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BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 81 - 100, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1439861

Abstract

Modern araştırmacılar açısından antik yazarların hikâyelerinde kullandıkları metinleri sadece kopyalayıp kopyalamadıkları, başka metinlerle birleştirip birleştirmedikleri veya önceden tasarlanmış bir niyetle değiştirip değiştirmediklerini analiz ederek yorumlayabilmek önemlidir. Böylece ele alacağımız konuyla ilgili eserlerin özelliklerini, doğruluğunu ve dolayısıyla tarih çalışmalarına katkılarını ortaya koyabiliriz. Latince yazılan, Historiae Alexandri Magni/Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis (İskender Tarihi) adıyla günümüze ulaşan ve Quintus Curtius’a atfedilen eser içinde kullanılan kaynaklar ve bu kaynaklar üzerinde yapılan manipülasyonlar hakkında çok fazla bir araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu eserde Büyük İskender’in kabul ettiği elçilik heyetini temsil eden Yaşlı İskitli ile diyaloğu yer almaktadır. Bu sözde diyaloğun İskender’in İskit halklarıyla karşılaştığı Iaxartes Nehri (Siriderya/Seyhun)’nin doğu yakasında MÖ 329 yılında gerçekleştiği iddia edilmektedir. Metinde İskender doymak bilmeyen hırsından dolayı suçlanmakta ve İskitlere karşı savaşa devam etmesinin tehlikeleri belirtilerek barış yapmasının en mantıklı karar olacağı konusunda uyarılmaktadır. B. İskender bu uyarılara rağmen nehri geçerek İskitlere saldırmış ancak nihai bir başarı elde edemeyeceğini anlayarak onurlu bir barış yapmayı kabul etmiştir. İlgili diyalog metninin Curtius tarafından uydurulduğu artık modern yazarlar tarafından genel kabul görmektedir. Biz bu çalışmamızda modern yazarlar tarafından çok fazla tartışma konusu yapılmamış olan bu metnin en muhtemel uydurulma sebebi üzerinde duracağız.

