Effects of sixteen week of resistance exercises on some selected cognitive variables development in adolescents with intellectual disabilities

Year 2020, , 26 - 31, 30.03.2020

Kefelegn Zenebe , Kesatie Legesse , Soumitra Mandal , Mahmud Mahmud , Kidanie Aragaw

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.682436

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Intellectual
disabilities a serious problem in the entire world and its prevalence is high
in school-age children. These difficulties can influence cognitive, social and
emotional areas of functioning and have led their families to suffer in economic
and social disadvantages than those without disabilities. The main objective of
this study was to investigate the effect of sixteen-week resistance exercise on
cognition developments of school children with intellectual disabilities in
Desse & Kombolcha, Amhara region, Ethiopia. In this Pre-test and post-test study design, eighteen adolescents
with intellectual disabilities participated in the study. A paired t-test was fitted to analyze the pre-test and
post-test data of the study participants. 
In order to measure cognitive variables digit span backward,
digit span forward, vocabulary and similarity test batteries were used to
measure working memory, short term memory, vocabulary knowledge and comparative
reasoning respectively before and after sixteen-week of the  training 
intervention. After sixteen-week of intervention, a
significant mean score  change was
observed in  working memory, short
term memory, vocabulary knowledge, and comparative reasoning respectively (p < 0.05) after training when compared before training. We concluded that resistance exercise can improve the
cognitive skills of adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

Keywords

Cognition developments, intellectual disabilities, resistance exercise

Thanks

The authors would like to acknowledge students and their parents, trainer coaches who helped us in this study are greatly appreciated.

References

• Autry, A.E., & Monteggia, L.M. (2012). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological Reviews, 64(2), 238-258. doi: doi.org/10.1124/pr.111.005108.
• Ayele, T. (2016). The Prevalence and Socio-Economic Condition of Persons with Disabilities in Hosanna Town. Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
• Bechara, I., & Grosub, E.F. (2016). Physical activity and intellectual disabilities. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 18, 225-234. doi:10.15405/epsbs.2016.12.30
• Bherer, L., Erickson, K. I., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013. doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508.
• Bryl, W.,Matuszak, K., & Hoffman, K. (2013). Physical activity of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities–a public health problem. Hygeia Public Health, 48(1), 1-5.
• Busse, A.L., Jacob Filho, W., Magaldi, R., Coelho, V., Melo, A.C., & Betoni, R.A. (2008). Effects of resistance training exercise on cognitive performance in elderly individuals with memory impairment: results of a controlled trial. Einstein, 6(4), 402-407.
• Campbell, J.M., Morgan, S.B., & Jackson, J.N. (2003). Autism spectrum disorders and mental retardation. Brown, R.T. (Ed.). In: Handbook of pediatric psychology in school settings. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Carro, E., Trejo, J. L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001). Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediates the protective effects of physical exercise against brain insults of different etiology and anatomy. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(15), 5678-5684. doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-15-05678.2001
• Cassilhas, R.C., Viana, V.A., Grassmann, V., Santos, R.T., Santos, R.F., Tufik, S., & Mello, M.T. (2007). The impact of resistance exercise on the cognitive function of the elderly. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1401-1407. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318060111f.
• Chang, Y.K., Pan, C.Y., Chen, F.T., Tsai, C.L., & Huang, C.C. (2012). Effect of resistance-exercise training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: a review. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(4), 497-517. doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.497.
• Cotman, C.W., & Berchtold, N.C. (2002). Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences, 25(6), 295-301.
• Emerson, E., Shahtahmasebi, S., Lancaster, G., & Berridge, D. (2010). Poverty transitions among families supporting a child with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 35(4), 224-234.
• Fernandes, R.M., Correa, M.G., Dos Santos, M.A.R., Almeida, A.P.C.P.S.C., Fagundes, N.C.F., Maia, L.C., Lima, R.R. (2018). The Effects of Moderate Physical Exercise on Adult Cognition: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 667. doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00667
• Frey, G.C., Stanish, H.I., & Temple, V.A. (2008). Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: review and research agenda. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(2), 95-117.
• Johnson, C.C. (2009). The benefits of physical activity for youth with developmental disabilities: a systematic review. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(3), 157-167. doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.070930103.
• Lachman, M. E., Neupert, S. D., Bertrand, R., &Jette, A. M. (2006). The effects of strength training on memory in older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 14(1), 59-73. doi: doi.org/10.1123/japa.14.1.59I.
• Lees, C., & Hopkins, J. (2013). Effects of aerobic exercises on cognition, academic achievement and psychological function in children: A systematic review of Randomized control trials. Prev Chronic Dis, 10 (E174); doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd10.130010.
• Liu, C.J., & Latham, N.K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). CD002759. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2
• Njenga, F. (2009). Perspectives of intellectual disability in Africa: epidemiology and policy services for children and adults. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(5), 457-461.
• Numakawa, T., Richards, M., Nakajima, S., Adachi, N., Furuta, M., Odaka, H., & Kunugi, H. (2014). The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in comorbid depression: possible linkage with steroid hormones, cytokines, and nutrition. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 136.
• Oertel-Knöchel, V., Mehler, P., Thiel, C., Steinbrecher, K., Malchow, B., Tesky, V., & Schmitt, A. (2014). Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and individual psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264(7), 589-604. doi: 10.1007/s00406-014-0485-9.
• Pastula, R. M., Stopka, C. B., Delisle, A. T., & Hass, C. J. (2012). Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on the cognitive function of young adults with intellectual disabilities. J Strength Cond Res, 26(12), 3441-3448. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318270fc83.
• Peig-Chiello, P., Perrig, W.J., Ehrsam, R., Staehelin, H.B., & Krings, F. (1998). The effects of resistance training on well-being and memory in elderly volunteers. Age and Ageing, 27(4), 469-475. doi.org/10.1093/ageing/27.4.469.
• Porto, F.H.G., Coutinho, A.M., de Souza Duran, F.L., de Sá Pinto, A.L., Gualano, B., Buchpiguel, C.A., Busatto, G., Nitrini, R., & Brucki, S.M.D. (2018). Aerobic training modulates salience network and default mode network metabolism in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. NeuroImage: Clinical, 19, 616-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2018.05.002 .
• Smith, M., Tallis, J., Miller, A., Clarke, N. D., Guimarães-Ferreira, L., & Duncan, M. J. (2016).The effect of exercise intensity on cognitive performance during short duration treadmill running. Journal of Human Kinetics, 51(1), 27-35. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0167
• Swain, D.P., Brawner, C.A., & American College of Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM's resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Weldeab, C.T., & Opdal, L.R. (2007). Raising a child with intellectual disabilities in Ethiopia: what do parents say? https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED496076.pdf
• World Health Organization. (1996). Mental retardation division of health and prevention of substance abuse. International Classification of Diseases. 10th Edition. ICD-10. Geneva.
• World Health Organization. (2011). World report on disability 2011. https://www.who.int/disabilities/ world_report/2011/report.pdf.