Roma Dönemi Bithynia Kentlerinde Patronus Teriminin Kullanımı ve Patronaj Biçimleri

Year 2023, Issue: 32, 83 - 96, 01.08.2023

Onur Sadık Karakuş

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1298756

Abstract

Günümüzde pek çok dilde kullanımı devam eden ve kökleri Roma kentinin kuruluşuna değin uzanan patronajın Roma’nın Akdeniz’deki genişlemesine paralel olarak Eskiçağ Yunan dünyasında da yaygın hale geldiği bilinmektedir. Roma’nın MÖ. II. yüzyıldaki Yunan şehir devletleri ve Hellenistik Krallıklarla olan ilişkisi patronusluğun da Roma tipi bir ekonomik ve politik himaye sistemi olarak Doğu Akdeniz’e taşınmasına imkân sağlamıştır. Adeta geç cumhuriyet döneminin bir modası olarak pek çok Yunan şehir devleti de Romalı önemli isimlerin himayesine girerek kendilerini avantajlı konuma getirmeye çalışmıştır. Bu süreçte, Roma’daki örneklere benzer şekilde kişiler arası özel patronaj ilişkileri de görülmeye başlanmış, Anadolu’daki pek çok kentte Romalı şahıslar da patronus olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bithynia bölgesi de Romalılarla patronaj ilişkilerinin sağlandığı ve patronus teriminin kullanıldığı bir diğer bölgedir. İlk olarak geç cumhuriyet döneminde proconsul Lucius f. Rufus için Bithynialıların da patronus terimini kullandığı, buna karşın diğer kentlerden farklı olarak sonraki dönemlerde eyalet valilerini de sıklıkla patronus olarak onurlandırdıkları görülmektedir. Bithynia, özellikle onurlandırma kaideleri ve adak yazıtlarıyla toplumsal yaşamdaki yerel elitlerin baskınlığını gösteriyor olsa da çeşitli yerleşim yerlerinde Romalı ailelerden bazılarının da patronus olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.
Bu çalışmada Roma İmparatorluk dönemi Bithynia’sında politik bir araç ve ekonomik model olarak patronaj yapısının yaygınlığı, patronus teriminin kullanımı, şehir patronusları ve özel patronaj ilişkilerinin Bithynia kentlerindeki durumları ele alınmaktadır. Bithynia taşrasında patronus olarak onurlandırılan Romalı isimler ve kökenlerine dair tartışmalar da ilk kez bir bütün olarak bu çalışmada incelenmektedir.

Keywords

Himaye, Patronus, Roma İmparatorluğu, Bithynia, Ekonomi, Toplum

Thanks

Bu çalışma 2022 yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde tamamlanan "Traianus'tan Constantinus Hanedanı'na Bithynia: Sosyo-ekonomik yapı, kamusal yaşam ve kentsel çevre" adlı doktora tezinde sınırlı şekilde ele alınan bir konunun kapsamlı olarak incelenmesiyle hazırlanmıştır. Söz konusu doktora tezi projemi 2214-A Doktora Sırası Yurtdışı Araştırma Desteği kapsamında 12 ay süreyle destekleyen TÜBİTAK-BİDEB’e ve bu kapsamda araştırmalarda bulunduğum Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des DAI’ye teşekkürü borç bilirim.

The Use of the Term Patronus and Forms of Patronage in the Cities of Roman Bithynia

Abstract

It is known that patronage, which is still used today in many languages and whose roots go back to the founding of the city of Rome, spread throughout the ancient Greek world in parallel with Rome’s expansion in the Mediterranean. Rome’s relations with the Greek poleis and Hellenistic kingdoms in the second century B.C. allowed patronage to spread to the eastern Mediterranean as a Roman-style system of economic and political patronage. As a trend of the late republican period, many Greek poleis also sought to gain an advantage by patronizing important Romans. In this process, private patronage relationships between individuals, similar to those in Rome, began to be observed, and Roman individuals were also identified as patronus in many cities in Asia Minor. It is seen that the Bithynians first used the term patronus for the proconsul Lucius f. Rufus in the late Republic, but unlike other cities, they often honored provincial governors as patronus in later periods. Although Bithynia shows the predominance of local elites in social life, especially through honorific and votive inscriptions, some Roman families also appear as patronus in various settlements. This paper examines the widespread structure of patronage as a political instrument and economic model in Roman Imperial Bithynia, the use of the term patronus, and the status of city patrons and local patrons in Bithynian cities. This paper also comprehensively examines the first time of the debates of the Roman individuals honoured as patronus in rural Bithynia and the debates about their origins.

Keywords

Patronage, Patronus, Roman Empire, Bithynia, Economy, Society

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