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CONSERVABILITY OF YORAN/DIDYMA TRADITIONAL RURAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTLEMENT: A HISTORICAL REVIEW ON THE CHANGE IN PERCEPTIONS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES

Year 2022, Issue: 26, 109 - 134, 15.12.2022

Ebru Harman Aslan , Mehmet Cengiz Can

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2022.26.006

Abstract

Historical stratification resulting from ongoing settling is a common characteristic of most Anatolian settlements, both in urban and rural areas. In this regard, Yoran/Didyma rural settlement serves as an example; whose built environment comprises the coexistence of archaeological remains and traditional rural architecture. The continuing life in the traditional rural fabric on/around the ancient artifacts distinguishes Didyma from other archaeological sites. Due to Didyma's archaeological resources, it was designated as a 1st-degree archaeological site in 1976; however, traditional rural architecture and historical stratification of the settlement are neither assigned heritage values nor attempts undertaken to preserve them for a considerable time. More than 30 buildings were registered as cultural assets after 1998; however, this is insufficient to preserve the settlement's authentic character and integrity. In 2015, a major paradigm shift for preserving the settlement emerged by providing the stakeholders with a chance to discuss the settlement's conservation issues. In the conservation field, there are two main approaches which differ in terms of definition, purpose, and main aims of conservation, as well as conservation objects and methods: A material-based approach and a value-based approach. While the material-based approach’s primary goal is to prevent the loss of physical heritage, the value-based approach focuses on the values that society ascribes to heritage. In this context, evidence of these conservation approaches, which were effective in the preservation of Yoran in the historical process, were traced. This study aims to discuss the conservability of the Yoran/Didyma through the changing cultural heritage value perceptions of conservation experts and decision-makers; and is to question whether the conservation statuses defined in the national legislation are sufficient to respond to the unique conservation problems, threats and potentials of the settlement.

Keywords

Rural architectural heritage archaeological heritage cultural heritage values conservation Yoran (Eski Hisar)/Didyma.

