & Lemos, I. S. (1995). A Euboean Warrior Trader. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14, 151-157.
  • Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H., Themelis, P. G., Boardman, J., Price, M. J., Catling, H. W., Catling, E. A., Desborough, V. R. D'a., Dickinson, O. T. P. K., Higgins, R. A. & Jeffery, L. H. (1979). Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. Plates. The Settlement. The Cemeteries. Thames and Hudson.
  • Popham, M. R., Touloupa, E. & Sackett, L. H. (1982). Further Excavation of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 77, 213-248.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Catling, R. W. V. & Lemos, I. S. (1990). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part I: The Pottery. British School at Athens.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Coulton, J. & Catling, H. W. (1993). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2: The Excavation, Architecture and Finds. British School at Athens.
  • Rice, E. E. (1999). Relations Between Rhodes and the Rhodian Peraia. In V. Gabrielsen, P. Bilde, T. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Hannestad &J. Zahle ((Eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, 45-54. Aarhus University Press.
  • Ruppenstein, F. (2013). Cremation Burials in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: Continuity or Change?. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Brandbestattungen von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 v. Chr. Akten des internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.-12. Februar 2010, 185-196. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Saner, T. (1994). Observations on the Different Types of Masonry Used in the City Walls of Amos. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 273-284.
  • Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E. (1978). Die Fibeln Der griechischen Inseln. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Abteilung XIV-Band 4. Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Schüssler, U., Kasper, K., Brätz, H. & Gerber, C. (2019). Obsidian Artefacts from the Prehistoric Caria, West Anatolia. In W. Held (Ed.) Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, 66-80. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
  • Smithson, E. L. (1961). The Protogeometric Cemetery at Nea Ionia, 1949. Hesperia, 30, 147-178.
  • Snodgrass, A. M. (1972). Dark Age of Greece. University Press Edinburgh.
  • Tozluca, D. O. & Doksanaltı, E. M. (2019). Group of Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery Found in Knidos. Anodos, 14, 217-225.
  • Warner, J. (1979). The Megaron and Apsidal House in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia: New Evidence from Karataş. American Journal of Archaeology, 83, 133-147.
  • Whitley, J. (1991). Style and Society in Dark Age Greece. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, H. (2004a). Death Warmed up: The Agency of Bodies and Bones in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Rites. Journal of Material Culture, 9, 263-291.
  • Williams, H. (2004b). Potted Histories: Cremation, Ceramics, and Social Memory in Early Roman Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 23, 417-424.
  • Yaman, A. (2022). Amos Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Seramikler. Olba, 30, 113-127.