Supporting Institution

MUĞLA SITKI KOÇMAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ

References

  • Armayor, O. K. (1980). Sesostris and Herodotus’ Autopsy of Thrace, Colchis, Inland Asia Minor, and the Levant. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 84, 51-74.
  • Ashurst, D. (1997). ‘Kollum vér þann sælan, er sjálfan sik hefir fyrir konung’: Alexanders saga and the Norwegian crown. Sagas and the Norwegian experience, 10th international saga conference (ss. 23-32), Trondheim. (preprint.).
  • Atkinson, J. E. (1971). A Commentary on Book 3 of Q. Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni [Doktora Tezi]. University of Cape Town.
  • Ballesteros-Pastor, L. (2003). Le Discours Du Scythe À Alexandre Le Grand (Quinte-Curce 7.8. 12-30). Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Neue Folge, 146(1), 23-37.
  • Ballesteros-Pastor, L. (2015). Quinto Curcio ante sus fuentes: el episodio de Alejandro y los escitas del Tanais. Gerión, 33, 91-110.
  • Baynham, E. (1998). Alexander the Great; The Unique History of Quintus Curtius. Ann Arbor.
  • Bennett, J. (2011). Why did Claudius annex Lycia. Adalya, 14, 119-136.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (1980). Alexander and the Iranians. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 100, 1-21.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (1996). Alexander and the East. Oxford.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (2004). Mountain and Molehill? Cornelius Tacitus and Quintus Curtius. Classical Quarterly, 54(2), 551-567.
  • Cary, M. ve Scullard, H. H. (1975). The Julio-Claudian Emperors, Internal Affairs, In: A History of Rome. London (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02415- 5_32).
  • Çevik, C. C. (2010). Seneca’nın Naturales Quaestiones Adlı Eserinde Doğa ve Ahlak Anlayışı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Demir, M. (2018). Carrhae Savaşı’nın (MÖ 53) Sebepleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bazı Yeni Değerlendirmeler. Cedrus, 6, 233-248.
  • Demir, M. (2019). Marcus Antonius’un Parthia Savaşı’nın (MÖ 40-33) Sebepleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler. TÜBA-AR, 24, 149-168.
  • Demir, M. (2023a). Ovidius’un Tomis’teki Sürgün Hayatı ve Göçebe Kabileler Üzerine Gözlemleri. Cedrus, 11, 165-182.
  • Demir, M. (2023b). İskit Kralı Ateas ve II. Philippos. Archivum Anatolica, 17(1), 87-126.
  • Devine, A. M. (1979). The ‘Parthi,’ the Tyranny of Tiberius, and the Date of Q. Curtius Rufus. Phoenix, 33(2), 142-159.
  • Erten, E. (2016). Antik Yazarlarda Bir İskit Kraliçesi: Tomyris. Cedrus, 6(2), 237-263.
  • Fraser, P. M. (2003). Cities of Alexander the Great. Oxford (reprint.).
  • Graafstal, E. P. (2023). Roman ‘Grand Strategy’ in Action? Claudius and the Annexation of Britain and Thrace. Britannia, 54, 23-50.
  • Grant, D (2017). In Search of the Lost Testament of Alexander the Great. Leicester.
  • Hamilton, J. R. (1971). Alexander and the Aral. Classical Quarterly, 21(1), 106-111.
  • Hammond, N. G. L. (1999). The Speeches in Arrian’s Indica and Anabasis. Classical Quarterly, 49(1), 238-253.
  • Harl, K. W. (2004). Rome and the Barbarians. Chantilly.
  • Heckel, W. (1994). Notes on Q. Curtius Rufus’ History of Alexander. Acta Classica, 37, 67-78.
  • Holt, F. L. (1998). Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia. Leiden/New York/Kobenhavn/Köln.
  • Holt, F. L. (2012). Into the Land of Bones, Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, With a New Preface and Foreword by Peter Green. Berkeley/Los Angeles/ London.
  • Huerta, F. (1996). The Cities of Philip and Alexander: Early Macedonian Colonisation [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. California State University.
  • Iordanidis, A. P. (2018). The Campaign of Alexander the Great in Thrace and Illyria (335 BC): Strategic Aims, Tactics and Logistics [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. International Hellenic University (Thessaloniki).
  • Kaya, M. A. ve Yazgı, A. (2021). Dareios’un İskit Seferi: Nedeni, Tarihi ve Süreci Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Cedrus, 9,131-150.
  • Keppie, L. J. F. (1971). Legio VIII Augusta and the Claudian Invasion. Britannia, 2, 149-155.
  • Kleymeneov, A. A. (2017). ‘Scythian Strategy’ or Open Pitched Battle: Choice of Strategy by the Persian Command in 334 BC. Man in India, 97(22), 219-227.
  • Lewick, B (1999). Tiberius the Politician. London/ New York (rev.ed.).
  • Milns, R. D. (1966). The Date of Curtius Rufus and the ‘Historiae Alexandri’. Latomus, 25(3), 490- 507.
  • Moore, P. (1995). Quintus Curtius Rufus’ Historiae Alexandri Magni: A Study in Rhetorical Historiography [Doktora Tezi]. Oxford.
  • Mottershead, J. (1978). Suetonius’ Life of Claudius, A Historical and Social Comentary [Doktora Tezi]. University of Manchester.
  • Osgood, J. (2011). Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire. Cambridge/ New York.
  • Rice, J. (2014). ‘Just Rage’: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. University of Missouri-Columbia.
  • Robinson, C. A. (1957). The Extraordinary Ideas of Alexander the Great. American Historical Review, 62(2), 1957, 326-344.
  • Romm, J. S. (1992). The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought. Princeton.
  • Smith, M. (1981). The Failure of Alexander’s Conquest and Administration of Bactria-Sogdiana. Hirundo, the McGill Journal of Classical Studies, 8, 64-72.
  • Spencer, D. (2005). Perspective and Poetics in Curtius’ Gorgeous East. Acta Classica, 48, 121-140.
  • Steele, R. B. (1915). Quintus Curtius Rufus. American Journal of Philology, 36(4), 402-423.
  • Tarn, W. W. (1948). Alexander the Great. Cambridge (2 cilt).
  • Tuplin, C. (2010). Revisiting Dareios’s Scythian Expedition. İçinde J. Nieling ve E. Rehm (Eds.), The Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers (s. 281-312). Aarhus.
  • Yardley, J. C. ve Atkinson J. E. (2009). Histories of Alexander the Great Book 10, Translated and with Introduction and Historical Commentary. Oxford University Press.

