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Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 54, 99 - 121, 05.04.2022

Mehmet Şahin

Abstract

Bu makalenin amacı Orta Asya’nın politik ekonomisinin haritasını çıkar-maktır. Bu bakımdan bölgeye yönelik olan üç yaklaşım; postkoloniyalizm, liberalizmin başarısızlığı ve hegemonik istikrar teorisi incelenecektir. Çalışma, bu yaklaşımların birbirleriyle yarışan değil, birbirini tamamlayan yaklaşımlar olduğu tezini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda bölgenin özelliği liberalizmin, hegemonyanın ve Sovyet mirasının birbiriyle etkileşim içinde olmasına dayanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla Orta Asya hem liberal piyasadan hem de yönetilen piyasadan farklılık göstermektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışma Orta Asya için politik ekonomi teorisi önermektedir

Keywords

Orta Asya Sovyet mirası politik ekonomi liberalizm hegemonya

References

  • Ambrosio, T. 2008 . Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 60 8 : 1321–1344.
  • Anderson, J. 1995 . Authoritarian political development in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan. Central Asian Survey, 14 4 : 509–527.
  • Åslund, A. 2007 . How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Leiden: Cambridge University Press.
  • Becker, U., & Vasileva, A. 2017 . Russia's political economy re- conceptualized: A changing hybrid of liberalism, statism and patrimonialism. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 8 1 : 83–96.
  • Beissinger, M. R. 2006 . Promoting Democracy: Is Exporting Revolution a Constructive Strategy? Dissent, 53 1 : 18–24.
  • Bolesta, A. 2019 . From socialism to capitalism with communist characteristics: the building of a post-socialist developmental state in Central Asia. Post-Communist Economies, 1–28.
  • Collins, K. 2009 . Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61 2 : 249–281.
  • Cooley, A. 2012 . Great games, local rules: The new great power contest in Central Asia. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cooley, A. 2019 . Ordering Eurasia: The Rise and Decline of Liberal Internationalism in the Post-Communist Space. Security Studies, 28 3 : 588–613.
  • Cooley, A., & Heathershaw, J. 2017 . Dictators without borders: Power and money in Central Asia. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
  • Dabrowski, M., Jermakowicz, W., Pańków, J., Kloc, K., & Antczak, R. 1995 . Economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan. Communist Economies and Economic Transformation, 7 3 : 269–297.
  • Darden, K. A. 2009 . Economic liberalism and its rivals: The formation of international institutions among the post-Soviet states. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Domjan, P., & Stone, M. 2010 . A Comparative Study of Resource Nationalism in Russia and Kazakhstan 2004–2008. Europe-Asia Studies, 62 1 : 35–62.
  • Fidan, H. 2010 . Turkish foreign policy towards Central Asia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12 1 : 109–121.
  • Fisun, & Oleksandr 2012 . Rethinking Post-Soviet Politics from a Neopatrimonial Perspective. Demokratizatsiya, 20 2 : 87–96.
  • Freedom House 2020 . Countries and Territories, https://freedomhouse.org/countries/nations-transit/scores
  • Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1994 . Akayev Konuşması. 19. Dönem 68. Cilt 19. Birleşim. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/td_v2_ist atistik.tutanak_hazirla?v_meclis=&v_donem=&v_yasama_yili=&v_cilt=& v_birlesim=&v_sayfa=&v_anabaslik=&v_altbaslik=&v_mv=&v_sb=&v_oz et=&v_kelime=&v_bastarih=KIRGIZ%DDSTAN%20CUMHURBA%DEKA NI&v_bittarih=Y
  • Heathershaw, J., & Owen, C. 2019 . Authoritarian conflict management in post-colonial Eurasia. Conflict, Security & Development, 19 3 , 269–273.
  • The Heritage Foundation 2020 . Index of Economic Freedom, https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking
  • Hiro, D. 2009 . Inside Central Asia: A political and cultural history of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran 1st ed. . New York: Overlook Duckworth.
  • Hirsch, F. 2005 . Empire of nations: Ethnographic knowledge & the making of the Soviet Union. Culture & society after socialism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hunter, S. 2001 . Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus: Ten years after independence. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1 2 : 1–16.
  • Isaacs, R. 2010 . Informal politics and the uncertain context of transition: revisiting early stage non-democratic development in Kazakhstan. Democratization, 17 1 : 1–25.