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

  • Akurgal, E. (1997). Eski İzmir I. Yerleşme Katları ve Athena Tapınağı (3rd ed.). Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Atakuman, Ç., Erdoğu, B., Gemici, H. C., Baykara, İ., Karakoç, M., Biagi, P., Starnini, E., Guilbeau, D., Yücel, N., Turan, D. & Dirican, M. (2022). Before the Neolithic in the Aegean: The Pleistocene and the Early Holocene record of Bozburun - Southwest Turkey. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 17(3), 1-33.
  • Aytaçlar, N. (2004). The Early Iron Age at Klazomenai, Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoleis and Colony. In A. Moustaka, E. Skarlatidou, M. C. Tzannes & Y. Ersoy (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at the Archaeological Museum of Abdera, Abdera, 20-21 October 2001 (pp. 17-41). University Studio Press.
  • Bean, G. E. (1971). Turkey Beyond the Maeander. Ernest Benn and Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Bean, G. E. & Akarca, A. (1956). 1953 Eylülünde Gölenyede (Marmaris) Yapılan Araştırma. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, VI(2), 17-22.
  • Benter, M. (2000). Hydas Yüzey Araştırması 1998. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 17(2), 307-320.
  • Benter, M. (2010). Hydas: Bozburun Yarımadası’nda Müstahkem Bir Yerleşim Yeri. Belleten, 74(271), 659-672.
  • Benzi, M. (1992). Rodi e la civiltà micenea, Incunabula Graeca 94. Gruppo Editoriale Internazionale.
  • Berti, F. (2007). La necropoli geometrica dell’agora di Iasos. In J. Cobet, V. von Graeve, W. D. Niemeier & K. Zimmermann (Eds.), Frühes Ionien. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı 26. September-1. Oktober 1999, Milesische Forschungen 5, 437-446. Philipp von Zabern.
  • Blinkenberg, C. (1926). Fibules Grecques et Orientales. A. F. Høst.
  • Blümel, W. (1991). Die Inschriften der rhodischen Peraia. Habelt.
  • Boardman, J. (1960). Protogeometric Graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos (Knossos Survey 3). The Annual of the British School at Athens, 55, 128-148.
  • Bouzek, J. (1997). Greece, Anatolia and Europa: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age. Paul Åströms Förlag.
  • Brock, J. K. (1957). Fortetsa: Early Greek Tombs Near Knossos. British School at Athens Supplement 2. Cambridge University Press.
  • Carstens, A. M. (2008). Tombs of the Halikarnassos Peninsula-The Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. In P. Pedersen (Ed.), Halicarnassian Studies V, 52-118. University Press of Southern Denmark.
  • Coldstream, J. N. (1979). Geometric Greece. Psychology Press.
  • Coldstream, J. N. (2006). Greek Geometric Pottery. A survey of ten local styles and their chronology (2nd ed.). Liverpool University Press.
  • Coldstream, J. N. & Catling, H. W. (1996). Knossos North Cemetery Early Greek Tombs. British School at Athens.
  • Coldstream, J. N., Eiring, L. J. & Forster, G. (2001). Knossos Pottery Handbook: Greek and Roman. British School at Athens.
  • D’Acunto, M. (2017). The Protogeometric and Geometric Necropolis of Ialysos (Rhodes): Burial Customs, Commerce and Society. In A. M. Mazarakis-Ainian, A. Alexandridou & X. Charalambidour (Ed.), Regional Stories Towards a New Perception of the Early Greek World Acts of An International Symposium in Honour of Professor Jan Bouzek, Volos 18-21 June 2015, 437-486. Volos University Press.
  • D'Agostino, B. (2006). Funerary Customs and Society on Rhodes in The Geometric Period. Some observations”. In E. Herring, I. Lemos, F. Lo Schiavo, L. Vagnietti, R. Whitehouse & J. Wilkins (Ed.), Across Frontiers: Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians & Cypriots. Studies in Honour of David Ridgway and Francesca Romana Serra Ridgway, 57-69. Accordia Research Institute.
  • Day, L. P., Coulson, W. D. E. & Gesell, G. C. (1986). Kavousi, 1983-1984: The Settlement at Vronda. Hesperia, 55, 355-387.
  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1952). Protogeometric Pottery. Oxford Clarendon Press.
  • Desborough, V. R. D’A. (1972). The Greek Dark Ages. St. Martin's Press.
  • Dickinson, O. (2006). The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Continuity and Change Between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC. Routledge.
  • Diler, A. (2016). Stone Tumuli in Pedasa on the Lelegian Peninsula. Problems of Terminology and Origin. In O. Henry & U. Kelp (Ed.), Tumulus as Sema. Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, 455-473. De Gruyter.
  • Dimitriadou, E. M. (2019). Early Athens. Settlements and Cemeteries in the Submycenaean, Geometric, and Archaic Periods. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
  • Fagerström, K. (1988). Greek Iron Age Architecture, Developments Through Changing Times. P. Åström,
  • Fraser, P. M. & Bean, G. E. (1954). The Rhodian Peraea. Oxford University Press.
  • Gerber, C. (2019). Die Karische Chersones prähistorischer Zeit. Ergebnisse der Begehungen in Loryma 2001 und Bybassos 2006. In W. Held (Ed.), Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, Marburg, 11-65. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
  • Gürbüzer, M. (2021). Amos’ta Yeni Araştırmalar ve Bulgular. Cedrus, 9, 219-249.
  • Gürbüzer, M. (2022). Amos Antik Kenti 2019-2020 Yılları Yüzey Araştırması”. In C. Keskin (Ed.), 2019-2020 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları 2, 227-248. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Ana Yayın.
  • Hänsel, B. (1979). Ergebnisse der Grabungen bei Kastanas in Zentralmakedonien 1975-1978. Jahrbuch des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums 26, 167-202.
  • Herdt, G. (2015). On the Architecture of the Toumba Building at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 110, 203-212.
  • Holleaux, M. (1894). Notes épigraphiques. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 18, 390-407.
  • Hoskyn, R. (1842). Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor; And of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840-1; Accompanied by a Map. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 12, 143-161.
  • Lagia, A., Papathanasiou, A., Malaksioti, Z. & Tsiouka, F. (2013). Cremations of the Early Iron Age from Mound 36 at Voulokalyva (ancient Halos) in Thessaly: A Bioarchaeological Appraisal. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Cremation Burials in the Region between the Middle Danube and the Aegean, 1300–750 BC. Proceedings of the international Symposium Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 11th–12th, 2010, 197-219. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Laurenzı, L. (1936). Necropoli Ialysie (Scavi Dell’Anno 1934). Clara Rhodos VIII, 7-208. Istituto Storico Archeologico.
