SEYİTÖMER HÖYÜK ERKEN TUNÇ ÇAĞI-III VE ORTA TUNÇ ÇAĞI KERPİÇ YAPI MALZEMELERİNİN ANALİZLERİ VE KARŞILAŞTIRMASI

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 37 - 52, 28.06.2024

Eda Taşçı , Hale Yıldızay , Nazan Ünan , Merve Dağcı Tekin

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1374064

Abstract

Kütahya ilinin 25 km kuzeybatısında yer alan orta ölçekli bir höyük olan Seyitömer Höyük’te 1989 yılından beri aralıklarla arkeolojik kazılar gerçekleştirilmektedir. Kurtarma kazısı niteliği taşımakta olan Seyitömer Höyük kazısında höyüğün tamamının kazılması hedeflenmektedir. Yapılan kazılarda açılan tabakalar, bütün halinde ve mimari planları da ortaya çıkaran şekilde olması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Höyük’te gerçekleştirilen kurtarma kazısında Orta Tunç (MBA) ve Erken Tunç III (EBA III) dönemleri ve tabakaları ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Bu çalışmada özellikle MBA ve EBA III tabakalarının yerleşim yeri ve mekânları içinden ele geçirilen yapılardaki kerpiç bünyeleri tanımlanarak adlandırılmıştır. Ele geçen dönemleri ve konumları belli mekanlardan alınan 10 adet kerpiç örneği karakterize edilerek dönemsel özellikleri analiz edilmiştir. Kerpiç numunelerine ait kimyasal kompozisyonlar X-ışını floresansı (XRF), mineralojik ve faz kompozisyonları X-ışını difraksiyonu (XRD) ile belirlenmiştir. Kerpiç örneklerinin yapısında bulunan bağ yapı özellikleri Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopi (FTIR) analiz sonuçları ile kıyaslanarak teyit edilmiştir. Ayrıca dönemsel yangınlara maruz kalmış olduğu düşünülen kerpiç örneklerinin bazıları seçilerek SEM analizi ve EDX analizine tabi tutularak kerpiçlerde oluşan bozunma miktarındaki farklılıklar, dönemsel olarak kullanılan killerdeki yapısal farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur.

Keywords

Seyitömer Höyük, erken tunççağı, ortatunççağı, kepiç malzemeler

Ethical Statement

yok

Supporting Institution

Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi BAP

Project Number

DPU BAP 2021-03

Thanks

The authors thank Mr. Serdar Unan, who is responsible for the Seyitomer Hoyuk Rescue Excavation for the period 2019-2021, for their support in providing the samples in this study, as well as Mehmet Akkas, MSc Engineer from İLTEM research center who carried out the analysis, and DPU BAP 2021-03 for their support for the project.

Analysis and Comparison of Mudbrick Building Materials from Seyitomer Hoyuk Early Bronze Age-III and Middle Bronze Age

Abstract

Archaeological excavations have been carried out intermittently since 1989 in Seyitomer Hoyuk, a medium-sized mound located 25 km northwest of Kutahya. Seyitomer Hoyuk excavation, a salvage excavation, aims to excavate the entire pile. The layers unearthed during the excavations are essential in that they are as a whole and reveal the architectural plans. The Middle Bronze (MBA) and Early Bronze III (EBA-III) periods and layers were unearthed during the rescue excavation at the mound.
In this study, the mudbrick structures in the structures recovered from the settlements and spaces of the MBA and EBA-III layers were defined and named. 10 mudbrick samples taken from specific periods and locations were characterized, and their periodical properties were analyzed. Chemical compositions of mud brick samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and mineralogical, and phase compositions were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The bond structure properties of the mud brick samples were confirmed by comparing them with the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis results. In addition, some of the mudbrick samples, which are thought to have been exposed to periodic fires, were selected and subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, and the differences in the amount of deterioration in the mudbricks and the structural differences in the periodically used clays were revealed.

Keywords

Mudbrick Building Materials, Seyitomer Hoyuk, Early Bronze Age-III, Middle Bronze Age