RECONSIDERATIONS ON THE DIALOGUE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT WITH THE OLD SCYTHIAN ENVOY

Year 2024, Issue: 34, 81 - 100, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1439861

Abstract

It is important for modern researchers to be able to interpret the texts used by ancient writers in their stories by analyzing whether they simply copied them, combined them with others, or changed them with a premeditated intention. In this way, we can reveal the characteristics and accuracy of the works related to the subject we will discuss, and therefore their contribution to historical studies. Not much research has been done on the sources used and the manipulations made on these sources in the work attributed to Quintus Curtius, written in Latin, under the title of Historiae Alexandri Magni/Historiae Alexandri Magni Macedonis (History of Alexander the Great). This work includes Alexander the Great’s dialogue with the Old Scythian representing the embassy delegation he accepted. It is claimed that this so-called dialogue took place in 329 BC on the eastern bank of the Jaxartes River (Syr Darya/Seyhun), where Alexander reached the border with the Scythian peoples. In the text, Alexander the Great is blamed for his insatiable ambition and he is warned that making peace would be the most logical decision, stating the dangers of continuing the war against the Scythians. Despite these warnings, Alexander crossed the river and attacked the Scythians, but realizing that he could not achieve final success, he agreed to make an honorable peace. It is now generally accepted by modern writers that the text of the relevant dialogue was invented by Curtius. In this study, we will rather focus on the most possible reason for the fabrication of this text, which has not been the subject of much discussion by modern writers.