  • Lemos, I. S. (2002). The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. Oxford University Press.
  • Lemos, I. S. & Mitchell, D. (2011). Elite Burials in Early Iron Age Aegean: Some Preliminary Observations Considering the Spatial Organization of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. In A. Mazarakis-Ainian (Ed.), The “Dark Ages” Revisited: Acts of the International Symposium in Memory of W. D. E. Coulson. University of Thessaly, Volos, 14–17 June 2007, 635-644. University of Thessaly Press. Liston, M. A. (2007). Secondary Cremation Burials at Kavousi Vronda, Crete: Symbolic Representation in Mortuary Practice. Hesperia, 76, 57-71.
  • Maiuri, A. (1924). Viaggio di esplorazione in Caria. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 4-5(1921-1922), 395-459.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1988). Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function. In R. Hägg, N. Marinatos & G. C. Nordquist (Ed.), Early Greek Cult Practice. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26-29 June 1986, 105-119. Svenska Institutet i Athen.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1989). Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and Adjacent Areas. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 84, 269-288.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (2007). Architecture and Social Structure in Early Iron Age Greece. British School at Athens Studies, 15, 57-168.
  • Mcnicoll, A. W. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. ‎Clarendon Press.
  • Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T. & Mcgregor, M. F. (1939). The Athenian Tribute Lists I. Harvard University Press.
  • Morricone, L. (1967). Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della tarda Età del Bronzo a Coo. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 43/44, 5-311.
  • Morris, I. (1989). Burial and Ancient Society. The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mcdonald, W. A., Coulson, W. D. E. & Rosser, J. (1983). Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, Volume III. Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Özer, B. (2018). Pedasa’dan Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Mezar Platformları ve Urne Pithoslar. TÜBA-AR, 22, 35-55.
  • Özer, B. (2020). Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Karia Fibulaları. In H. G. Yalçın & O. Stegemeier (Ed.), Metallurgica Anatolica. Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, 225-244. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özer, B. & Şimşek-Özer, Ö. (2017). Asarlık Paton Tomb O: Some Observations on Funerary Practices of Lelegian Peninsula in 12th Century BC and the Arrival of Newcomers. Colloquium Anatolicum, 16, 139-162.
  • Pakkanen, J. & Pakkanen, P. (2000). The Toumba Building at Lefkandi: Some Methodological Reflections on Its Plan and Function. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 95, 239-252.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. (1994). Early Iron Age Potters' Marks in the Aegean. Hesperia, 63, 437-507.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. & Michael, R. S. (2003). Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora, Hesperia Suppl. 31. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K., Smithson, E. L., Liston, M. A., Ruscillo, D., Strack, S. & Dimitriadou, E. (2017). The Athenian Agora, Volume 36. The Early Iron Age: The Cemeteries. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Paton, W. R. (1887). Excavations in Caria. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 8, 64-82.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (1994). Les fortifications de la Pérée rhodienne. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 243-271.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (2000). Archéologie de la défense. Histoire des fortifications antiques de Carie (époques classique et hellénistique. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises.
  • Popham, M. R. & Lemos, I. S. (1995). A Euboean Warrior Trader. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14, 151-157.
  • Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H., Themelis, P. G., Boardman, J., Price, M. J., Catling, H. W., Catling, E. A., Desborough, V. R. D'a., Dickinson, O. T. P. K., Higgins, R. A. & Jeffery, L. H. (1979). Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. Plates. The Settlement. The Cemeteries. Thames and Hudson.
  • Popham, M. R., Touloupa, E. & Sackett, L. H. (1982). Further Excavation of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 77, 213-248.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Catling, R. W. V. & Lemos, I. S. (1990). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part I: The Pottery. British School at Athens.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Coulton, J. & Catling, H. W. (1993). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2: The Excavation, Architecture and Finds. British School at Athens.
  • Rice, E. E. (1999). Relations Between Rhodes and the Rhodian Peraia. In V. Gabrielsen, P. Bilde, T. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Hannestad &J. Zahle ((Eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, 45-54. Aarhus University Press.
  • Ruppenstein, F. (2013). Cremation Burials in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: Continuity or Change?. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Brandbestattungen von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 v. Chr. Akten des internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.-12. Februar 2010, 185-196. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Saner, T. (1994). Observations on the Different Types of Masonry Used in the City Walls of Amos. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 273-284.
  • Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E. (1978). Die Fibeln Der griechischen Inseln. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Abteilung XIV-Band 4. Franz Steiner Verlag.
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  • Smithson, E. L. (1961). The Protogeometric Cemetery at Nea Ionia, 1949. Hesperia, 30, 147-178.
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  • Whitley, J. (1991). Style and Society in Dark Age Greece. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, H. (2004a). Death Warmed up: The Agency of Bodies and Bones in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Rites. Journal of Material Culture, 9, 263-291.
  • Williams, H. (2004b). Potted Histories: Cremation, Ceramics, and Social Memory in Early Roman Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 23, 417-424.
  • Yaman, A. (2022). Amos Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Seramikler. Olba, 30, 113-127.

