Humanitarian Foreign Policy as Soft Power: Türkiye as an Emerging Global Actor
Year 2022,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 121 - 135, 31.12.2022
Nilüfer Karacasulu
,
İrem Aşkar Karakır
Abstract
The dynamics of the 21st century’s international system have offered Türkiye greater opportunity for maneuver. There has been a noticeable increase in the use of humanitarian diplomacy by Türkiye as an emerging global actor which also contributes to its soft power capacity. This article seeks to examine the key characteristics and implementation areas of growing humanitarianism in Türkiye’s foreign policy over the last two decades. By focusing on one instrument of soft power, the article attempts to highlight its significance. Humanitarian aid and development assistance, support for Syrian refugees, peace-building and mediation efforts are examined as implementation areas in Türkiye’s humanitarian foreign policy.
References
- Aguiar, C. M. & Magalhaes, B. (2020). Operation shelter as humanitarian infrastructure: material and normative renderings of Venezuelan migration in Brazil. Citizenship Studies, 24(5), 642-662. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1784643
- Akpınar, P. (2013). Turkey’s peace-building in Somalia: The limits of humanitarian diplomacy. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 735-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.863448
- Al-Mezaini, K. S. (2017). From identities to politics: UAE foreign aid. In P. Moore & A. B. Tickner (Eds.), South-South co-operation beyond the myths, Isaline Bergamaschi, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 225-243.
- Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Turkey as an emerging donor and the Arab uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, 19(3), 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2014.959761
- Altunışık, M. B. (2019). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy: The AKP model. CMI Brief. No 8, https://www.cmi.no/publications/6973-turkeys-humanitarian-diplomacy-the-akp-model.
- Anadolu Agency. (2018). Türk Kızılayı Genel Başkanı Kınık: Türk tipi yardım özgün bir model. 19 August, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turk-kizilayi-genel-baskani-kinik-turk-tipi-yardim-ozgun-bir-model/1235446.
- Anadolu Agency. (2019). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Bugün dış politikası bağımsız bir Türkiye var. 4 December, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bugun-dis-politikasi-bagimsiz-bir-turkiye-var/1664159.
- Anadolu Agency. (2021). Turkey rejects orientalist approaches towards African continent. 18 October, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-rejects-orientalist-approaches-towards-african-continent/2395841.
- Aras, B. (2012). Turkey’s mediation and Friends of Mediation Initiative. Center for Strategic Research, SAM Papers. No 4. http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-papers/SAM_Papers-No.-04.pdf
- Aras, B. & Akpınar, P. (2015). The role of humanitarian NGOs in Turkey's peace-building. International Peacekeeping, 22(3), 230-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2015.10333
- Bahçecik, Ş. O. & Turhan, Y. (2022). Mapping relations between state and humanitarian NGOs: the case of Turkey. Third World Quarterly, https://doi.org.10.1080/01436597.2022.2040978
- Baird, T. (2016). The geopolitics of Turkey's ‘humanitarian diplomacy’ in Somalia: a critique. Review of African Political Economy, 43(149), 470-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1084913
- Barakat, S., Sansom M. and Ghassan, E. (2019). The impact of the Gulf crisis on Qatar’s humanitarian sector. Disasters, 44(1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12407
- Boztaş, Ö. (2019). Shrinking humanitarian space in Turkey: The government of Turkey’s agency in shaping the operations of humanitarian NGOs in Turkey. METU Studies in Development, 46, 153-174. https://open.metu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11511/58113/1053-6770-2-PB.pdf
- Burges, S. (2014). Brazil's international development co-operation: old and new motivations. Development Policy Review, 32(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12059
- Cabral, L., Russo, G. and Weinstock, J. (2014). Brazil and the shifting consensus on development co-operation: salutary diversions from the ‘aid effectiveness’ trail? Development Policy Review, 32 (2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12050
- Chanana, D. (2009). India as an emerging donor. Economic and Political Weekly, 21-27 March, 44(12), 11-14.
- Cihangir-Tetik, D. & Müftüler-Baç, M. (2021). A comparison of development assistance policies: Turkey and the European Union in sectoral and humanitarian aid.