References

  • AKRAWI, A. (2002) “Petra, Jordan.” In J. M. Teutonico and G. Palumbo (Eds.) Management Planning for Archaeological Sites: An International Workshop Organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and Loyola Marymount University, May 2000, Corinth, Greece, 98−112. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • AVRAMI, E., MASON, R. AND DE LA TORRE, M. (Eds.) 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • AYDOĞAN, Ö. 2011. Didim'in Dünü Yoran. Didim: Didim Belediyesi.
  • BİLSEL, S.M.C. 1996. “From Scientific Framing to Architectural Reconstruction the Creation of an Ideal Image at Didyma,” Master of Science in Architectural Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Architecture, Massachusetts.
  • BUMKE, H., BREDER, J., KAISER, I., REICHARDT, B. and WEBER, U. 2015. “Didyma. Bericht über die Arbeiten der Jahre 2010–2013”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 109-172.
  • CHANDLER, R., REVETT, N. and PARS, W. 1769. Ionian Antiquities. London: T. Spilsbury and W. Haskell.
  • CLAVIR, M. 2002. Preserving What is Valued Museums, Conservation and First Nations. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • DALLAWAY, J. 1797. Constantinople Ancient and Modern: With Excursions to the Shores and Islands of the Archipelago and to the Troad. London: T. Cadell, Junr. & W. Davies.
  • DE LA TORRE, M. (Ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. DE LA TORRE, M., MACLEAN, M., MASON, R. and MYERS, D. 2005. Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies. M. De la Torre (Eds.) Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • DE LA TORRE, M. 2005. “Part One: Project Background.” In M. De la Torre, M. MacLean, R. Mason and D. Myers (Eds.), Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies, 1−13. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • DE LABORDE, L. and DE LABORDE, A. 1838. Voyage de l'Asie Mineure. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères.
  • DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT (DAI). 2021. “Didyma - Das Orakelheiligtum des Apollon”, https://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/48490#_LFR_FN__projectdisplay_WAR_daiportlet_view_history, Access date: 21 February 2021
  • DİDİM BELEDİYESİ 2015. “Didim Apollon Tapınağı Çevresi Planlama Sorunları Çalıştayı Sonuç Raporu 17-18 Eylül 2015.” Didim.
  • FEILDEN, B. M. and JOKILEHTO, J. 1998. “Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites”, https://www.iccrom.org/publication/management-guidelines-world-cultural-heritage-sites, Access date: 27 April 2022
  • FURTWÄNGLER, A.E. 2008. “Didyma Kazısı”. In Fahriye Bayram (Ed.) Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu’nun 30. Yılı Anısına: Türkiye Arkeolojisi, 86-87. Ankara: Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • GELL, W. 1821. Antiquities of Ionia (Band 1). London: Society of Dilettanti.
  • GÜÇER, E. 2004. “Archaeology and Urban Planning-A Consensus Between Conservation and Development: Aphrodisias and Geyre,” Master of Science, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir. HARMAN ASLAN, E. 2016. “Arkeolojik ve Geleneksel Kırsal Mimari Miras Birlikteliğinin Korunabilirliği,” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • HAUSSOULLIER, B. and PONTREMOLI, E. 1904. Didymes, Fouilles de 1895 et 1896. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeur.
  • INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES (ICOMOS) 1964. “International Charter For The Conservation And Restoration Of Monuments And Sites (The Venice Charter)”, https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf, Access date: 12 March 2022
  • KAZIL, E., 2005. "Eskihisar (Stratonikeia)", Mimarlık, 324, http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=31&RecID=525, Access date: 17 April 2022
  • KNACKFUSS, H. 1941. Didyma. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • MACKAY, R. 2019. “Values-Based Management and the Burra Charter”. In E. Avrami, S. Macdonald, R. Mason & D. Myers (Eds.) Values in Heritage Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions, 166-194. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • MASON, R. 2002. “Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices”. In M. de la Torre (Ed.), Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage, 5-30. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • MASON, R. and AVRAMI, E. 2002. “Heritage Values and Challenges of Conservation Planning”. In J. M. Teutonico and G. Palumbo (Eds.), Management Planning for Archaeological Sites: An International Workshop organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and Loyola Marymount University, May 2000, Corinth, Greece, 13−26. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • NEWTON, S.C.T. 1865. Travels and Discoveries in the Levant Vol. II. London: Day and Son.
  • OMAY POLAT, E. E., HARMAN ASLAN, E. and CAN ÇETIN, B. 2013. “Archaeological and Vernacular Heritage Coexistence in Rural Areas: Didyma Case in Turkey.,” ICOMOS CIAV International Conference on Vernacular Architecture and Earthen Heritage: Contributions for Sustainable Development, Vila Nova de Cerveira: CRC Press, 507-512.
  • POULIOS, I. 2014. “Discussing Strategy in Heritage Conservation: Living Heritage Approach as an Example of Strategic Innovation”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2012-0048
  • RIEGL, A. 2015. Modern Anıt Kültü Doğası ve Kökeni. (Çev: Erdem Ceylan). İstanbul: Daimon (Orjinal yayın tarihi: 1903)
  • Texier, C. 2002. Küçük Asya: Coğrafyası, Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi. (Çev: Ali Suat, Kâzım Yaşar Kopraman, Musa Yıldız). Ankara: Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı (Orjinal yayın tarihi, 1862).
  • THE AUSTRALIA ICOMOS 1999. “The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter)”, https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/BURRA_CHARTER.pdf , Access date: 7 June 2022
  • TOKER, A. 2018. “İkinci Hayatların Kenti Didim”, In Prof. Dr. N. Kozak (Eds.) Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Turizm, 119-153, İstanbul: Yıkılmazlar Basın.
  • T.C. RESMİ GAZETE 9 Ocak 1977. Didyma Yerleşim Planı, 15814. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15814.pdf, Access date: 16 June 2022
  • UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 1972. “Convention Corcerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”, https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf, Access date: 8 March 2022 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 2021. “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”, https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/, Access date: 3 February 2022
  • VON GAISBERG, E. and BUMKE, H. 2019. “Didyma, Türkei. Site Management und Tempelkonsolidierung. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2017 und 2018”, e-Forschungsberichte, 212-223.
  • YERGÜN, U., GENÇER, C.İ., ÇELEBIOĞLU, B. and ÇIFCI, A. 2013. “Architectural Morphology and Construction Techniques of Traditional Yoran Houses, Turkey,” ICOMOS CIAV International Conference on Vernacular Architecture and Earthen Heritage: Contributions for Sustainable Development, Vila Nova de Cerveira: CRC Press, 337-342.
  • URL-1 : https://yandex.com.tr/harita/, Access date: 29 July 2021.
  • URL-2 : https://www.didimgezgini.com/tr/galeri.php?konumid=0133, Access date: 27 October 2016.
  • URL-3 : http://www.didimozgurses.com/web/?p=19143, Access date: 27 October 2016.