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

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  • Diler, A. (2016). Stone Tumuli in Pedasa on the Lelegian Peninsula. Problems of Terminology and Origin. In O. Henry & U. Kelp (Ed.), Tumulus as Sema. Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, 455-473. De Gruyter.
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  • Gerber, C. (2019). Die Karische Chersones prähistorischer Zeit. Ergebnisse der Begehungen in Loryma 2001 und Bybassos 2006. In W. Held (Ed.), Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, Marburg, 11-65. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
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  • Gürbüzer, M. (2022). Amos Antik Kenti 2019-2020 Yılları Yüzey Araştırması”. In C. Keskin (Ed.), 2019-2020 Yılı Yüzey Araştırmaları 2, 227-248. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Ana Yayın.
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  • Herdt, G. (2015). On the Architecture of the Toumba Building at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 110, 203-212.
  • Holleaux, M. (1894). Notes épigraphiques. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, 18, 390-407.
  • Hoskyn, R. (1842). Narrative of a Survey of Part of the South Coast of Asia Minor; And of a Tour into the Interior of Lycia in 1840-1; Accompanied by a Map. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, 12, 143-161.
  • Lagia, A., Papathanasiou, A., Malaksioti, Z. & Tsiouka, F. (2013). Cremations of the Early Iron Age from Mound 36 at Voulokalyva (ancient Halos) in Thessaly: A Bioarchaeological Appraisal. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Cremation Burials in the Region between the Middle Danube and the Aegean, 1300–750 BC. Proceedings of the international Symposium Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 11th–12th, 2010, 197-219. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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  • Lemos, I. S. (2002). The Protogeometric Aegean. The Archaeology of the Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC. Oxford University Press.
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  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1988). Early Greek Temples: Their Origin and Function. In R. Hägg, N. Marinatos & G. C. Nordquist (Ed.), Early Greek Cult Practice. Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26-29 June 1986, 105-119. Svenska Institutet i Athen.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (1989). Late Bronze Age Apsidal and Oval Buildings in Greece and Adjacent Areas. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 84, 269-288.
  • Mazarakis-Ainian, A. (2007). Architecture and Social Structure in Early Iron Age Greece. British School at Athens Studies, 15, 57-168.
  • Mcnicoll, A. W. (1997). Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates. ‎Clarendon Press.
  • Meritt, B. D., Wade-Gery, H. T. & Mcgregor, M. F. (1939). The Athenian Tribute Lists I. Harvard University Press.
  • Morricone, L. (1967). Eleona e Langada: Sepolcreti della tarda Età del Bronzo a Coo. Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle missioni italiane in Oriente, 43/44, 5-311.
  • Morris, I. (1989). Burial and Ancient Society. The Rise of the Greek City-State. Cambridge University Press.
  • Mcdonald, W. A., Coulson, W. D. E. & Rosser, J. (1983). Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece, Volume III. Dark Age and Byzantine Occupation. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Özer, B. (2018). Pedasa’dan Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Mezar Platformları ve Urne Pithoslar. TÜBA-AR, 22, 35-55.
  • Özer, B. (2020). Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Karia Fibulaları. In H. G. Yalçın & O. Stegemeier (Ed.), Metallurgica Anatolica. Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags, 225-244. Ege Yayınları.
  • Özer, B. & Şimşek-Özer, Ö. (2017). Asarlık Paton Tomb O: Some Observations on Funerary Practices of Lelegian Peninsula in 12th Century BC and the Arrival of Newcomers. Colloquium Anatolicum, 16, 139-162.