- Journal of European Integration, 43(4), 439-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1734587
- CNN. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan dış politika mesajı. 21 July, https://www.cnnturk.com/video/turkiye/son-dakika-cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-dis-politika-mesaji-video.
- Çelik, N. & Işeri, E. (2016). Islamically oriented humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP foreign policy parallelism. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1204917
- Davutoğlu, A. (2013a). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy: objectives, challenges and prospects. Nationalities Papers, 41(6), 865-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.857299
- Davutoğlu. A. (2013b). Turkey’s Mediation: Critical Reflections from the Field. Middle East Policy, 20(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12005
- Directorate of Communications. (2019a). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Türkiye millî gelire oranla dünyanın en fazla yardım yapan ülkesidir. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 28 January. https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-turkiye-milli-gelire-oranla-dunyanin-en-fazla-yardim-yapan-ulkesidir.
- Directorate of Communications. (2019b). Erdoğan: Türkiye is stepping up where others fail to act. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 14 October, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/cumhurbaskanimizin_kaleminden/detay/erdogan-turkey-is-stepping-up-where-others-fail-to-act.
- Directorate of Communications. (2021). The West should help Turkey end Syria’s civil war. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 15 March, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/cumhurbaskanimizin_kaleminden/detay/the-west-should-help-turkey-end-syrias-civil-war.
- Donelli, F. (2017). Features, aims and limits of Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 11(3), 59-83. https://doi.org/10.51870/CEJISS.XKVV3716
- Donelli, F. (2018). The Ankara consensus: the significance of Turkey’s engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Change, Peace & Security, 30(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2018.1438384
- Donelli, F. (2022). Turkey’s involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: an empirical analysis of multitrack approach. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 40(1), 18-33.
- Gibarti, S. (2021). Aiding Syrian refugees in Turkey: International approaches and domestic policies. Security & Defence Quarterly, 33(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/132027
- Gilley, B. (2015). Turkey, middle powers, and the new humanitarianism. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 20(1), 37-58. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/815755
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report. (2021). https://devinit.org/documents/1008/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2021.pdf.
- Gong, L. (2021). Humanitarian diplomacy as an instrument for China’s image-building. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(3), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211019257
- Guo, X. (2020). Turkey’s international humanitarian assistance during the AKP Era: Key actors, concepts and motivations. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 14(1), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2020.1728974
- Haşimi, C. (2014). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation. Insight Turkey, 16(1), 127-145. https://www.insightturkey.com/file/381/turkeys-humanitarian-diplomacy-and-development-cooperation-winter-2014-vol16-no1
- Hirono, M. (2013). Three legacies of humanitarianism in China. Disasters, 37(2), 202-220. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12022
- Huang, M. (2019). Introduction: South–South cooperation and Chinese foreign aid. In M. Huang, X. Xu & X. Mao (Eds.), South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-22.
- International Center for Migration and Policy Development. (2021). Asylum and refugees. Turkey Policy Brief. January, https://www.icmpd.org/file/download/50573/file/January020210Turkey0Policy0Brief0-Asylum0and0Refugees.pdf
- Kara, M. & Sözen, A. (2016). Change and continuity in Turkish Foreign Policy: evaluating pre-AKP and AKP periods’ national role conceptions. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 13(52), 47-66. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.463083
- Kavaklı, K. C. (2018). Domestic politics and the motives of emerging donors: evidence from Turkish foreign aid. Political Research Quarterly, 71(3), 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917750783
- Krzymowski, A. (2022). Role and significance of the United Arab Emirates foreign aid for its soft power strategy and Sustainable Development Goals. Social Sciences, 11(48), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020048
- Lin, P. (2021). China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy: Evidence from China’s disaster related aid to Nepal. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(3), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211019255
- Marzuki, K. & Tiola. (2021). Indonesian humanitarianism: foundations, characteristics and contributions, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(4), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211058144
- Mehmetçik, H. (2019). Humanitarian NGOs: motivations, challenges and contributions to Turkish Foreign Policy. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XXIV (2-3), 249-278. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/906949
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). Address by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu on the occasion of the intellectual’s forum UNLDC 4. 8 May, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/address-by-h_e_-ahmet-davutoglu-on-the-occasion-of-the-intellectual_s-forum-unldc-4_-8-may-2011_-istanbul.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2013). Final Declaration of the Fifth Annual Ambassadors Conference. 2-7 January, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/final_declaration_of_the_fifth_annual_ambassadors_conference.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2021). Turkey’s enterprising and humanitarian foreign policy. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Interior. (2021). Temporary protection in Turkey. Directorate General of Migration Management. 21 October, https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection-in-turkey.
