ELEKTROENSEFALOGRAFİ BEYİN-MAKİNE ARAYÜZLERİNİN GELİŞİMİ

Year 2019, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1 - 15, 31.12.2019

Zehra Yıldız

Abstract

Son
zamanlarda nörobilimdeki nöral aktivite görüntüleme ve analiz tekniklerinin
hızlı gelişimi, beyindeki sinir ağlarındaki bilginin nasıl işlendiğinin
anlamamıza yardımcı olmuştur. Sinir ağlarının düzeni, işleyişi hakkında elde
edilen yeni yaklaşımlar ile bunlara bağlı gelişmeler, önceden tedavisi zor
hatta imkansız gibi görünen tibbi nörolojik durumlar için yeni çözüm yolları göstermiştir.
Beyin-Makine ya da Beyin-Bilgisayar Arayüzleri (Brain-Computer İnterfaces, BBA)
bu alandaki yeni araştırma alanlarından biridir.BBA, nörobilim, istatistik ve
sayısal yöntemler ile birlikte ortaya çıkan bir araştırma alanıdır. BBA,
iletişim ve kontrol için bir bireyin beynindeki nöral aktiviteyi doğrudan
kullanan insan-bilgisayar iletişim sistemleri sağlayacak konular ile ilgilenir.
BBA, son 10-15 yılda hızlı ilerlemeler kaydeden yeni bir araştırma alanıdır.
Sanal ve gerçek durumda bir robotik maniplatörün BBA kontrolü, ilk olarak hayvan
denekler üzerinde nöral aktivite görüntülemek için beyine bir dizi mikroelektrot
yerleştirilerek yapılmıştır. BBA kontrolü, non-invaziv elektroensefalografi (EEG)
görüntüleme tekniği insan denekleri üzerinde de uygulanmıştır. Bununla beraber
fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, deneklerin görsel hafızaları
üzerinde başarılı sonuçlar verebileceği görülmüştür. Devam eden gelişmeler ile BBA’ler
birçok yeni pratik uygulamalar ile birlikte motor ve iletişim yetersizliği olan
binlerce insan için hayat kalitesini iyileştirebilecek radikal yeni iletişim
sistemlerinin ve tibbi protezlerin yapılabileceğini vaad eder. Türkiye’de BBA
alanında teorik ve uygulama boyutunda yapılan çok az çalışma vardır. Bu
çalışmada özellikle elektroensefalografi beyin-bilgisayar arayüzleri (EEG BBA)
çalışmaları ve tarihçesi ile ilgili yapılan önemli temel çalışmalar hakkında
bilgi verilmiştir. 

Keywords

Beyin-bilgisayar arayüzeyi, elektroensefalografi, sinirsel protezler, nörogörünteleme, makine öğrenme

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