  • Pakkanen, J. & Pakkanen, P. (2000). The Toumba Building at Lefkandi: Some Methodological Reflections on Its Plan and Function. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 95, 239-252.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. (1994). Early Iron Age Potters' Marks in the Aegean. Hesperia, 63, 437-507.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K. & Michael, R. S. (2003). Ceramicus Redivivus: The Early Iron Age Potters' Field in the Area of the Classical Athenian Agora, Hesperia Suppl. 31. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Papadopoulos, J. K., Smithson, E. L., Liston, M. A., Ruscillo, D., Strack, S. & Dimitriadou, E. (2017). The Athenian Agora, Volume 36. The Early Iron Age: The Cemeteries. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
  • Paton, W. R. (1887). Excavations in Caria. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 8, 64-82.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (1994). Les fortifications de la Pérée rhodienne. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 243-271.
  • Pimouguet-Pedarros, I. (2000). Archéologie de la défense. Histoire des fortifications antiques de Carie (époques classique et hellénistique. Presses Universitaires Franc-Comtoises.
  • Popham, M. R. & Lemos, I. S. (1995). A Euboean Warrior Trader. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 14, 151-157.
  • Popham, M. R., Sackett, L. H., Themelis, P. G., Boardman, J., Price, M. J., Catling, H. W., Catling, E. A., Desborough, V. R. D'a., Dickinson, O. T. P. K., Higgins, R. A. & Jeffery, L. H. (1979). Lefkandi I. The Iron Age. Plates. The Settlement. The Cemeteries. Thames and Hudson.
  • Popham, M. R., Touloupa, E. & Sackett, L. H. (1982). Further Excavation of the Toumba Cemetery at Lefkandi. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 77, 213-248.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Catling, R. W. V. & Lemos, I. S. (1990). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part I: The Pottery. British School at Athens.
  • Popham, M. R., Calligas, P. G., Sackett, L. H., Coulton, J. & Catling, H. W. (1993). Lefkandi II. The Protogeometric Building at Toumba, Part 2: The Excavation, Architecture and Finds. British School at Athens.
  • Rice, E. E. (1999). Relations Between Rhodes and the Rhodian Peraia. In V. Gabrielsen, P. Bilde, T. Engberg-Pedersen, L. Hannestad &J. Zahle ((Eds.), Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture and Society, 45-54. Aarhus University Press.
  • Ruppenstein, F. (2013). Cremation Burials in Greece from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: Continuity or Change?. In M. Lochner & F. Ruppenstein (Ed.), Brandbestattungen von der mittleren Donau bis zur Ägäis zwischen 1300 und 750 v. Chr. Akten des internationalen Symposiums an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 11.-12. Februar 2010, 185-196. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Saner, T. (1994). Observations on the Different Types of Masonry Used in the City Walls of Amos. Revue des Études Anciennes Années, 96(1), 273-284.
  • Sapouna-Sakellarakis, E. (1978). Die Fibeln Der griechischen Inseln. Prähistorische Bronzefunde. Abteilung XIV-Band 4. Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Schüssler, U., Kasper, K., Brätz, H. & Gerber, C. (2019). Obsidian Artefacts from the Prehistoric Caria, West Anatolia. In W. Held (Ed.) Die Karische Chersones vom Chalkolithikum bis in die byzantinische Zeit, 66-80. Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität.
  • Smithson, E. L. (1961). The Protogeometric Cemetery at Nea Ionia, 1949. Hesperia, 30, 147-178.
  • Snodgrass, A. M. (1972). Dark Age of Greece. University Press Edinburgh.
  • Tozluca, D. O. & Doksanaltı, E. M. (2019). Group of Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery Found in Knidos. Anodos, 14, 217-225.
  • Warner, J. (1979). The Megaron and Apsidal House in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia: New Evidence from Karataş. American Journal of Archaeology, 83, 133-147.
  • Whitley, J. (1991). Style and Society in Dark Age Greece. Cambridge University Press.
  • Williams, H. (2004a). Death Warmed up: The Agency of Bodies and Bones in Early Anglo-Saxon Cremation Rites. Journal of Material Culture, 9, 263-291.
  • Williams, H. (2004b). Potted Histories: Cremation, Ceramics, and Social Memory in Early Roman Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 23, 417-424.
  • Yaman, A. (2022). Amos Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Seramikler. Olba, 30, 113-127.