- Milliyet News. (2018). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Türkiye dünyada insani yardım konusunda ikinci. 14 April, https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-turkiye-dunyada-insani-yardim-konusunda-ikinci-2645160.
- Naier, T. (2021). Qatar soft power: from rising to the crisis. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science, 7(8), 43-52. DOI:10.33642/ijbass.v7n8p6
OECD. (2020). Development Cooperation Profiles, Turkey. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/714276e8-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/714276e8-en.
- Özerdem, A. (2013). How Turkey is emerging as a development partner in Africa. The Guardian. 10 April, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/apr/10/turkey-development-partner-africa.
- Özkan, M. & Orakçı, S. (2015). Viewpoint: Turkey as a ‘political’ actor in Africa – an assessment of Turkish involvement in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2015.1042629
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2016). President Erdoğan addresses the Opening Session of the 13th Islamic Summit. 14 April, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/42577/president-erdogan-addresses-the-opening-session-of-the-13th-islamic-summit.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2019). Erdoğan Dünya İnsaniyet Forumu ödül töreni konuşması. 17 April, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/konusmalar/362/104005/dunya-insaniyet-forumu-odul-toreni-konusmasi.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2021). World Refugee Day message. 20 June, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/speeches-statements/558/128423/world-refugee-day-message.
- Purnama, C, Dermawan, W. & Akmaluddin, G. (2019). Indonesia’s role towards Myanmar in assisting to resolve the humanitarian crisis in Rohingya (2014-2018). Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 208–222. https://cejiss.org/images/issue_articles/2019-volume-13-issue-4/13-indonesia-s-role-towards-myanmar-in-assisting-to-resolve-the-humanitarian-crisis-in-rohingya-2014-2018.pdf
- Semrau, F. O. & Thiele, R. (2017). Brazil’s development cooperation: following in China’s and India’s footsteps? Journal of International Development, 29, 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3276
- SETA. (2015). Türkiye’de Suriyeli mülteci söylemi. Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research. 22 March, https://www.setav.org/turkiyede-%C2%91suriyeli-multeci-soylemi/.
- Sıradağ, A. (2020). Turkey’s engagement with the African organisations: partner or Competitor? India Quarterly, 76(4), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928420963321
- Tank, P. (2013). Turkey’s new humanitarian approach in Somalia. NOREF Policy Brief. https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/bbea860140d9140ccbcb6c5d427b4f28.pdf.
- Thiessen, C. & Özerdem, A. (2019). Turkey in Somalia: challenging North/Western interventionism? Third World Quarterly, 40(11), 1976–1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1619074
- Turhan, Y. (2021). Turkey’s foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post-July 15 era. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 795-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1935080
- Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2016). Leaving same imprint in different geographies. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/T%C4%B0KA%20-%20Leaving%20Same%20Imprint%20in%20Different%20Geographies%202016.pdf.
- Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2020). TIKA Annual Report: 2020. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/sayfa/faaliyet raporu 2020 ingilizce/TİKA Annual Report 2020.pdf.
- TRT News. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: herkes Türkiye'nin kararlılığını gördü. 30 August, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-herkes-turkiyenin-kararliligini-gordu-512756.html.
- Turhan, Y. & Bahçecik, Ş. O. (2021). The agency of faith-based NGOs in Turkish humanitarian aid policy and practice. Turkish Studies, 22(1), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1756786
- United Nations. (2016). World Humanitarian Summit. UN Meetings Coverage. 23 May, https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/iha1393.doc.htm.
