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Policy Framework for Fire Risk Management of Built Heritage: A Comparison of the England and Turkey

Year 2021, , 205 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

Abstract

Fires threaten cultural heritage sites and lead to irreversible damages to tangible and intangible heritage components. Loss of life, destruction of structures or traditional pattern are possible consequences. Major causes of fires at heritage buildings include deficiencies in electrical installations, heat appliances during restoration works, chimney fires, and negligence about such security issues regarding any threat. Because of the use of wood as a building material, lack of maintenance and structural aging, and difficulties to adapt those buildings to modern life requirements, historic wooden towns and sites are highly vulnerable to fires. However, fires are often preventable if necessary measures are taken in advance. Therefore, fire risk assessment and management at cultural heritage sites and relevant enabling policies are significant topics. However, studies that examine the international and national policies and regulatory frameworks on that subject are in limited amount.
In this context, this study aims to discuss fire hazard and risk faced by cultural heritage. First, examples of cultural heritage exposed to fire hazards and viable policies to mitigate fire risk are discussed. Second, international policies that deal with fire risk safety for built heritage, including The Confederation of Fire Protection Associations Europe (CFPA-Europe) and National Association of Fire Protection (NFPA) are investigated. Following that, legal and administrative regulations and various directives at the national level for the fire risk that heritage exposed to in England and Turkey are evaluated. As a result of critical comparative analysis, the paper is concluded with suggestions on policy frameworks for preventing and mitigating fire risk for heritage buildings.

References

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  • RAMACHANDRAN, G., 1999. “Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment”. Facilities, 17(9/10), s.363–377.
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KÜLTÜREL MİRAS YANGIN RİSK YÖNETİMİ POLİTİKALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ

Year 2021, , 205 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

Abstract

Yangınlar kültürel mirası tehdit etmekte ve geri dönüşü olmayan zararlara neden olmaktadır. Can kaybı, yapıların
ve geleneksel dokuların tahribatı yangınların olası sonuçları arasında yer almaktadır. Geleneksel yapılarda
meydana gelen yangınlar, elektrik tesisatı kusurları, restorasyon uygulamaları sırasında uygulanan ısıl işlemler,
bakımsız bacalar ve yangın güvenliği ihmali nedeniyle çıkmaktadır. Bu faktörlerin yanı sıra, ahşabın yapı
malzemesi olarak kullanılması, bakımsızlık, yapıların durumu ve acil durumlarda dar sokaklara ulaşımın zorluğu
nedeniyle Türkiye’deki tarihi çevreler yangınlara karşı oldukça hassastır. Yangınlar, karar verme süreçlerinin tüm
aşamalarında önlemler alınabildiği takdirde önlenebilir. Yangın risk yönetimine rehberlik eden politikaların varlığı
ve uygulanması, yangınların etkin tedbirlerle önlenmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Ancak uluslararası ve
ulusal yangın risk yönetimi politikaları ve düzenleyici çerçeve belgeleri inceleyen çalışmalar yetersizdir.
Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı kültürel miras yangın risk yönetimi politikalarını, İngiltere ve Türkiye
örneklerini karşılaştırarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birinci bölümde, kültürel mirası etkileyen yangın
olayları ve uygulanabilir yangın riski yönetimi politikaları tartışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, tarihi yapı ve çevrelere
yönelik yangın risk yönetimiyle ilgili uluslararası politikalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, Avrupa Yangından
Korunma Dernekleri Konfederasyonu (CFPA-E) ve Yangından Korunma Ulusal Birliği’nin (NFPA) yangın risk
yönetimiyle ilgili düzenlemeleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, İngiltere ve Türkiye’deki kültürel miras yangın riski yönetimine yönelik yasal ve idari düzenlemeler ulusal düzeyde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma iki örneğin
karşılaştırmalı analizine dayalı olarak kültürel miras yangın risk yönetimi politika önerileriyle sona ermektedir.
Bu araştırma hem İngiltere hem de Türkiye örneğinde kültürel miras yangın riski yönetimi konusunda açıklayıcı
ve yasal olarak bağlayıcı düzenlemeler gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

