The effects of fresh foods on performance: A review

Year 2022, , 132 - 141, 31.12.2022

Nevruz Cin , Seda Çiftçi

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1196535

Abstract

In recent years, it is gradually becoming important for athletes to show sufficient performance at competitions. To improve performance, athletes use ergogenic aids such as protein powders, creatine, and glutamine. However, recent research has also been conducted into the possible ergogenic effects of several fresh foods on exercise. Nutrients show the ergogenic effect by having macro and micronutrients, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive components. These potential ergogenic effects include muscle recovery, prevention of oxidative stress caused by exercise, improved performance, and inhibition of muscle damage. The purpose of this review was to examine the nutritional content and the effects of fresh foods such as beets, cherries, watermelon, tomatoes, grapes, and pomegranate.

Keywords

Ergogenic aid, Fresh fruits, Sport performance

References

• Afaq, F., Malik, A., Syed, D., Maes, D., Matsui, M. S., & Mukhtar, H. (2005). Pomegranate fruit extract modulates UV-B-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of nuclear factor kappa B in normal human epidermal keratinocytes paragraph sign. Photochem Photobiol, 81(1), 38-45.
• Ammar, A., Turki, M., Hammouda, O., Chtourou, H., Trabelsi, K., Bouaziz, M., Abdelkarim, O., Hoekelmann, A., Ayadi, F., Souissi, N., Bailey, S. J., Driss, T., & Yaich, S. (2017). Effects of pomegranate juice supplementation on oxidative stress biomarkers following weightlifting exercise. Nutrients, 9(8), 819.
• Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., Williams, E., Vanhatalo, A., Wylie, L. J., Winyard, P. G., & Jones, A. M. (2016). Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans. Nitric Oxide, 59, 10–20.
• Bayram, H. M., & Öztürkcan, S. A. (2020). Ergogenic supplements in athletes. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci, 5(3), 641–652.
• Blohm, K., Beidler, J., Rosen, P., Kressler, J., & Hong, M. Y. (2019). Effect of acute watermelon juice supplementation on post-submaximal exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate, blood pressure, blood glucose and muscle soreness in healthy non-athletic men and women. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 71(4), 482–489.
• Ceclu, L., & Nistor, O.-V. (2020). Nutritional medicine and diet care red beetroot: composition and health effects-a review. Diet Care, 6(1), 1-9.
• Chhikara, N., Kushwaha, K., Sharma, P., Gat, Y., & Panghal, A. (2019). Bioactive compounds of beetroot and utilization in food processing industry: A critical review. Food Chem, 272, 192–200.
• Costa, M. S., Toscano, L. T., Toscano, L. de L. T., Luna, V. R., Torres, R. A., Silva, J. A., & Silva, A. S. (2022). Ergogenic potential of foods for performance and recovery: a new alternative in sports supplementation? A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 62(6), 1480-1501.
• Cutrufello, P. T., Gadomski, S. J., & Zavorsky, G. S. (2015). The effect of l-citrulline and watermelon juice supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci, 33(14), 1459–1466.
• D’Angelo, S., & Rosa, R. (2020). The impact of supplementation with pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum L.) on sport performance. Sport Sci, 13, 29-37.
• d’Unienville, N. M. A., Blake, H. T., Coates, A. M., Hill, A. M., Nelson, M. J., & Buckley, J. D. (2021). Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 18(1), 76.
• Domínguez, R., Cuenca, E., Maté-Muñoz, J. L., García-Fernández, P., Serra-Paya, N., Estevan, M. C. L., Herreros, P. V., & Garnacho-Castaño, M. V. (2017). Effects of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Cardiorespiratory Endurance in Athletes. A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(1), 43.
• Dutra, M. da C. P., Viana, A. C., Pereira, G. E., Nassur, R. de C. M. R., & Lima, M. dos S. (2021). Whole, concentrated and reconstituted grape juice: Impact of processes on phenolic composition, “foxy” aromas, organic acids, sugars and antioxidant capacity. Food Che, 343, 128399.
• Elejalde, E., Villarán, M. C., & Alonso, R. M. (2021). Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 18(1), 3.
• Gholami, F., Antonio, J., Evans, C., Cheraghi, K., Rahmani, L., & Amirnezhad, F. (2021). Tomato powder is more effective than lycopene to alleviate exercise-induced lipid peroxidation in well-trained male athletes: randomized, double-blinded cross-over study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 18(1), 17.
• Gonzalez, A. M., & Trexler, E. T. (2020). Effects of citrulline supplementation on exercise performance in humans: A review of the current literature. J Strength Cond Res, 34(5), 1480–1495.