- United Nations. (2018). Technology Bank for Least Developed Countries Inaugurated in Turkey. 4 June, https://www.un.org/ohrlls/news/technology-bank-least-developed-countries-inaugurated-turkey
- United Nations Refugee Agency. (2019). Statement made by President of the Republic of Türkiye H.E. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the Opening Session of the Global Refugee Forum. 17 December, https://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/5dfce7bc4/statement-from-turkey.html.
- United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021a). Trends at a glance. 21 October, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/figures-at-a-glance.
- United Nations Refugee Agency (2021b). Refugees and asylum seekers in Turkey. 21 October, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey.
- Woods, N. (2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance. International Affairs, 84(6), 1205-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00765.x
- World Economic Forum. (2016). Turkish Prime Minister calls for humanitarian foreign policy, 21 January, https://www.weforum.org/press/2016/01/turkish-prime-minister-calls-for-humanitarian-foreign-policy/.
- Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2020). Turkey to maintain humanitarian foreign policy in 2021. Anadolu Agency, 29 November, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-to-maintain-humanitarian-foreign-policy-in-2021/2059336.
- Zengin, H. & Korkmaz, A. (2019). Determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behaviour. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.1
- Zureik, E. (2018). Qatar’s humanitarian aid to Palestine. Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 786-798. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1392087
Yumuşak Güç Olarak İnsani Dış Politika: Yükselen bir Küresel Aktör Olarak Türkiye
Year 2022,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 121 - 135, 31.12.2022
Nilüfer Karacasulu
,
İrem Aşkar Karakır
Abstract
21. yüzyıldaki uluslararası sistemin dinamikleri Türkiye’ye daha fazla manevra imkanı sunmuştur. Yükselen bir küresel aktör olarak Türkiye'nin insani diplomasi kullanımında, yumuşak güç kapasitesine de katkıda bulunan gözle görülür bir artış olmuştur. Bu makale, son yirmi yılda Türkiye’nin dış politikasında artan insaniyetçiliğin temel özelliklerini ve uygulama alanlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Makale, yumuşak gücün bir aracına odaklanarak, onun önemini vurgulamaya çalışmaktadır. İnsani yardım ve kalkınma yardımları, Suriyeli mültecilere destek, barışın inşası ve arabuluculuk çabaları Türkiye’nin insani dış politikasının uygulama alanları olarak incelenmektedir.
References
- Aguiar, C. M. & Magalhaes, B. (2020). Operation shelter as humanitarian infrastructure: material and normative renderings of Venezuelan migration in Brazil. Citizenship Studies, 24(5), 642-662. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2020.1784643
- Akpınar, P. (2013). Turkey’s peace-building in Somalia: The limits of humanitarian diplomacy. Turkish Studies, 14(4), 735-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.863448
- Al-Mezaini, K. S. (2017). From identities to politics: UAE foreign aid. In P. Moore & A. B. Tickner (Eds.), South-South co-operation beyond the myths, Isaline Bergamaschi, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 225-243.
- Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Turkey as an emerging donor and the Arab uprisings. Mediterranean Politics, 19(3), 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2014.959761
- Altunışık, M. B. (2019). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy: The AKP model. CMI Brief. No 8, https://www.cmi.no/publications/6973-turkeys-humanitarian-diplomacy-the-akp-model.
- Anadolu Agency. (2018). Türk Kızılayı Genel Başkanı Kınık: Türk tipi yardım özgün bir model. 19 August, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/turk-kizilayi-genel-baskani-kinik-turk-tipi-yardim-ozgun-bir-model/1235446.
- Anadolu Agency. (2019). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Bugün dış politikası bağımsız bir Türkiye var. 4 December, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/politika/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-bugun-dis-politikasi-bagimsiz-bir-turkiye-var/1664159.
- Anadolu Agency. (2021). Turkey rejects orientalist approaches towards African continent. 18 October, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkey-rejects-orientalist-approaches-towards-african-continent/2395841.
