Parents' shares on Instagram in the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic
Year 2022,
, 1 - 15, 31.01.2022
Sühendan Er
,
Nergis Hazal Yılmaztürk
,
Tuba Özgül
,
Figen Çok
Abstract
Many people had to stay at home with their families during the pandemic because of social distancing guidelines and lockdowns. This study aims to explore the content of 'sharenting' of parents during the early COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine periods in Turkey. In total, 401 posts were collected from public Instagram accounts of parents who shared their own children's photos or videos between 18th-30th April 2020, via the most commonly used hashtags of #korona (#corona) and #evdekal (#stayhome). Descriptive content analysis was conducted within identified categories. Results revealed that the popular hashtag #stayathome is particularly important for its optimistic representation of the lockdown process in society. Content analysis results show that with the inclusion of social media shares, family members spent more time together, which can be seen as one of the positive consequences of this period. In the results of continued sharenting during the early pandemic, children's faces were mainly kept visible, which might concern children's privacy. Additionally, mothers shared more during this period. Consequently, education to increase awareness of such concepts gains importance, especially for the well-being and privacy of children and any future implications.
References
- Adler, A. (1927). Understanding Human Nature. [Menschenkenntnis]. Greenberg.
- Akee, R., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., & Simeonova, E. (2018). How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors? American Economic Review, 108 (3), 775-827. https://doi.org/10.3386/w21562
- Altun, D. (2019). An investigation of preschool children's digital footprints and screen times, and of parents' sharenting and digital parenting roles. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 10(35), 76-97.
- Archer, C., & Kao, K.T. (2018). Mother, baby and Facebook makes three: does social media provide social support for new mothers? Media International Australia, 168(1), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X18783016
- Atlı, S., Gunuc, S. , Kuss, D. & Baran, G. (2019). Impact of parents’ technology use on 18- to 24-month-old infants’ adaptive behaviors. Adaptive Behavior, 27(3) 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319845340
- Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of social media use with social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health: Disentangling routine use from emotional connection to use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
- Bessant, C. (2018). Sharenting: Balancing conflicting rights of parents and children. Journal of Computer, Media and Telecommunication Law, 23(1), 1-3.
- Blum-Ross, A. & Livingstone, S. (2017). Sharenting, parent blogging, and the boundaries of the digital self. Popular Communication, 15(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2016.1223300
- Hewson, C. &Buchanan, T. (2013). Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediated Research. The British Psychological Society.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Ecological systems theory. Sage Publications.
- Brosch, A. (2016). When the child is born into the internet: Sharenting as a growing trend among parents on Facebook. The New Educational Review, 43(1), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2016.43.1.19
- Choi, G. Y., & Lewallen, J. (2018). "Say Instagram, Kids!": Examining Sharenting and Children's Digital Representations on Instagram. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(2), 140-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1327380
- Cino, D., & Dalledonne Vandini, C. (2020). "My kid, my rule": Governing children's digital footprints as a source of dialectical tensions between mothers and daughters-in-law. Studies in Communication Sciences, 20(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2020.02.003
- Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational Psychology and Measurement, 20, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
- De Wolf, R. (2020). Contextualizing how teens manage personal and interpersonal privacy on social media. New media & society, 22(6) 1058-1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819876570
- Davidson-Wall, N. (2018, April). “Mum, seriously!” Sharenting the new social trend with no opt out [Paper presentation]. The 9th Debating Communities and Social Networks OUA Conference. http://networkconference.netstudies.org/2018OUA/2018/04/22/mum-seriously-sharenting-the-new-social-trend-with-no-opt-out/
- Davis, M., Clark, S. J., Singer, D. C., Hale, K., Matos-Moreno, A., & Kauffman, A. D. (2015). Parents on social media: Likes and dislikes of sharenting, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health. 23(2), 1-2.
- Demir, T., & Drentea, P. (2016). Family as a social institution. In C.L. Shehan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Wiley Online Library.
- Drouin, M., McDaniel, B. T., Pater, J., & Toscos, T. (2020). How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(11), 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284
- Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. (2015). Parents and social media: Mothers are especially likely to give and receive support on social media. Pew Research Center.
- Erişir, M. R., & Erişir, D. (2018). Children and the new media: Example of "sharenting" specified to Instagram. New Media, (4)5, 50-63.
- Gibson, L., & Hanson, V. L. (2013). Digital motherhood: How does technology help new mothers? Human Factors in Computing Systems, 313-322, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2470654.2470700.
- Günüç, S. (2020). Examining ‘sharenting’ from a psychological perspective: Comparing Turkish and British mothers. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12, 281-297. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.795651
- Gwet, K.L. (2014). Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability: The Definitive Guide to Measuring the Extent of Agreement Among Raters. Advanced Analytics, LLC.