• Hadipour, E., Taleghani, A., Tayarani-Najaran, N., & Tayarani-Najaran, Z. (2020). Biological effects of red beetroot and betalains: A review. Phytother Res, 4(8), 1847-1867.
• Howatson, G., McHugh, M. P., Hill, J. A., Brouner, J., Jewell, A. P., van Someren, K. A., Shave, R. E., & Howatson, S. A. (2010). Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20(6), 843–852.
• Ilahy, R., Tlili, I., Siddiqui, M. W., Hdider, C., & Lenucci, M. S. (2019). Inside and beyond color: Comparative overview of functional quality of tomato and watermelon fruits. Front Plant Sci, 10, 769.
• Kale, R. G., Sawate, A. R., Kshirsagar, R. B., Patil, B. M., & Mane, R. P. (2018). Studies on evaluation of physical and chemical composition of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Int J Chem Stud, 6(2), 2977–2979.
• Kandylis, P. (2021). Grapes and their derivatives in functional foods. Foods, 10(3), 672.
• Kawamura, T., & Muraoka, I. (2018). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant intake from a physiological viewpoint. Antioxidants (Basel), 7(9), 119.
• Keane, K. M., Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., Jones, A. M., & Howatson, G. (2018). Effects of montmorency tart cherry (L. Prunus Cerasus) consumption on nitric oxide biomarkers and exercise performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 28(7), 1746–1756.
• Kelley, D. S., Adkins, Y., & Laugero, K. D. (2018). A review of the health benefits of cherries. Nutrients, 10(3), 368.
• Kent, G. L., Dawson, B., McNaughton, L. R., Cox, G. R., Burke, L. M., & Peeling, P. (2018). The effect of beetroot juice supplementation on repeat-sprint performance in hypoxia. J Sports Sci, 37(3), 339–346.
• Khomich, L. M., Perova, I. B., & Eller, K. I. (2019). Pomegranate juice nutritional profile. Vopr Pitan, 88(5), 80–92.
• Kim, J. K., Kim, K. A., Choi, H. M., Park, S. K., & Stebbins, C. L. (2018). Grape seed extract supplementation attenuates the blood pressure response to exercise in prehypertensive men. J Med Food, 21(5), 445–453.
• Kozłowska, L., Mizera, O., Gromadzińska, J., Janasik, B., Mikołajewska, K., Mróz, A., & Wąsowicz, W. (2020). Changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage markers following diet and beetroot juice supplementation in elite fencers. Antioxidants (Basel), 9(7), 571.
• Lotfi, M., Azizi, M., Tahmasebi, W., & Bashiri, P. (2019). Acute beetroot juice intake: Hematological, aantioxidant and lipid parameters in female athletes. Research in Molecular Medicine, 7(1), 52–62.
• Martins, N. C., Dorneles, G. P., Blembeel, A. S., Marinho, J. P., Proença, I. C. T., da Cunha Goulart, M. J. V., Moller, G. B., Marques, E. P., Pochmann, D., Salvador, M., Elsner, V., Peres, A., Dani, C., & Ribeiro, J. L. (2020). Effects of grape juice consumption on oxidative stress and inflammation in male volleyball players: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med, 54, 102570.
• Mohamad Salin, N. S., Md Saad, W. M., Abdul Razak, H. R., & Salim, F. (2022). Effect of storage temperatures on physico-chemicals, phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of watermelon juice (Citrullus lanatus). Metabolites, 12(1), 75.
• Mosher, S. L., Andy Sparks, S., Williams, E. L., Bentley, D. J., & Naughton, L. R. M. (2016). Ingestion of a nitric oxide enhancing supplement improves resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res, 30(12), 3520–3524.
• Muggeridge, D. J., Howe, C. C. F., Spendiff, O., Pedlar, C., James, P. E., & Easton, C. (2014). A single dose of beetroot juice enhances cycling performance in simulated altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46(1), 143–150.
• Mut, E., & Yeşilkaya, B. (2018). Nutritional ergogenic aids used in sports. International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Nutrition Research, 5(13), 52-75.
• Porrini, M., & Del Boʼ, C. (2016). Ergogenic aids and supplements. Front Horm Res, 47, 128–152.
• Pour Khavari, A., & Haghdoost, S. (2020). Effects of tomato juice intake on salivary 8-Oxo-dG levels as oxidative stress biomarker after extensive physical exercise. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2020, 8948723
• Ranchal-Sanchez, A., Diaz-Bernier, V. M., de La Florida-Villagran, C. A., Llorente-Cantarero, F. J., Campos-Perez, J., & Jurado-Castro, J. M. (2020). Acute effects of beetroot juice supplements on resistance training: A randomized double-blind crossover. Nutrients, 12(7), 1–16.
• Rawson, A., Tiwari, B. K., Patras, A., Brunton, N., Brennan, C., Cullen, P. J., & O’Donnell, C. (2011). Effect of thermosonication on bioactive compounds in watermelon juice. Food Res Int, 44(5), 1168–1173.
• Ridwan, R., Rashmizal, H., Razak, A., Adenan, M. I., Mazlina, W., & Saad, M. (2019). Supplementation of 100% flesh watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] juice improves swimming performance in rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci, 24(1), 41–48.