- Aras, B. (2012). Turkey’s mediation and Friends of Mediation Initiative. Center for Strategic Research, SAM Papers. No 4. http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/sam-papers/SAM_Papers-No.-04.pdf
- Aras, B. & Akpınar, P. (2015). The role of humanitarian NGOs in Turkey's peace-building. International Peacekeeping, 22(3), 230-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2015.10333
- Bahçecik, Ş. O. & Turhan, Y. (2022). Mapping relations between state and humanitarian NGOs: the case of Turkey. Third World Quarterly, https://doi.org.10.1080/01436597.2022.2040978
- Baird, T. (2016). The geopolitics of Turkey's ‘humanitarian diplomacy’ in Somalia: a critique. Review of African Political Economy, 43(149), 470-477. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1084913
- Barakat, S., Sansom M. and Ghassan, E. (2019). The impact of the Gulf crisis on Qatar’s humanitarian sector. Disasters, 44(1), 63-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12407
- Boztaş, Ö. (2019). Shrinking humanitarian space in Turkey: The government of Turkey’s agency in shaping the operations of humanitarian NGOs in Turkey. METU Studies in Development, 46, 153-174. https://open.metu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11511/58113/1053-6770-2-PB.pdf
- Burges, S. (2014). Brazil's international development co-operation: old and new motivations. Development Policy Review, 32(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12059
- Cabral, L., Russo, G. and Weinstock, J. (2014). Brazil and the shifting consensus on development co-operation: salutary diversions from the ‘aid effectiveness’ trail? Development Policy Review, 32 (2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12050
- Chanana, D. (2009). India as an emerging donor. Economic and Political Weekly, 21-27 March, 44(12), 11-14.
- Cihangir-Tetik, D. & Müftüler-Baç, M. (2021). A comparison of development assistance policies: Turkey and the European Union in sectoral and humanitarian aid.
- Journal of European Integration, 43(4), 439-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1734587
- CNN. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan'dan dış politika mesajı. 21 July, https://www.cnnturk.com/video/turkiye/son-dakika-cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-dis-politika-mesaji-video.
- Çelik, N. & Işeri, E. (2016). Islamically oriented humanitarian NGOs in Turkey: AKP foreign policy parallelism. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1204917
- Davutoğlu, A. (2013a). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy: objectives, challenges and prospects. Nationalities Papers, 41(6), 865-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.857299
- Davutoğlu. A. (2013b). Turkey’s Mediation: Critical Reflections from the Field. Middle East Policy, 20(1), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12005
- Directorate of Communications. (2019a). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Türkiye millî gelire oranla dünyanın en fazla yardım yapan ülkesidir. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 28 January. https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/haberler/detay/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-turkiye-milli-gelire-oranla-dunyanin-en-fazla-yardim-yapan-ulkesidir.
- Directorate of Communications. (2019b). Erdoğan: Türkiye is stepping up where others fail to act. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 14 October, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/cumhurbaskanimizin_kaleminden/detay/erdogan-turkey-is-stepping-up-where-others-fail-to-act.
- Directorate of Communications. (2021). The West should help Turkey end Syria’s civil war. Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. 15 March, https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/english/cumhurbaskanimizin_kaleminden/detay/the-west-should-help-turkey-end-syrias-civil-war.
- Donelli, F. (2017). Features, aims and limits of Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 11(3), 59-83. https://doi.org/10.51870/CEJISS.XKVV3716
- Donelli, F. (2018). The Ankara consensus: the significance of Turkey’s engagement in sub-Saharan Africa. Global Change, Peace & Security, 30(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2018.1438384
- Donelli, F. (2022). Turkey’s involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: an empirical analysis of multitrack approach. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 40(1), 18-33.
- Gibarti, S. (2021). Aiding Syrian refugees in Turkey: International approaches and domestic policies. Security & Defence Quarterly, 33(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/132027
- Gilley, B. (2015). Turkey, middle powers, and the new humanitarianism. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 20(1), 37-58. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/815755
- Global Humanitarian Assistance Report. (2021). https://devinit.org/documents/1008/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2021.pdf.