- Imran, N., Zeshan, M., & Pervaiz, Z. (2020). Mental health considerations for children & adolescents in COVID-19 Pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759
- Kross E., Verduyn P., Demiralp E., Park J., Lee D.S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective wellbeing in young adults. Plos One, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
- Kumar, P., & Schoenebeck, S. (2015). The modern day baby book: Enacting good mothering and stewarding privacy on Facebook. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, ACM, 1302-1312. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675149
- Lacsa, J. E. (2021). #COVID19: Hashtags and the power of social media. Journal of Public Health, fdap242, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab242
- Latipah, E., Kistoro H. C. A, Hasanah, F.F., & Putranta, H. (2020). Elaborating motive and psychological impact of sharenting in millennial parents. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(10), 4807-4817. https://doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081052
- Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., Dann, C., Locke, A., & Roper, S. (2019). Sharenting: Pride, affect and day to day politics of digital mothering. Social Personal Psychological Compass. 13, e12443. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12443
- Lynch, N., & Liefaard, T. (2020). What is left in the “too hard basket”? Developments and challenges for the rights of children in conflict with the law. International Journal of Children's Rights, 28, 89-110. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801007
- MacKay, K., Barbe, D., Van Winkle, C.M. & Halpenny, E. (2017). Social media activity in a festival context: temporal and content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(2), 669-689. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0618
- Maraşlı, M., Sühendan, E., Yılmaztürk, N. H., & Çok, F. (2016). Parents' shares on social networking sites about their children: Sharenting, Anthropologist, 24 (2), 399-406.
- Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673
- Moser, C., Chen T., & Schoenebeck, S.Y. (2017). Parents’ and children’s preferences about parents sharing about children on social media. Human Factors in Computing Systems, 5221-5225. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025587
- Naidui, S. (2021). Reimagining education futures to lead learning for tomorrow. Distance Education, 42:3, 327-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1956306
- Nesmith,A., Patton,R., Christophersen K., & Smart, C. (2017). Promoting quality parent–child visits: the power of the parent–foster parent relationship. Child and Family Social Work, 22, 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12230
- Niknam, F., Samadbeik, M., Fatehi, F., Shirdel, M., Rezazadeh, M., & Bastani, P. (2021). COVID-19 on Instagram: A content analysis of selected accounts. Health Policy and Technology, 10(1), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.016
- Ouwrein, G., & Versvijvel, K. (2019). Sharenting: Parental adoration or public humiliation? A focus group study on adolescents' experiences with sharenting against the background of their own impression management. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.011
- Özer, M. (2020). Educational policy actions by the ministry of national education in the times of COVID-19. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(3), 1124-1129. https://doi.org/1 10.24106/kefdergi.722280
- Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.
- Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. yi, Rosen, D., Colditz, J. B., Radovic, A., & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8. https://doi.org 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Sprang, G., & Silman, M. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22
- Steinberg, S. B. (2017). Sharenting: Children's privacy in the age of social media. Emory Law Journal, 66, 839-884.
- Sweeney, T. J. (2009). Adlerian counseling and psychotherapy: A practitioner's approach. Routledge.
- Timmons, K., Cooper, A., Bozek, E. Braund, H. (2021). The impacts of COVID-19 on early childhood education: Capturing the unique challenges associated with remote teaching and learning in K-2. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49, 887-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01207-z
- Ural, O., & Ramazan, O. (2007). From past to today early childhood education in Turkey. In proceedings of the 3rd TED New Horizons in Education Symposium on Problems of Early Childhood Education and Elementary School, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.308590
- Williams, K. (2009). Mother's pride: Parenting against the grain. Gender and Education,21(4), 467-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250903011350
- Zafri, N. M., Afroj, S., Nafi, I. M., & Hasan, M. M. (2021). A content analysis of newspaper coverage of COVID-19 pandemic for developing a pandemic management framework. Heliyon, 7(3), e06544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06544
COVID-19 günlerinin başlarında anababaların Instagram paylaşımları
Year 2022,
, 1 - 15, 31.01.2022
Sühendan Er
,
Nergis Hazal Yılmaztürk
,
Tuba Özgül
,
Figen Çok
Abstract
Pandemi sırasında birçok kişi sosyal izolasyon ve karantina nedeniyle aileleriyle birlikte evde kalmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu çalışma Türkiye'de COVID-19’un ilk dönemlerindeki karantina günlerinde anababaların sosyal medyada çocuklarına dönük paylaşımlarının içeriğini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Pandeminin ilk dönemi sayılabilecek 18-30 Nisan 2020 tarihleri arasında, Instagram paylaşımlarında popüler hashtagler olan #korona ve #evdekal incelenerek anababaların herkese açık Instagram paylaşımları üzerinden kendi çocuklarının fotoğraflarını/videolarını paylaştığı toplam 401 içeriğe ulaşılmıştır. Belirlenen kategoriler dâhilinde içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sık kullanılan #evdekal hashtagi toplumda başkalarına karşı duyarlılık çağrışımı yapması açısından olumlu bir gelişme olarak kabul edilebilir. Betimleyici içerik analizi sonuçları, sosyal medyanın aile hayatına dahil olması ile birlikte aile üyelerinin birlikte daha çok vakit geçirmeleri vurgusu bakımından, pandemi sürecinin olumlu sonuçlarından biri olarak nitelendirileceğini göstermiştir. Pandemi sürecinde devam eden paylaşımlarda araştırma sonuçları çocukların yüzlerinin çoğunlukla erişebilir olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum, çocukların mahremiyetine ilişkin bir endişe yaratabilir. Bununla birlikte, anneler bu süreçte daha çok paylaşımda bulunmuşlardır. Sonuç olarak, özellikle çocukların psikolojik iyi oluşu ve mahremiyetlerini korumak açısından bu tür kavramların farkındalığını artırmaya yönelik eğitimler ve bunların sonraki çalışmalar açısından önem kazanmaktadır.