References

  • Armayor, O. K. (1980). Sesostris and Herodotus’ Autopsy of Thrace, Colchis, Inland Asia Minor, and the Levant. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 84, 51-74.
  • Ashurst, D. (1997). ‘Kollum vér þann sælan, er sjálfan sik hefir fyrir konung’: Alexanders saga and the Norwegian crown. Sagas and the Norwegian experience, 10th international saga conference (ss. 23-32), Trondheim. (preprint.).
  • Atkinson, J. E. (1971). A Commentary on Book 3 of Q. Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni [Doktora Tezi]. University of Cape Town.
  • Ballesteros-Pastor, L. (2003). Le Discours Du Scythe À Alexandre Le Grand (Quinte-Curce 7.8. 12-30). Rheinisches Museum für Philologie, Neue Folge, 146(1), 23-37.
  • Ballesteros-Pastor, L. (2015). Quinto Curcio ante sus fuentes: el episodio de Alejandro y los escitas del Tanais. Gerión, 33, 91-110.
  • Baynham, E. (1998). Alexander the Great; The Unique History of Quintus Curtius. Ann Arbor.
  • Bennett, J. (2011). Why did Claudius annex Lycia. Adalya, 14, 119-136.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (1980). Alexander and the Iranians. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 100, 1-21.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (1996). Alexander and the East. Oxford.
  • Bosworth, A. B. (2004). Mountain and Molehill? Cornelius Tacitus and Quintus Curtius. Classical Quarterly, 54(2), 551-567.
  • Cary, M. ve Scullard, H. H. (1975). The Julio-Claudian Emperors, Internal Affairs, In: A History of Rome. London (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02415- 5_32).
  • Çevik, C. C. (2010). Seneca’nın Naturales Quaestiones Adlı Eserinde Doğa ve Ahlak Anlayışı [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Demir, M. (2018). Carrhae Savaşı’nın (MÖ 53) Sebepleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bazı Yeni Değerlendirmeler. Cedrus, 6, 233-248.
  • Demir, M. (2019). Marcus Antonius’un Parthia Savaşı’nın (MÖ 40-33) Sebepleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bazı Değerlendirmeler. TÜBA-AR, 24, 149-168.
  • Demir, M. (2023a). Ovidius’un Tomis’teki Sürgün Hayatı ve Göçebe Kabileler Üzerine Gözlemleri. Cedrus, 11, 165-182.
  • Demir, M. (2023b). İskit Kralı Ateas ve II. Philippos. Archivum Anatolica, 17(1), 87-126.
  • Devine, A. M. (1979). The ‘Parthi,’ the Tyranny of Tiberius, and the Date of Q. Curtius Rufus. Phoenix, 33(2), 142-159.
  • Erten, E. (2016). Antik Yazarlarda Bir İskit Kraliçesi: Tomyris. Cedrus, 6(2), 237-263.
  • Fraser, P. M. (2003). Cities of Alexander the Great. Oxford (reprint.).
  • Graafstal, E. P. (2023). Roman ‘Grand Strategy’ in Action? Claudius and the Annexation of Britain and Thrace. Britannia, 54, 23-50.
  • Grant, D (2017). In Search of the Lost Testament of Alexander the Great. Leicester.
  • Hamilton, J. R. (1971). Alexander and the Aral. Classical Quarterly, 21(1), 106-111.
  • Hammond, N. G. L. (1999). The Speeches in Arrian’s Indica and Anabasis. Classical Quarterly, 49(1), 238-253.
  • Harl, K. W. (2004). Rome and the Barbarians. Chantilly.
  • Heckel, W. (1994). Notes on Q. Curtius Rufus’ History of Alexander. Acta Classica, 37, 67-78.
  • Holt, F. L. (1998). Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia. Leiden/New York/Kobenhavn/Köln.
  • Holt, F. L. (2012). Into the Land of Bones, Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, With a New Preface and Foreword by Peter Green. Berkeley/Los Angeles/ London.
  • Huerta, F. (1996). The Cities of Philip and Alexander: Early Macedonian Colonisation [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. California State University.
  • Iordanidis, A. P. (2018). The Campaign of Alexander the Great in Thrace and Illyria (335 BC): Strategic Aims, Tactics and Logistics [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. International Hellenic University (Thessaloniki).
  • Kaya, M. A. ve Yazgı, A. (2021). Dareios’un İskit Seferi: Nedeni, Tarihi ve Süreci Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Cedrus, 9,131-150.
  • Keppie, L. J. F. (1971). Legio VIII Augusta and the Claudian Invasion. Britannia, 2, 149-155.
  • Kleymeneov, A. A. (2017). ‘Scythian Strategy’ or Open Pitched Battle: Choice of Strategy by the Persian Command in 334 BC. Man in India, 97(22), 219-227.
  • Lewick, B (1999). Tiberius the Politician. London/ New York (rev.ed.).
  • Milns, R. D. (1966). The Date of Curtius Rufus and the ‘Historiae Alexandri’. Latomus, 25(3), 490- 507.
  • Moore, P. (1995). Quintus Curtius Rufus’ Historiae Alexandri Magni: A Study in Rhetorical Historiography [Doktora Tezi]. Oxford.
  • Mottershead, J. (1978). Suetonius’ Life of Claudius, A Historical and Social Comentary [Doktora Tezi]. University of Manchester.
  • Osgood, J. (2011). Claudius Caesar: Image and Power in the Early Roman Empire. Cambridge/ New York.
  • Rice, J. (2014). ‘Just Rage’: Causes of the Rise in Violence in the Eastern Campaigns of Alexander the Great [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. University of Missouri-Columbia.
  • Robinson, C. A. (1957). The Extraordinary Ideas of Alexander the Great. American Historical Review, 62(2), 1957, 326-344.
  • Romm, J. S. (1992). The Edges of the Earth in Ancient Thought. Princeton.
  • Smith, M. (1981). The Failure of Alexander’s Conquest and Administration of Bactria-Sogdiana. Hirundo, the McGill Journal of Classical Studies, 8, 64-72.
  • Spencer, D. (2005). Perspective and Poetics in Curtius’ Gorgeous East. Acta Classica, 48, 121-140.
  • Steele, R. B. (1915). Quintus Curtius Rufus. American Journal of Philology, 36(4), 402-423.
  • Tarn, W. W. (1948). Alexander the Great. Cambridge (2 cilt).
  • Tuplin, C. (2010). Revisiting Dareios’s Scythian Expedition. İçinde J. Nieling ve E. Rehm (Eds.), The Achaemenid Impact in the Black Sea: Communication of Powers (s. 281-312). Aarhus.
  • Yardley, J. C. ve Atkinson J. E. (2009). Histories of Alexander the Great Book 10, Translated and with Introduction and Historical Commentary. Oxford University Press.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeology of Asia, Africa and The Americas
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muzaffer Demir 0000-0001-7270-2317

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date February 19, 2024
Acceptance Date April 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 34

Cite

APA Demir, M. (2024). BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi(34), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1439861
AMA Demir M. BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER. TÜBA-AR. June 2024;(34):81-100. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1439861
Chicago Demir, Muzaffer. “BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 34 (June 2024): 81-100. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1439861.
EndNote Demir M (June 1, 2024) BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 34 81–100.
IEEE M. Demir, “BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER”, TÜBA-AR, no. 34, pp. 81–100, June 2024, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1439861.
ISNAD Demir, Muzaffer. “BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 34 (June 2024), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1439861.
JAMA Demir M. BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER. TÜBA-AR. 2024;:81–100.
MLA Demir, Muzaffer. “BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 34, 2024, pp. 81-100, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1439861.
Vancouver Demir M. BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN YAŞLI İSKİT ELÇİSİ İLE DİYALOGU ÜZERİNE YENİ DEĞERLENDİRMELER. TÜBA-AR. 2024(34):81-100.

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