- Gong, L. (2021). Humanitarian diplomacy as an instrument for China’s image-building. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(3), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211019257
- Guo, X. (2020). Turkey’s international humanitarian assistance during the AKP Era: Key actors, concepts and motivations. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 14(1), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2020.1728974
- Haşimi, C. (2014). Turkey’s humanitarian diplomacy and development cooperation. Insight Turkey, 16(1), 127-145. https://www.insightturkey.com/file/381/turkeys-humanitarian-diplomacy-and-development-cooperation-winter-2014-vol16-no1
- Hirono, M. (2013). Three legacies of humanitarianism in China. Disasters, 37(2), 202-220. DOI: 10.1111/disa.12022
- Huang, M. (2019). Introduction: South–South cooperation and Chinese foreign aid. In M. Huang, X. Xu & X. Mao (Eds.), South–South Cooperation and Chinese Foreign Aid, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-22.
- International Center for Migration and Policy Development. (2021). Asylum and refugees. Turkey Policy Brief. January, https://www.icmpd.org/file/download/50573/file/January020210Turkey0Policy0Brief0-Asylum0and0Refugees.pdf
- Kara, M. & Sözen, A. (2016). Change and continuity in Turkish Foreign Policy: evaluating pre-AKP and AKP periods’ national role conceptions. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 13(52), 47-66. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.463083
- Kavaklı, K. C. (2018). Domestic politics and the motives of emerging donors: evidence from Turkish foreign aid. Political Research Quarterly, 71(3), 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917750783
- Krzymowski, A. (2022). Role and significance of the United Arab Emirates foreign aid for its soft power strategy and Sustainable Development Goals. Social Sciences, 11(48), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020048
- Lin, P. (2021). China’s evolving humanitarian diplomacy: Evidence from China’s disaster related aid to Nepal. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(3), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211019255
- Marzuki, K. & Tiola. (2021). Indonesian humanitarianism: foundations, characteristics and contributions, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 6(4), 330–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211058144
- Mehmetçik, H. (2019). Humanitarian NGOs: motivations, challenges and contributions to Turkish Foreign Policy. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, XXIV (2-3), 249-278. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/906949
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). Address by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu on the occasion of the intellectual’s forum UNLDC 4. 8 May, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/address-by-h_e_-ahmet-davutoglu-on-the-occasion-of-the-intellectual_s-forum-unldc-4_-8-may-2011_-istanbul.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2013). Final Declaration of the Fifth Annual Ambassadors Conference. 2-7 January, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/final_declaration_of_the_fifth_annual_ambassadors_conference.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2021). Turkey’s enterprising and humanitarian foreign policy. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa.
- Ministry of Interior. (2021). Temporary protection in Turkey. Directorate General of Migration Management. 21 October, https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection-in-turkey.
- Milliyet News. (2018). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Türkiye dünyada insani yardım konusunda ikinci. 14 April, https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-turkiye-dunyada-insani-yardim-konusunda-ikinci-2645160.
- Naier, T. (2021). Qatar soft power: from rising to the crisis. International Journal of Business and Applied Social Science, 7(8), 43-52. DOI:10.33642/ijbass.v7n8p6
OECD. (2020). Development Cooperation Profiles, Turkey. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/714276e8-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/714276e8-en.
- Özerdem, A. (2013). How Turkey is emerging as a development partner in Africa. The Guardian. 10 April, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/apr/10/turkey-development-partner-africa.
- Özkan, M. & Orakçı, S. (2015). Viewpoint: Turkey as a ‘political’ actor in Africa – an assessment of Turkish involvement in Somalia. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2015.1042629
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2016). President Erdoğan addresses the Opening Session of the 13th Islamic Summit. 14 April, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/42577/president-erdogan-addresses-the-opening-session-of-the-13th-islamic-summit.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2019). Erdoğan Dünya İnsaniyet Forumu ödül töreni konuşması. 17 April, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/konusmalar/362/104005/dunya-insaniyet-forumu-odul-toreni-konusmasi.
- Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye. (2021). World Refugee Day message. 20 June, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/speeches-statements/558/128423/world-refugee-day-message.