  • Jones, P., & Weinthal, E. 2010 . Oil is not a curse: Ownership structure and institutions in Soviet successor states. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaczmarski, M. 2017 . Non-western visions of regionalism: China's New Silk Road and Russia's Eurasian Economic Union. International Affairs, 93 6 : 1357–1376.
  • Kaser, M. 1997 . Economic transition in six Central Asian economies. Central Asian Survey, 16 1 : 5–26.
  • Khalid, A. 2007 . Introduction: Locating the post- colonial in Soviet history. Central Asian Survey, 26 4 : 465–473.
  • Krickovic, A., & Bratersky, M. 2016 . Benevolent hegemon, neighborhood bully, or regional security provider? Russia’s efforts to promote regional integration after the 2013–2014 Ukraine crisis. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57 2 :180–202.
  • Lane, D. 2005 . Emerging Varieties of Capitalism in Former State Socialist Societies. Competition & Change, 9 3 , 227–247.
  • Laruelle, M. 2010 . Russia and Central Asia. In E. Kavalski Ed. , The new Central Asia: The regional impact of international actors pp. 149–176 . New Jersey: World Scientific Pub.
  • Lemon, E., & Antonov, O. 2020 . Authoritarian legal harmonization in the post-Soviet space. Democratization, 1–19.
  • Lewis, D. 2011 . The Colonial Roots of Central Asian Authoritarianism. In S. N. Cummings & R. A. Hinnebusch Eds. , Sovereignty after empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia pp. 178–195 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Lewis, D. 2012 . Understanding the Authoritarian State: Neopatrimonialism in Central Asia. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 19 1 : 115–126.
  • Matveeva, A. 2009 . Legitimising Central Asian Authoritarianism: Political Manipulation and Symbolic Power. Europe-Asia Studies, 61 7 , 1095– 1121.
  • Mitchell, L. A. 2012 . The color revolutions 1st ed. . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Molchanov, M. A. 2015 . Eurasian Regionalism: Ideas and Practices. In R. E. Kanet & M. Sussex Eds. . Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia pp. 135–157 . London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Ostrowski, W. 2011 . Rentierism, Dependency and Sovereignty in Central Asia. S. N. Cummings & R. A. Hinnebusch Eds. . Sovereignty after empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia pp. 282–303 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Pataccini, L., & Malikov, N. 2020 . Transition and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: What Can They Tell Us about the Post- Liberal World Order? Polity, 52 2 : 288–303.
  • Pomfret, R. 2006 . Resource abundance, governance and economic performance in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In R. M. Auty & I. de Soysa Eds. . Central Asia research forum. Energy, wealth and governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia: Lessons not learned pp. 77–93 . London, New York: Routledge.
  • Pomfret, R. W. T. 1995 . The economies of Central Asia. Princeton, N.J., Chichester: Princeton University Press.
  • Roberts, S. 2017 . The Eurasian Economic Union: the geopolitics of authoritarian cooperation. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 58 4 : 418–441.
  • Robinson, N. 2013 . Economic and Political Hybridity: Patrimonial Capitalism in the Post-Soviet Sphere. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 4 2 : 136–145.
  • Romanova, T. 2018 . Russia’s Neorevisionist Challenge to the Liberal International Order. The International Spectator, 53 1 : 76–91.
  • Ross, M. L. 2001 . Does Oil Hinder Democracy. World Politics, 53: 325– 361.
  • Sakal, H. B. 2015 . Natural resource policies and standard of living in Kazakhstan. Central Asian Survey, 34 2 : 237–254.
  • Sergi, B. S. 2018 . Putin's and Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union: A hybrid half-economics and half-political “Janus Bifrons”. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9 1 : 52–60.
  • Slobodchikoff, M. O., & Aleprete, M. E. 2020 . The Impact of Russian-led Eurasian Integration on the International Relations of the Post-Soviet Space. Europe-Asia Studies, 1–15.
  • Spechler, M. C. 2008 . The Political Economy of Reform in Central Asia: Uzbekistan under Authoritarianism. New York: Routledge.
  • Willerton, J. P., Goertz, G., & Slobodchikoff, M. O. 2015 . Mistrust and hegemony: Regional institutional design, the FSU-CIS, and Russia. International Area Studies Review, 18 1 : 26–52.
  • The World Bank 2020 . The World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2019&locations=AM-KG-MD-TJ- KZ-BY-UA-TM-UZ-GE-AZ&start=1990