CONSERVABILITY OF YORAN/DIDYMA TRADITIONAL RURAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTLEMENT: A HISTORICAL REVIEW ON THE CHANGE IN PERCEPTIONS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES

Year 2022, Issue: 26, 109 - 134, 15.12.2022

Ebru Harman Aslan , Mehmet Cengiz Can

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2022.26.006

Abstract

Historical stratification resulting from ongoing settling is a common characteristic of most Anatolian settlements, both in urban and rural areas. In this regard, Yoran/Didyma rural settlement serves as an example; whose built environment comprises the coexistence of archaeological remains and traditional rural architecture. The continuing life in the traditional rural fabric on/around the ancient artifacts distinguishes Didyma from other archaeological sites. Due to Didyma's archaeological resources, it was designated as a 1st-degree archaeological site in 1976; however, traditional rural architecture and historical stratification of the settlement are neither assigned heritage values nor attempts undertaken to preserve them for a considerable time. More than 30 buildings were registered as cultural assets after 1998; however, this is insufficient to preserve the settlement's authentic character and integrity. In 2015, a major paradigm shift for preserving the settlement emerged by providing the stakeholders with a chance to discuss the settlement's conservation issues. In the conservation field, there are two main approaches which differ in terms of definition, purpose, and main aims of conservation, as well as conservation objects and methods: A material-based approach and a value-based approach. While the material-based approach’s primary goal is to prevent the loss of physical heritage, the value-based approach focuses on the values that society ascribes to heritage. In this context, evidence of these conservation approaches, which were effective in the preservation of Yoran in the historical process, were traced. This study aims to discuss the conservability of the Yoran/Didyma through the changing cultural heritage value perceptions of conservation experts and decision-makers; and is to question whether the conservation statuses defined in the national legislation are sufficient to respond to the unique conservation problems, threats and potentials of the settlement.

Keywords

Rural architectural heritage archaeological heritage cultural heritage values conservation Yoran (Eski Hisar)/Didyma.