Year 2022, Issue: 31, 27 - 38, 15.01.2023

Mehmet Gürbüzer

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002

Abstract

Keywords

Karian Chersonesos Protogeometric apsidal building secondary cremation intramural burial

References

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  • Warner, J. (1979). The Megaron and Apsidal House in Early Bronze Age Western Anatolia: New Evidence from Karataş. American Journal of Archaeology, 83, 133-147.
  • Whitley, J. (1991). Style and Society in Dark Age Greece. Cambridge University Press.
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  • Williams, H. (2004b). Potted Histories: Cremation, Ceramics, and Social Memory in Early Roman Britain. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 23, 417-424.
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There are 77 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Gürbüzer 0000-0002-6084-6409

Publication Date January 15, 2023
Submission Date December 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 31

Cite

APA Gürbüzer, M. (2023). THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(31), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002
AMA Gürbüzer M. THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS. TÜBA-AR. January 2023;(31):27-38. doi:10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002
Chicago Gürbüzer, Mehmet. “THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 31 (January 2023): 27-38. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002.
EndNote Gürbüzer M (January 1, 2023) THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 31 27–38.
IEEE M. Gürbüzer, “THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS”, TÜBA-AR, no. 31, pp. 27–38, January 2023, doi: 10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002.
ISNAD Gürbüzer, Mehmet. “THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 31 (January 2023), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002.
JAMA Gürbüzer M. THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS. TÜBA-AR. 2023;:27–38.
MLA Gürbüzer, Mehmet. “THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 31, 2023, pp. 27-38, doi:10.22520/tubaar2022.31.002.
Vancouver Gürbüzer M. THE TRACES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE AT AMOS. TÜBA-AR. 2023(31):27-38.
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