References
- Adler, A. (1927). Understanding Human Nature. [Menschenkenntnis]. Greenberg.
- Akee, R., Copeland, W., Costello, E. J., & Simeonova, E. (2018). How does household income affect child personality traits and behaviors? American Economic Review, 108 (3), 775-827. https://doi.org/10.3386/w21562
- Altun, D. (2019). An investigation of preschool children's digital footprints and screen times, and of parents' sharenting and digital parenting roles. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 10(35), 76-97.
- Archer, C., & Kao, K.T. (2018). Mother, baby and Facebook makes three: does social media provide social support for new mothers? Media International Australia, 168(1), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X18783016
- Atlı, S., Gunuc, S. , Kuss, D. & Baran, G. (2019). Impact of parents’ technology use on 18- to 24-month-old infants’ adaptive behaviors. Adaptive Behavior, 27(3) 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059712319845340
- Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of social media use with social well-being, positive mental health, and self-rated health: Disentangling routine use from emotional connection to use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
- Bessant, C. (2018). Sharenting: Balancing conflicting rights of parents and children. Journal of Computer, Media and Telecommunication Law, 23(1), 1-3.
- Blum-Ross, A. & Livingstone, S. (2017). Sharenting, parent blogging, and the boundaries of the digital self. Popular Communication, 15(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2016.1223300
- Hewson, C. &Buchanan, T. (2013). Ethics Guidelines for Internet-mediated Research. The British Psychological Society.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Ecological systems theory. Sage Publications.
- Brosch, A. (2016). When the child is born into the internet: Sharenting as a growing trend among parents on Facebook. The New Educational Review, 43(1), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.15804/tner.2016.43.1.19
- Choi, G. Y., & Lewallen, J. (2018). "Say Instagram, Kids!": Examining Sharenting and Children's Digital Representations on Instagram. Howard Journal of Communications, 29(2), 140-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2017.1327380
- Cino, D., & Dalledonne Vandini, C. (2020). "My kid, my rule": Governing children's digital footprints as a source of dialectical tensions between mothers and daughters-in-law. Studies in Communication Sciences, 20(2), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2020.02.003
- Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational Psychology and Measurement, 20, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
- De Wolf, R. (2020). Contextualizing how teens manage personal and interpersonal privacy on social media. New media & society, 22(6) 1058-1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819876570
- Davidson-Wall, N. (2018, April). “Mum, seriously!” Sharenting the new social trend with no opt out [Paper presentation]. The 9th Debating Communities and Social Networks OUA Conference. http://networkconference.netstudies.org/2018OUA/2018/04/22/mum-seriously-sharenting-the-new-social-trend-with-no-opt-out/
- Davis, M., Clark, S. J., Singer, D. C., Hale, K., Matos-Moreno, A., & Kauffman, A. D. (2015). Parents on social media: Likes and dislikes of sharenting, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health. 23(2), 1-2.
- Demir, T., & Drentea, P. (2016). Family as a social institution. In C.L. Shehan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Family Studies. Wiley Online Library.
- Drouin, M., McDaniel, B. T., Pater, J., & Toscos, T. (2020). How parents and their children used social media and technology at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and associations with anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(11), 727-736. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0284
- Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. (2015). Parents and social media: Mothers are especially likely to give and receive support on social media. Pew Research Center.
- Erişir, M. R., & Erişir, D. (2018). Children and the new media: Example of "sharenting" specified to Instagram. New Media, (4)5, 50-63.