References

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  • CEYLAN, O. & ARPACIOĞLU, Ü., 2017. Korunması Gerekli Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıklarında Edilgen Yangın Korunumu, İstanbul Örneği. Megaron, s.145-156.
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  • FERREIRA, T. M., VICENTE, R., MENDES DA SILVA, J. A. R., VARUM, H., COSTA, A., & MAIO, R., 2016. “Urban Fire Risk: Evaluation and Emergency Planning”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.739-745. HUANG, D., LI, L., ZHANG, H., SHI, L., XU, C. L. ve YANG, H., 2009. “Recent Progress in Research of Fire Protection on Historic Buildings”. Journal of Applied Fire Science, s.63-81.
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  • JENNINGS, C. R., 2013. “Social and economic characteristics as determinants of residential fire risk in urban neighborhoods: A review of the literature”. Fire Safety Journal, s.13-19.
  • İBRAHİM, M. N., ABDUL-HAMİD, K., İBRAHİM, M. S., MOHD-DİN, A., YUNUS, R. M., & YAHYA, M., 2011. “The Development of Fire Risk Assessment Method for Heritage Building”. Procedia Engineering, s.317-324.
  • KARLSEN, E., 2001. Fire Protection of Norwegian Cultural Heritage. [http://www.itam.cas.cz/ARCCHIP/w04/w04_karlsen.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 11.02.2021
  • KELLEY, J., 2020. “Between Two Disasters: Western Hemisphere”. ICOMOS 6 ISCs Joint Meeting Proceedings Advancing Risk Management for the Shared Future, 17 October 2020. s.192-202.
  • KINCAID, S., 2019. Fires in Historical Buildings The Importance of Emergency Planning, [ihbc.org.uk/Yearbook/2019Yearbook/18/index.html] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021
  • LONDON FIRE BRIGADE, 2019. Fire Safety Guidance Note: Heritage and Buildings of Special Interest [https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/media/4810/gn_80-fire-safety-guidance-note-heritage-and-buildings-of-special-interest.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021
  • MARRION, C., 2016. “More Effectively Addressing Fire/Disaster Challenges to Protect Our Cultural Heritage”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.746-749.
  • MARRION, C., 2020. Protecting Our Cultural Icons from Fire: Lessons Learned from Notre Dame [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHgmGFKzy4g&ab_channel=WorldMonumentsFund] Son Erişim Tarihi 14.01.2021
  • NFPA 909, 2017. Codes for the Protection of Cultural Resources Properties- Museums, Libraries and Places of Worship [https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=909] Son Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2021
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  • ÖZGÜNLER, M., 2018. “Tarihi Binalarda Yangına Karşı Korunma ve Mevzuatın İrdelenmesi”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, s.14-21.
  • PAPAIOANNOU, K., tarih yok. Αn International Overview of Fire Protection of Cultural Heritage, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyriakos-Papaioannou/publication/228590718_AN_INTERNATIONAL_OVERVIEW_OF_FIRE_PROTECTION_OF_CULTURAL_HERITAGE/links/00b4952d3cbd187b42000000/AN-INTERNATIONAL-OVERVIEW-OF-FIRE-PROTECTION-OF-CULTURAL-HERITAGE.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021.
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  • PICKARD, R., 1994a. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part I”. Structural Survey, 12 (2), s.27-31.
  • PICKARD, R., 1994b. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part II”. Structural Survey, 12 (3), s.8-10.
  • RAMACHANDRAN, G., 1999. “Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment”. Facilities, 17(9/10), s.363–377.
  • RTPI, 2017a. Summary: Responsibility for Fire Safety during the Development Application Process in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1911/summaryresponsibilityfiresafetyengland2017.pdf] 07.04.2021.
  • RTPI, 2017b. Improving Fire Safety in Development Management in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1912/improvingfiresafetydevelopmentmanagement2017.pdf] 07.04.2021
  • SARIKAYA Y., 2003. “Urban Fire Risk in Historic City Centers: The Case of Ankara Citadel”. The 7th Scientific Conference of Historical Structures: Historic Structures and Disasters.
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  • TWILT, L. & LOSTETTER, M. Ö., 2005. Position of Fire Safety of Cultural Heritage in the Regulatory System in Various European Countries [http://www.framemethod.net/indexen_html_files/wg1finalreport.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 15.02.2021.
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  • ULUÇ, A., ŞENOL BALABAN, M., 2019. “The Comparison of Institutional Frameworks regarding Risk Management for Conservation of Cultural Heritage by Focusing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites: The Cases of the UK, Japan and Turkey”. Resilience, 3(2), s.347-367.
  • WATT, J. M., & KAPLAN, M. E., 2001. “Fire Risk Index for Historic Buildings”. Fire Technology, s.167-180.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Cultural Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aynur Uluç 0000-0003-3100-5384

Meltem Şenol Balaban 0000-0003-2411-3563

Sibel Yıldırım Esen 0000-0002-4415-5958

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date June 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Uluç, A., Şenol Balaban, M., & Yıldırım Esen, S. (2021). KÜLTÜREL MİRAS YANGIN RİSK YÖNETİMİ POLİTİKALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ. TÜBA-KED Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi(24), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

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