- Purnama, C, Dermawan, W. & Akmaluddin, G. (2019). Indonesia’s role towards Myanmar in assisting to resolve the humanitarian crisis in Rohingya (2014-2018). Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 208–222. https://cejiss.org/images/issue_articles/2019-volume-13-issue-4/13-indonesia-s-role-towards-myanmar-in-assisting-to-resolve-the-humanitarian-crisis-in-rohingya-2014-2018.pdf
- Semrau, F. O. & Thiele, R. (2017). Brazil’s development cooperation: following in China’s and India’s footsteps? Journal of International Development, 29, 287-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3276
- SETA. (2015). Türkiye’de Suriyeli mülteci söylemi. Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research. 22 March, https://www.setav.org/turkiyede-%C2%91suriyeli-multeci-soylemi/.
- Sıradağ, A. (2020). Turkey’s engagement with the African organisations: partner or Competitor? India Quarterly, 76(4), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0974928420963321
- Tank, P. (2013). Turkey’s new humanitarian approach in Somalia. NOREF Policy Brief. https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/bbea860140d9140ccbcb6c5d427b4f28.pdf.
- Thiessen, C. & Özerdem, A. (2019). Turkey in Somalia: challenging North/Western interventionism? Third World Quarterly, 40(11), 1976–1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2019.1619074
- Turhan, Y. (2021). Turkey’s foreign aid to Africa: An analysis of the post-July 15 era. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 23(5), 795-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1935080
- Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2016). Leaving same imprint in different geographies. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/2016/INGILIZCE%20SITE%20ESERLER/TANITIM%20BRO%C5%9E%C3%9CRLER%C4%B0/PDF/T%C4%B0KA%20-%20Leaving%20Same%20Imprint%20in%20Different%20Geographies%202016.pdf.
- Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency. (2020). TIKA Annual Report: 2020. https://www.tika.gov.tr/upload/sayfa/faaliyet raporu 2020 ingilizce/TİKA Annual Report 2020.pdf.
- TRT News. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: herkes Türkiye'nin kararlılığını gördü. 30 August, https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/cumhurbaskani-erdogan-herkes-turkiyenin-kararliligini-gordu-512756.html.
- Turhan, Y. & Bahçecik, Ş. O. (2021). The agency of faith-based NGOs in Turkish humanitarian aid policy and practice. Turkish Studies, 22(1), 141-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1756786
- United Nations. (2016). World Humanitarian Summit. UN Meetings Coverage. 23 May, https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/iha1393.doc.htm.
- United Nations. (2018). Technology Bank for Least Developed Countries Inaugurated in Turkey. 4 June, https://www.un.org/ohrlls/news/technology-bank-least-developed-countries-inaugurated-turkey
- United Nations Refugee Agency. (2019). Statement made by President of the Republic of Türkiye H.E. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the Opening Session of the Global Refugee Forum. 17 December, https://www.unhcr.org/events/conferences/5dfce7bc4/statement-from-turkey.html.
- United Nations Refugee Agency. (2021a). Trends at a glance. 21 October, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/figures-at-a-glance.
- United Nations Refugee Agency (2021b). Refugees and asylum seekers in Turkey. 21 October, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey.
- Woods, N. (2008). Whose aid? Whose influence? China, emerging donors and the silent revolution in development assistance. International Affairs, 84(6), 1205-1221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00765.x
- World Economic Forum. (2016). Turkish Prime Minister calls for humanitarian foreign policy, 21 January, https://www.weforum.org/press/2016/01/turkish-prime-minister-calls-for-humanitarian-foreign-policy/.
- Yüzbaşıoğlu, N. (2020). Turkey to maintain humanitarian foreign policy in 2021. Anadolu Agency, 29 November, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-to-maintain-humanitarian-foreign-policy-in-2021/2059336.
- Zengin, H. & Korkmaz, A. (2019). Determinants of Turkey’s foreign aid behaviour. New Perspectives on Turkey, 60, 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2019.1
- Zureik, E. (2018). Qatar’s humanitarian aid to Palestine. Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 786-798. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1392087