- Gibson, L., & Hanson, V. L. (2013). Digital motherhood: How does technology help new mothers? Human Factors in Computing Systems, 313-322, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2470654.2470700.
- Günüç, S. (2020). Examining ‘sharenting’ from a psychological perspective: Comparing Turkish and British mothers. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 12, 281-297. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.795651
- Gwet, K.L. (2014). Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability: The Definitive Guide to Measuring the Extent of Agreement Among Raters. Advanced Analytics, LLC.
- Imran, N., Zeshan, M., & Pervaiz, Z. (2020). Mental health considerations for children & adolescents in COVID-19 Pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759
- Kross E., Verduyn P., Demiralp E., Park J., Lee D.S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective wellbeing in young adults. Plos One, 8(8), e69841. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
- Kumar, P., & Schoenebeck, S. (2015). The modern day baby book: Enacting good mothering and stewarding privacy on Facebook. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, ACM, 1302-1312. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675149
- Lacsa, J. E. (2021). #COVID19: Hashtags and the power of social media. Journal of Public Health, fdap242, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab242
- Latipah, E., Kistoro H. C. A, Hasanah, F.F., & Putranta, H. (2020). Elaborating motive and psychological impact of sharenting in millennial parents. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(10), 4807-4817. https://doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.081052
- Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., Dann, C., Locke, A., & Roper, S. (2019). Sharenting: Pride, affect and day to day politics of digital mothering. Social Personal Psychological Compass. 13, e12443. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12443
- Lynch, N., & Liefaard, T. (2020). What is left in the “too hard basket”? Developments and challenges for the rights of children in conflict with the law. International Journal of Children's Rights, 28, 89-110. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801007
- MacKay, K., Barbe, D., Van Winkle, C.M. & Halpenny, E. (2017). Social media activity in a festival context: temporal and content analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(2), 669-689. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0618
- Maraşlı, M., Sühendan, E., Yılmaztürk, N. H., & Çok, F. (2016). Parents' shares on social networking sites about their children: Sharenting, Anthropologist, 24 (2), 399-406.
- Montag, C., Yang, H., & Elhai, J. D. (2021). On the psychology of TikTok use: A first glimpse from empirical findings. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.641673
- Moser, C., Chen T., & Schoenebeck, S.Y. (2017). Parents’ and children’s preferences about parents sharing about children on social media. Human Factors in Computing Systems, 5221-5225. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025587
- Naidui, S. (2021). Reimagining education futures to lead learning for tomorrow. Distance Education, 42:3, 327-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1956306
- Nesmith,A., Patton,R., Christophersen K., & Smart, C. (2017). Promoting quality parent–child visits: the power of the parent–foster parent relationship. Child and Family Social Work, 22, 246-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12230
- Niknam, F., Samadbeik, M., Fatehi, F., Shirdel, M., Rezazadeh, M., & Bastani, P. (2021). COVID-19 on Instagram: A content analysis of selected accounts. Health Policy and Technology, 10(1), 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.10.016
- Ouwrein, G., & Versvijvel, K. (2019). Sharenting: Parental adoration or public humiliation? A focus group study on adolescents' experiences with sharenting against the background of their own impression management. Children and Youth Services Review, 99, 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.011
- Özer, M. (2020). Educational policy actions by the ministry of national education in the times of COVID-19. Kastamonu Education Journal, 28(3), 1124-1129. https://doi.org/1 10.24106/kefdergi.722280
- Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Sage.
- Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Whaite, E. O., Lin, L. yi, Rosen, D., Colditz, J. B., Radovic, A., & Miller, E. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(1), 1-8. https://doi.org 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
- Sprang, G., & Silman, M. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 7(1), 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.22
- Steinberg, S. B. (2017). Sharenting: Children's privacy in the age of social media. Emory Law Journal, 66, 839-884.
- Sweeney, T. J. (2009). Adlerian counseling and psychotherapy: A practitioner's approach. Routledge.
- Timmons, K., Cooper, A., Bozek, E. Braund, H. (2021). The impacts of COVID-19 on early childhood education: Capturing the unique challenges associated with remote teaching and learning in K-2. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49, 887-901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01207-z
- Ural, O., & Ramazan, O. (2007). From past to today early childhood education in Turkey. In proceedings of the 3rd TED New Horizons in Education Symposium on Problems of Early Childhood Education and Elementary School, 13-17. https://doi.org/10.17569/tojqi.308590
- Williams, K. (2009). Mother's pride: Parenting against the grain. Gender and Education,21(4), 467-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250903011350
- Zafri, N. M., Afroj, S., Nafi, I. M., & Hasan, M. M. (2021). A content analysis of newspaper coverage of COVID-19 pandemic for developing a pandemic management framework. Heliyon, 7(3), e06544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06544