References

  • AKRAWI, A. (2002) “Petra, Jordan.” In J. M. Teutonico and G. Palumbo (Eds.) Management Planning for Archaeological Sites: An International Workshop Organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and Loyola Marymount University, May 2000, Corinth, Greece, 98−112. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • AVRAMI, E., MASON, R. AND DE LA TORRE, M. (Eds.) 2000. Values and Heritage Conservation: Research Report. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • AYDOĞAN, Ö. 2011. Didim'in Dünü Yoran. Didim: Didim Belediyesi.
  • BİLSEL, S.M.C. 1996. “From Scientific Framing to Architectural Reconstruction the Creation of an Ideal Image at Didyma,” Master of Science in Architectural Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Architecture, Massachusetts.
  • BUMKE, H., BREDER, J., KAISER, I., REICHARDT, B. and WEBER, U. 2015. “Didyma. Bericht über die Arbeiten der Jahre 2010–2013”, Archäologischer Anzeiger, 109-172.
  • CHANDLER, R., REVETT, N. and PARS, W. 1769. Ionian Antiquities. London: T. Spilsbury and W. Haskell.
  • CLAVIR, M. 2002. Preserving What is Valued Museums, Conservation and First Nations. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • DALLAWAY, J. 1797. Constantinople Ancient and Modern: With Excursions to the Shores and Islands of the Archipelago and to the Troad. London: T. Cadell, Junr. & W. Davies.
  • DE LA TORRE, M. (Ed.) 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage: Research Report. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. DE LA TORRE, M., MACLEAN, M., MASON, R. and MYERS, D. 2005. Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies. M. De la Torre (Eds.) Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • DE LA TORRE, M. 2005. “Part One: Project Background.” In M. De la Torre, M. MacLean, R. Mason and D. Myers (Eds.), Heritage Values in Site Management: Four Case Studies, 1−13. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • DE LABORDE, L. and DE LABORDE, A. 1838. Voyage de l'Asie Mineure. Paris: Firmin Didot Frères.
  • DEUTSCHES ARCHAOLOGISCHES INSTITUT (DAI). 2021. “Didyma - Das Orakelheiligtum des Apollon”, https://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/48490#_LFR_FN__projectdisplay_WAR_daiportlet_view_history, Access date: 21 February 2021
  • DİDİM BELEDİYESİ 2015. “Didim Apollon Tapınağı Çevresi Planlama Sorunları Çalıştayı Sonuç Raporu 17-18 Eylül 2015.” Didim.
  • FEILDEN, B. M. and JOKILEHTO, J. 1998. “Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites”, https://www.iccrom.org/publication/management-guidelines-world-cultural-heritage-sites, Access date: 27 April 2022
  • FURTWÄNGLER, A.E. 2008. “Didyma Kazısı”. In Fahriye Bayram (Ed.) Uluslararası Kazı, Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyumu’nun 30. Yılı Anısına: Türkiye Arkeolojisi, 86-87. Ankara: Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • GELL, W. 1821. Antiquities of Ionia (Band 1). London: Society of Dilettanti.
  • GÜÇER, E. 2004. “Archaeology and Urban Planning-A Consensus Between Conservation and Development: Aphrodisias and Geyre,” Master of Science, İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir. HARMAN ASLAN, E. 2016. “Arkeolojik ve Geleneksel Kırsal Mimari Miras Birlikteliğinin Korunabilirliği,” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • HAUSSOULLIER, B. and PONTREMOLI, E. 1904. Didymes, Fouilles de 1895 et 1896. Paris: Ernest Leroux Editeur.
  • INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON MONUMENTS AND SITES (ICOMOS) 1964. “International Charter For The Conservation And Restoration Of Monuments And Sites (The Venice Charter)”, https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf, Access date: 12 March 2022
  • KAZIL, E., 2005. "Eskihisar (Stratonikeia)", Mimarlık, 324, http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=31&RecID=525, Access date: 17 April 2022
  • KNACKFUSS, H. 1941. Didyma. Berlin: Gebr. Mann.
  • MACKAY, R. 2019. “Values-Based Management and the Burra Charter”. In E. Avrami, S. Macdonald, R. Mason & D. Myers (Eds.) Values in Heritage Management: Emerging Approaches and Research Directions, 166-194. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • MASON, R. 2002. “Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices”. In M. de la Torre (Ed.), Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage, 5-30. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • MASON, R. and AVRAMI, E. 2002. “Heritage Values and Challenges of Conservation Planning”. In J. M. Teutonico and G. Palumbo (Eds.), Management Planning for Archaeological Sites: An International Workshop organised by the Getty Conservation Institute and Loyola Marymount University, May 2000, Corinth, Greece, 13−26. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute.
  • NEWTON, S.C.T. 1865. Travels and Discoveries in the Levant Vol. II. London: Day and Son.
  • OMAY POLAT, E. E., HARMAN ASLAN, E. and CAN ÇETIN, B. 2013. “Archaeological and Vernacular Heritage Coexistence in Rural Areas: Didyma Case in Turkey.,” ICOMOS CIAV International Conference on Vernacular Architecture and Earthen Heritage: Contributions for Sustainable Development, Vila Nova de Cerveira: CRC Press, 507-512.
  • POULIOS, I. 2014. “Discussing Strategy in Heritage Conservation: Living Heritage Approach as an Example of Strategic Innovation”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-10-2012-0048
  • RIEGL, A. 2015. Modern Anıt Kültü Doğası ve Kökeni. (Çev: Erdem Ceylan). İstanbul: Daimon (Orjinal yayın tarihi: 1903)
  • Texier, C. 2002. Küçük Asya: Coğrafyası, Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi. (Çev: Ali Suat, Kâzım Yaşar Kopraman, Musa Yıldız). Ankara: Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı (Orjinal yayın tarihi, 1862).
  • THE AUSTRALIA ICOMOS 1999. “The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (The Burra Charter)”, https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/BURRA_CHARTER.pdf , Access date: 7 June 2022
  • TOKER, A. 2018. “İkinci Hayatların Kenti Didim”, In Prof. Dr. N. Kozak (Eds.) Dünden Bugüne Türkiye’de Turizm, 119-153, İstanbul: Yıkılmazlar Basın.
  • T.C. RESMİ GAZETE 9 Ocak 1977. Didyma Yerleşim Planı, 15814. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15814.pdf, Access date: 16 June 2022
  • UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 1972. “Convention Corcerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”, https://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-en.pdf, Access date: 8 March 2022 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (UNESCO) 2021. “Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention”, https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/, Access date: 3 February 2022
  • VON GAISBERG, E. and BUMKE, H. 2019. “Didyma, Türkei. Site Management und Tempelkonsolidierung. Die Arbeiten der Jahre 2017 und 2018”, e-Forschungsberichte, 212-223.
  • YERGÜN, U., GENÇER, C.İ., ÇELEBIOĞLU, B. and ÇIFCI, A. 2013. “Architectural Morphology and Construction Techniques of Traditional Yoran Houses, Turkey,” ICOMOS CIAV International Conference on Vernacular Architecture and Earthen Heritage: Contributions for Sustainable Development, Vila Nova de Cerveira: CRC Press, 337-342.
  • URL-1 : https://yandex.com.tr/harita/, Access date: 29 July 2021.
  • URL-2 : https://www.didimgezgini.com/tr/galeri.php?konumid=0133, Access date: 27 October 2016.
  • URL-3 : http://www.didimozgurses.com/web/?p=19143, Access date: 27 October 2016.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cultural Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ebru Harman Aslan 0000-0003-2489-7628

Mehmet Cengiz Can 0000-0002-8854-0743

Publication Date December 15, 2022
Submission Date July 6, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 26

Cite

APA Harman Aslan, E., & Can, M. C. (2022). CONSERVABILITY OF YORAN/DIDYMA TRADITIONAL RURAL-ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTLEMENT: A HISTORICAL REVIEW ON THE CHANGE IN PERCEPTIONS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES. TÜBA-KED Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi(26), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2022.26.006
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