• Roelofs, E. J., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Trexler, E. T., Hirsch, K. R., & Mock, M. G. (2017). Effects of pomegranate extract on blood flow and vessel diameter after high-intensity exercise in young, healthy adults. Eur J Sport Sci, 17(3), 317.
• Sabou, V., Wangdi, J., O’Leary, M. F., Kelly, V. G., & Bowtell, J. L. (2020). Use, practices and attitudes of sports nutrition and strength and conditioning practitioners towards tart cherry supplementation. Sports (Basel), 9(1), 1–9.
• Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, R., Sharopov, F., Namiesnik, J., Roointan, A., Kamle, M., Kumar, P., Martins, N., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Beneficial effects and potential risks of tomato consumption for human health: An overview. Nutrition, 62, 201–208.
• Samaras, A., Tsarouhas, K., Paschalidis, E., Giamouzis, G., Triposkiadis, F., Tsitsimpikou, C., Becker, A. T., Goutzourelas, N., & Kouretas, D. (2014). Effect of a special carbohydrate-protein bar and tomato juice supplementation on oxidative stress markers and vascular endothelial dynamics in ultra-marathon runners. Food Chem Toxicol, 69, 231–236.
• Santos, H. O., Genario, R., Gomes, G. K., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2021). Cherry intake as a dietary strategy in sport and diseases: a review of clinical applicability and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 61(3), 417–430.
• Seeram, N. P., Aviram, M., Zhang, Y., Henning, S. M., Feng, L., Dreher, M., & Heber, D. (2008). Comparison of antioxidant potency of commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States. J Agric Food Chem, 56(4), 1415–1422.
• Silva, Y. P. A., Borba, B. C., Pereira, V. A., Reis, M. G., Caliari, M., Brooks, M. S. L., & Ferreira, T. A. P. C. (2019). Characterization of tomato processing by-product for use as a potential functional food ingredient: nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 70(2), 150–160.
• Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A., & Singh, N. (2018). Phenolic compounds as beneficial phytochemicals in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel: A review. Food Chem, 261, 75–86.
• Smirnova, G., Tretjakovs, P., Fedotova, A., Simanis, R., Vasiļjeva, S., Suhorukovs, O., Seglina, D., Krasnova, I., Bartkevics, V., Babarykin, D., Smirnova, G., Tretjakovs, P., Fedotova, A., Simanis, R., Vasiļjeva, S., Suhorukovs, O., Seglina, D., Krasnova, I., Bartkevics, V., & Babarykin, D. (2022). Red beetroot juice and stamina: An experimental study. J Biosci Med (Irvine), 10(9), 18–29.
• Tatlibal, P., Oral, O., & Stavropoulou, E. (2021). A brief review of the impact of ergogenic supplements for athletes. Res Inves Sports Med, 8(1), 697-698.
• Toscano, L. T., Tavares, R. L., Toscano, L. T., da Silva, C. S. O., de Almeida, A. E. M., Biasoto, A. C. T., Gonçalves, M. da C. R., & Silva, A. S. (2015). Potential ergogenic activity of grape juice in runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 40(9), 899–906.
• Trombold, J. R., Barnes, J. N., Critchley, L., & Coyle, E. F. (2010). Ellagitannin consumption improves strength recovery 2-3 d after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(3), 493–498.
• Tsitsimpikou, C., Kioukia-Fougia, N., Tsarouhas, K., Stamatopoulos, P., Rentoukas, E., Koudounakos, A., Papalexis, P., Liesivuori, J., & Jamurtas, A. (2013). Administration of tomato juice ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase responses to anaerobic training. Food Chem Toxicol, 61, 9–13.
• Türkomp. (July 19, 2022). Database - Beet, Red - Türkomp | Turkish Food Composition Database. http://www.turkomp.gov.tr/food-272
• USDA. (2019a). FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171719/nutrients
• USDA. (2019b). FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1999634/nutrients
• USDA. (April 28, 2022). FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/2263890/nutrients
• USDA. (January 4, 2019c). FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167765/nutrients
• USDA. (January 4, 2019d). FoodData Central. https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169134/nutrients
• van der Avoort, C. M. T., van Loon, L. J. C., Hopman, M. T. E., & Verdijk, L. B. (2018). Increasing vegetable intake to obtain the health promoting and ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate. Eur J Clin Nutr, 72(11), 1485–1489.
• Woessner, M. N., McIlvenna, L. C., de Zevallos, J. O., Neil, C. J., & Allen, J. D. (2018). Dietary nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular health: An ergogenic aid or exercise therapeutic? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 314(2), 195–212.