Project Number

DPU BAP 2021-03

References

• Akkas, F., 2011. Investigating the Production Possibilities of Fibre-Reinforced Mud Brick Panel Wall. Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science, Master’s Thesis, İstanbul.
• Bilgen, A. N., 2012. Seyitomer Hoyuk 2011 Excavation Report. Kutahya.
• Bilgen, A. N., Bilgen, Z., 2015. Middle Bronze Age Settlement (IV. Layer). Seyitomer Hoyuk I, Pp. 61-118, İstanbul.
• Bilgen, A. N., Bilgen, Z., Cırakoglu, S., 2015. Early Bronze Age Settlement (V. Layer). Seyitomer Hoyuk I, Pp. 119-186, İstanbul.
• Dirican, T., Akyol, A. A., 2019. A Compilation Study of Mud Brick Wall Construction Methods in Anatolia. Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi, (23), Pp. 117- 126.
• Duran S., Cakırozu Civelek F., Aktuglu Y.K., 2016. Roof and Facade Materials in Adobe Buildings; Aksehir, Erdogdu, and Menderes Examples. 8. National Roof & Facade Symposium, 2– 3 June 2016 Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts, İstanbul.
• İlaslı, A., 1996. Seyitomer Hoyugu 1993 Rescue Excavations, 6. Mkks, 24- 26 Nisan 1995 Didim, Ankara, S. 1-15.
• Khale, D., Chaudhary, R., 2007. Mechanism of Geopolymerization and Factors Influencing ıts Development: A Review, J Mater Sci, 42:729–746
• Melo, H. P., Cruz, A. J., Candeias, A., Mirão, J., Cardoso, A. M., Oliveira, M. J., & Valadas, S., 2014. Problems of Analysis by FTIR of Calcium Sulphate–Based Preparatory Layers: The Case of a Group of 16th-Century Portuguese Paintings. Archaeometry, 56(3), 513-526.
• Ormancı, Ö. Atasayar, Z., & Boso Hanyalı, Ö. 2024. Investigating the Middle Iron Age ceramics of Van Fortress through multi-analytical techniques. Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 313, 124103.
• Ozcan, N., 1986. Seyitomer (Kutahya) Palynological Properties of Lignites. Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Master’s Thesis, İzmir.
• Ozdogan, M. 1996. From Cottage to Housing: Firsts in Architecture. Housing and Settlement in Anatolia from History to Present. Pp. 19-30, İstanbul.
• Panias, D., Giannopoulou, I. P., Perraki, T., 2007. Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 301:246–254
• Perisic, N.; Maric-Stojanovic, M.; Andric, V.; Mioc, U., 2016. Damjanovic, L. Physicochemical Characterisation of Pottery from the Vinca Culture, Serbia, Regarding the Firing Temperature and Decoration Techniques. J. Serbian Chem. Soc. 81, 1415–1426
• Qiu, G., Li, G., Fan, X., Huang, Z.,2004. Activation and removal of silicon in kaolinite by thermochemical process. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, SCAND J METALL. 33. 121-128.
• Topbas, A., 1992. Kutahya Seyitomer Hoyugu Rescue Excavation 1990. Iı. Mkks, 29- 30 April 1991 Ankara, Ankara, Pp. 11-27.
• Topbas, A., 1993. Seyitomer Hoyugu Salvage Excavation in 1991. Iıı. Mkks, 27- 30 April 1992 Efes, Ankara, Pp. 1-30.
• Topbas, A., 1994. Seyitomer Hoyugu 1992 Salvage Excavation. Iv. Mkks, 26- 29 April 1993 Marmaris, Ankara, Pp. 297-301.
• Unan, N., 2013. Material and Technical Evaluation of Seyitomer Architecture. Kubaba 22, Pp. 7-19.
• Unan, N., 2019. Seyitomer Hoyuk Investigation of Grain Production and Storage Activities in the Middle Bronze Age. Kutahya Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi Ve Tarih Arastırmaları, Ankara, Pp. 111-126.
• Unan, S., Unan, N., Bilgic, H., Andac, M., 2020. Seyitomer Hoyuk Rescue Excavation 2019. Kutahya Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi Ve Tarih Arastırmaları, Ankara, Pp. 1-16.
• Unan, S., Unan, N., Bilgic, H., Andac, M., 2021. Seyitomer Hoyuk Rescue Excavation Works for 2020, Kutahya Arkeoloji, Sanat Tarihi Ve Tarih Arastırmaları, Ankara, Pp. 1-19.
• Uz,V.,Deniz,S.,İssi,A.,Bilgen,A.N. 2015.Investigation of the Roman period pottery production technology from the Seyitömer Mound (Kutahya/Türkiye). WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 168, 627- 635.
• Yanık, G., 1997. Geology, Mineralogy and Uses in Ceramic Industry of Seyitomer (Kutahya) Comur Basin Clays. Dumlupınar University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Master’s Thesis, Kutahya.
• Yunsheng, Z., Wei, S., Zongjin, L., 2007. Preparation and microstructure of K-PSDS geopolymeric binder, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 302:473–482.
• Yuzbasıoglu, N., 2010. The Development and Characteristics of Seyitomer Civil Architecture. Dumlupınar University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Archeology, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Kutahya.