BETWEEN LEGACY, LIBERALISM, AND HEGEMONY: SEARCH FOR A CENTRAL ASIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY

Year 2020, Volume: 11 Issue: 54, 99 - 121, 05.04.2022

Mehmet Şahin

Abstract

The main purpose of this article is to map the political economy of Central Asia. In this regard, three contesting approaches to the region, which are post-colonialism, failure of liberalism and hegemonic stability theory, will be examined. The article argues that these approaches in fact do not contest, but rather complement each other. To that extent, the uniqueness of the region is based on such interactive relations among liberalism, hegemony and Soviet legacy. Thus, Central Asia differs from both liberal markets and commanded markets. From this point of view, the article will propose a political economy theory for Central Asia

Keywords

Central Asia Soviet legacy political economy liberalism hegemony

References

  • Ambrosio, T. 2008 . Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 60 8 : 1321–1344.
  • Anderson, J. 1995 . Authoritarian political development in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan. Central Asian Survey, 14 4 : 509–527.
  • Åslund, A. 2007 . How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia. Leiden: Cambridge University Press.
  • Becker, U., & Vasileva, A. 2017 . Russia's political economy re- conceptualized: A changing hybrid of liberalism, statism and patrimonialism. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 8 1 : 83–96.
  • Beissinger, M. R. 2006 . Promoting Democracy: Is Exporting Revolution a Constructive Strategy? Dissent, 53 1 : 18–24.
  • Bolesta, A. 2019 . From socialism to capitalism with communist characteristics: the building of a post-socialist developmental state in Central Asia. Post-Communist Economies, 1–28.
  • Collins, K. 2009 . Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61 2 : 249–281.
  • Cooley, A. 2012 . Great games, local rules: The new great power contest in Central Asia. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cooley, A. 2019 . Ordering Eurasia: The Rise and Decline of Liberal Internationalism in the Post-Communist Space. Security Studies, 28 3 : 588–613.
  • Cooley, A., & Heathershaw, J. 2017 . Dictators without borders: Power and money in Central Asia. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
  • Dabrowski, M., Jermakowicz, W., Pańków, J., Kloc, K., & Antczak, R. 1995 . Economic reforms in Kyrgyzstan. Communist Economies and Economic Transformation, 7 3 : 269–297.
  • Darden, K. A. 2009 . Economic liberalism and its rivals: The formation of international institutions among the post-Soviet states. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Domjan, P., & Stone, M. 2010 . A Comparative Study of Resource Nationalism in Russia and Kazakhstan 2004–2008. Europe-Asia Studies, 62 1 : 35–62.
  • Fidan, H. 2010 . Turkish foreign policy towards Central Asia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12 1 : 109–121.
  • Fisun, & Oleksandr 2012 . Rethinking Post-Soviet Politics from a Neopatrimonial Perspective. Demokratizatsiya, 20 2 : 87–96.
  • Freedom House 2020 . Countries and Territories, https://freedomhouse.org/countries/nations-transit/scores
  • Grand National Assembly of Turkey 1994 . Akayev Konuşması. 19. Dönem 68. Cilt 19. Birleşim. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/td_v2_ist atistik.tutanak_hazirla?v_meclis=&v_donem=&v_yasama_yili=&v_cilt=& v_birlesim=&v_sayfa=&v_anabaslik=&v_altbaslik=&v_mv=&v_sb=&v_oz et=&v_kelime=&v_bastarih=KIRGIZ%DDSTAN%20CUMHURBA%DEKA NI&v_bittarih=Y
  • Heathershaw, J., & Owen, C. 2019 . Authoritarian conflict management in post-colonial Eurasia. Conflict, Security & Development, 19 3 , 269–273.
  • The Heritage Foundation 2020 . Index of Economic Freedom, https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking
  • Hiro, D. 2009 . Inside Central Asia: A political and cultural history of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran 1st ed. . New York: Overlook Duckworth.
  • Hirsch, F. 2005 . Empire of nations: Ethnographic knowledge & the making of the Soviet Union. Culture & society after socialism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Hunter, S. 2001 . Turkey, Central Asia, and the Caucasus: Ten years after independence. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1 2 : 1–16.
  • Isaacs, R. 2010 . Informal politics and the uncertain context of transition: revisiting early stage non-democratic development in Kazakhstan. Democratization, 17 1 : 1–25.
  • Jones, P., & Weinthal, E. 2010 . Oil is not a curse: Ownership structure and institutions in Soviet successor states. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kaczmarski, M. 2017 . Non-western visions of regionalism: China's New Silk Road and Russia's Eurasian Economic Union. International Affairs, 93 6 : 1357–1376.
