PROPOLİS EKSTRAKSİYONUNDA UYGULANAN YEŞİL VE YENİLİKÇİ YÖNTEMLER

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 153 - 166, 29.05.2024

Büşra Çakır Şeyma Meryem Yılmaz Nihal Güzel

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1411626

Abstract

Propolis, bal arılarının topladıkları bitki nektar, polen ve reçinemsi maddeleri enzimlerle işleyerek oluşturdukları doğal bir üründür. Propolis gıda, sağlık ve kimya gibi birçok farklı sektörde çok fonksiyonlu şekilde kullanılan biyoaktif içeriğince zengin bir maddedir. Ancak ham propolisin suda az çözünen reçinemsi yapısı nedeniyle apolar özellikteki kısımdan biyoaktif kısmın ayrılması oldukça zordur. Bu nedenle propolis ham haliyle tüketilememektedir. Flavonoid ve fenolik asitlerce zengin 300’e yakın bileşen içeren propolisin kimyasal bileşimi iklim, bitki örtüsü ve mevsime göre çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Kimyasal bileşimdeki bu çeşitlilik, propolisin ektraksiyonu için geliştirilen yöntemlerin de çeşitlenmesine neden olmuştur. Günümüzde bu amaçla geliştirilen yöntemler arasında en çok çevre dostu ve geri dönüşüm olanağı sağlayan ekstraksiyon yöntemleri dikkat çekmektedir. Bu derlemede propolis ekstraksiyonunda kullanılan hem geleneksel hem de yenilikçi yöntemler özellikle ekstraksiyon etkiniliği açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Propolis ekstraksiyonunda kullanılan yenilikçi yöntemler değerlendirildiğinde, ultrases destekli ekstraksiyon ve yeşil çözücü ekstraksiyonu yöntemlerinin yüksek ekstraksiyon etkinliği, sürdürülebilirlik ve düşük operasyon maliyeti açısından dikkat çektiği görülmektedir.

Keywords

Propolis, Ultrasonik Ekstraksiyon, Derin Ötektik Çözücü, Sürdürülebilirlik, Yeşil Kimya

Green and Innovative Methods for Propolis Extraction

Abstract

Propolis is a natural product created by honey bees with enzymes by process nectar, pollen, and resinous plant materials. Propolis is rich in bioactive content that is used in a multifunctional way in many different sectors such as health, food, and chemistry. However, propolis cannot be consumed in its raw form due to its resin-like structure which is less soluble in water. Therefore, it is challenging to separate the bioactive part from the apolar part due to the sticky structure of the raw propolis. Propolis has around 300 chemical compounds high in flavonoid and phenolic acids, and its composition varies depending on the climate, flora, and season. For this purpose, sustainable and environment-friendly extraction methods have been developed. In this review, conventional and novel extraction methods have been evaluated particularly in terms of extraction efficiency. Among the novel propolis extraction methods, ultrasound-assisted and green solvent extraction methods have gained great interest in terms of extraction efficiency, sustainability, and low operation cost.

Keywords

Propolis, Ultrasonic Extraction, Deep Eutectic Solvent, Sustainability, Green Chemistry

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