  • Kaser, M. 1997 . Economic transition in six Central Asian economies. Central Asian Survey, 16 1 : 5–26.
  • Khalid, A. 2007 . Introduction: Locating the post- colonial in Soviet history. Central Asian Survey, 26 4 : 465–473.
  • Krickovic, A., & Bratersky, M. 2016 . Benevolent hegemon, neighborhood bully, or regional security provider? Russia’s efforts to promote regional integration after the 2013–2014 Ukraine crisis. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57 2 :180–202.
  • Lane, D. 2005 . Emerging Varieties of Capitalism in Former State Socialist Societies. Competition & Change, 9 3 , 227–247.
  • Laruelle, M. 2010 . Russia and Central Asia. In E. Kavalski Ed. , The new Central Asia: The regional impact of international actors pp. 149–176 . New Jersey: World Scientific Pub.
  • Lemon, E., & Antonov, O. 2020 . Authoritarian legal harmonization in the post-Soviet space. Democratization, 1–19.
  • Lewis, D. 2011 . The Colonial Roots of Central Asian Authoritarianism. In S. N. Cummings & R. A. Hinnebusch Eds. , Sovereignty after empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia pp. 178–195 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Lewis, D. 2012 . Understanding the Authoritarian State: Neopatrimonialism in Central Asia. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 19 1 : 115–126.
  • Matveeva, A. 2009 . Legitimising Central Asian Authoritarianism: Political Manipulation and Symbolic Power. Europe-Asia Studies, 61 7 , 1095– 1121.
  • Mitchell, L. A. 2012 . The color revolutions 1st ed. . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Molchanov, M. A. 2015 . Eurasian Regionalism: Ideas and Practices. In R. E. Kanet & M. Sussex Eds. . Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia pp. 135–157 . London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Ostrowski, W. 2011 . Rentierism, Dependency and Sovereignty in Central Asia. S. N. Cummings & R. A. Hinnebusch Eds. . Sovereignty after empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia pp. 282–303 . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Pataccini, L., & Malikov, N. 2020 . Transition and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: What Can They Tell Us about the Post- Liberal World Order? Polity, 52 2 : 288–303.
  • Pomfret, R. 2006 . Resource abundance, governance and economic performance in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In R. M. Auty & I. de Soysa Eds. . Central Asia research forum. Energy, wealth and governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia: Lessons not learned pp. 77–93 . London, New York: Routledge.
  • Pomfret, R. W. T. 1995 . The economies of Central Asia. Princeton, N.J., Chichester: Princeton University Press.
  • Roberts, S. 2017 . The Eurasian Economic Union: the geopolitics of authoritarian cooperation. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 58 4 : 418–441.
  • Robinson, N. 2013 . Economic and Political Hybridity: Patrimonial Capitalism in the Post-Soviet Sphere. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 4 2 : 136–145.
  • Romanova, T. 2018 . Russia’s Neorevisionist Challenge to the Liberal International Order. The International Spectator, 53 1 : 76–91.
  • Ross, M. L. 2001 . Does Oil Hinder Democracy. World Politics, 53: 325– 361.
  • Sakal, H. B. 2015 . Natural resource policies and standard of living in Kazakhstan. Central Asian Survey, 34 2 : 237–254.
  • Sergi, B. S. 2018 . Putin's and Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union: A hybrid half-economics and half-political “Janus Bifrons”. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9 1 : 52–60.
  • Slobodchikoff, M. O., & Aleprete, M. E. 2020 . The Impact of Russian-led Eurasian Integration on the International Relations of the Post-Soviet Space. Europe-Asia Studies, 1–15.
  • Spechler, M. C. 2008 . The Political Economy of Reform in Central Asia: Uzbekistan under Authoritarianism. New York: Routledge.
  • Willerton, J. P., Goertz, G., & Slobodchikoff, M. O. 2015 . Mistrust and hegemony: Regional institutional design, the FSU-CIS, and Russia. International Area Studies Review, 18 1 : 26–52.
  • The World Bank 2020 . The World Bank Data, https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2019&locations=AM-KG-MD-TJ- KZ-BY-UA-TM-UZ-GE-AZ&start=1990
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Şahin

Publication Date April 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 54

Cite

APA Şahin, M. (2022). BETWEEN LEGACY, LIBERALISM, AND HEGEMONY: SEARCH FOR A CENTRAL ASIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 11(54), 99-121.