Öğretim Elemanlarının Öğretim Yeterlikleri Algısı Ölçeği (ÖYAÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 68 - 89, 21.12.2020
Ahmet Doğanay
,
Melis Yeşilpınar Uyar
Abstract
Bu araştırmanın amacı, öğretim elemanlarının öğretim yeterliklerine ilişkin algılarının belirlenmesine hizmet edecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesidir. Araştırmaya 254 öğretim elemanı katılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Cronbach Alpha analizi, korelasyon analizi, açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, üç boyutta toplanan 36 maddelik Likert tipi bir ölçme aracına ulaşılmıştır. Toplam varyansın %44.52’sini açıklayan bu ölçme aracının Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı .92’dir. “Öğretime hazırlık ve etkili sunum”, “öğrenci merkezli öğretim ve değerlendirme”, “sınıf içi ve sınıf dışı iletişim” boyutlarının Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayıları ise sırasıyla .85, .91 ve .82 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına dayalı olarak Öğretim Elemanlarının Öğretim Yeterlikleri Algısı Ölçeği’nin öğretim elemanlarının öğretim yeterliklerine ilişkin algılarını belirlemede kullanılacak geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Supporting Institution
Çukurova Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
SBA-2017-8647
Thanks
Bu araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından SBA-2017-8647 numarasıyla desteklenmiş projeden üretilmiştir.
References
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- Arubayi, E. A. (1987). Improvement of instruction and teacher effectiveness: Are student ratings reliable and valid?. Higher Education, 16(3), 267-278.
- Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-effiicacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148.
- Baş-Collins, A. (2002). Üniversite öğrencileri öğretim elemanlarının başarısını değerlendirebilir mi? İkilemler ve problemler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1-2), 81-91.
- Benton, S. L., & Cashin, W. E. (2012). Student ratings of teaching: A summary of research and literature. IDEA Paper No. 50. Manhattan, KS: The IDEA Center.
- Boysen, G. A., Richmond, A. S., & Gurung, R. A. (2015). Model teaching criteria for psychology: Initial documentation of teachers’ self-reported competency. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 1(1), 48-59.
- Brown, G. & Atkins, M. (1988). Effective teaching in higher education. London: Routledge.
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473-490.
- Cashin, W. E. (1995). Student ratings of teaching: the research revisited. Idea Paper, no. 32. Center for Faculty Evaluation and Faculty Development, Kansas State University.
- Catano, V. M., & Harvey, S. (2011). Student perception of teaching effectiveness: development and validation of the Evaluation of Teaching Competencies Scale (ETCS). Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 36(6), 701–717.
- Clayson, D. E. (2009). Student evaluations of teaching: Are they related to what students learn? A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Journal of Marketing Education, 31(1), 16-30.
- Costin, F., Greenough, W. T. & Menges, R. J. (1971). Student ratings of college teaching: Reliability, validity, and usefulness. Review of Educational Research, 41(5), 511-535.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Davies, B. (2004). The relationship between teacher efficacy and higher order instructional emphasis, http://www.aare.edu.au/04pap/dav04854.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2011.
- European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education [ENQA] .(2015).Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European higher education area (ESG). (2015). Retrieved from https://enqa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ESG_2015.pdf.
- Feldman, K. A. (1977). Consistency and variability among college students in rating their teachers and courses: A review and analysis. Research in Higher Education, 6(3), 223-274.
- Ganieva, Y. N., Sayfutdinova, G. B., Yunusova, A. B., Sadovaya, V. V., Schepkina, N. K., Scheka, N. Y. & Salakhova, V. B. (2015). Structure and content of higher professional school lecturer education competence. Review of European Studies, 7(4), 32–38.
- Germain, M. L., & Scandura, T. A. (2005). Grade inflation and student individual differences as systematic bias in faculty evaluations. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 58-67.
- Gibb, C. A. (1955). Classroom behavior of the college teacher. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15(3), 254-263.
- Gibson, S.& Dembo, M.H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: a construct validation. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 76 (4), 569-582.
- Harvey, L. (2002). Evaluation for What ? Teaching in Higher Education, 7(3), 37–41.
- Hildebrand, M., Wilson, R. C., & Dienst, E. R. (1971). Evaluating university teaching. Center for Research and Development in Higher Education.
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
- Isaacson, R. L., McKeachie, W. J., Milholland, J. E., Lin, Y. G., Hofeller, M., & Zinn, K. L. (1964). Dimensions of student evaluations of teaching. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55(6), 344.
- Kalaycı, N. (2009). Yüksek öğretim kurumlarında akademisyenlerin öğretim performansını değerlendirme sürecinde kullanılan yöntemler. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(4), 625-656.
- Kazancı-Tınmaz, A. (2013). Öğrenci görüşlerine göre öğretim elemanlarının pedagojik yeterlikleri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
- Keeley, J., Smith, D., & Buskist, W. (2006). The Teacher Behaviors Checklist: Factor analysis of its utility for evaluating teaching. Teaching of Psychology, 33(2), 84-91.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practise of structural equation modeling. NewYork: Guilford Publications.
- Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2006). Who is the expert? Construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings of instruction. Learning Environments Research, 9(3), 231-251.
- MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., & Hunt, A. N. (2015). What’s in a name: Exposing gender bias in student ratings of teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 40(4), 291-303.
- Malechwanz, J. M., Lei, H., & Wang, L. (2016). Students’ perceptions and faculty measured competencies in higher education. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(3), 56-69.
- Marsh, H. W. (1982). SEEQ: A reliable, valid, and useful instrument for collecting students'evaluations of university teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 52(1), 77-95.
- Meyerberg, J. M., & Legg, A. M. (2015). Assessing professor-student relationships using self-report scales. In R S., Jhangiani, J. D. Troisi, B. Fleck, A. M. Legg, H. D. Hussey (Eds.), A compendium of scales for use in the scholarship of teaching and learning (pp. 149-160. Washingtion, DC: Division 2 of the American Psychological Association.
- Moreno-Murcia, J., Torregrosa, Y. S., & Pedreo, N. B. (2015). Questionnaire evaluating teaching competencies in the university environment. Evaluation of teaching competencies in the university. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research (NAER Journal), 4(1), 54-61.
- Patrick, J., & Smart, R. M. (1998). An empirical evaluation of teacher effectiveness: The emergence of three critical factors. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 23(2), 165-178.
- Pohlmann, J. T. (1975). A description of teaching effectiveness as measured by student ratings. Journal of Educational Measurement, 12(1), 49-54.
- Ramsden, P. (1991). A performance indicator of teaching quality in higher education: The Course experience questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 16(2), 129-150.
- Raudenbush, S.W., Rowan, B. & Cheong, Y. F. (1992). Contextual effects on the self perceived efficacy of high school teachers. Sociology Of Education, 65 (2), 150-167.
- Richmond, A. S., Berglund, M. B., Epelbaum, V. B., & Klein, E. M. (2015). a+(b1) Professor–student rapport+(b2) humor+(b3) student engagement=(Ŷ) Student ratings of instructors. Teaching of Psychology, 42(2), 119-125.
- Schaub‐de Jong, M. A., Schönrock‐Adema, J., Dekker, H., Verkerk, M., & Cohen‐Schotanus, J. (2011). Development of a student rating scale to evaluate teachers’ competencies for facilitating reflective learning. Medical education, 45(2), 155-165.
- Schunk, D.H. (1995). Self- efficacy and education and instruction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self- Efficacy, Adaptation, and adjustment: theory, research and application (pp. 281- 303). New York: Plenum.
- Sheskin, D. J. (2004). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures (Third edition). Boca Raton: Chapman&Hall/CRC.
- Shevlin, M., Banyard, P., Davies, M., & Griffiths, M. (2000). The validity of student evaluation of teaching in higher education: love me, love my lectures?. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(4), 397-405.
- Simpson, R. D., & Smith, K. S. (1993). Validating teaching competencies for graduate teaching assistants: A national study using the Delphi method. Innovative Higher Education, 18(2), 133-146.
- Smith, K. S. & Simpson, R. D. (1995). Validating teaching competencies for faculty members in higher education: A national study using the Delphi method. Innovative Higher Education, 19(3), 223–234.
- Solomon, D. (1966). Teacher behavior dimensions, course characteristics, and student evaluations of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 3(1), 35-47.
- Stefani, L. A. (1992). Comparison of collaborative self, peer and tutor assessment in a biochemistry practical. Biochemical education, 20(3), 148-151.
Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74.
Swartz, C. W., White, K. P., Stuck, G. B., & Patterson, T. (1990). The factorial structure of the North Carolina teaching performance appraisal instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50(1), 175-182.
- Şad, S. N. & Göktaş, Ö. (2013). Öğretim elemanlarının geleneksel ve çağdaş ölçme değerlendirme yaklaşımlarının incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 14(2), 79-105.
- Şahin, M. (2014). Üniversite öğretim elemanlarının sınıf içi öğretimsel davranışlarına yönelik öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesi (Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Örneği). Turkish Studies, 9(11), 499–515.
- Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tezbaşaran, A.A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Ankara, Türk Psikoloji Derneği Yayınları.
- Tigelaar, D., Dolmans, D. H., Wolfhagen, H. A. & Van Der Vleuten, C. P. (2004). The development and validation of a framework for teaching. Higher Education, 48, 253–268.
- Trigwell, K. & Prosser, M. (2004). Development and use of the approaches to teaching inventory. Educational Psychology Review, 16(4), 409–424.
- Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A.W. (2001).Teacher efficacy: capturing an elusive construct. Teaching And Teacher Education, 17, 783- 805.
- Turner, D. A. (2011). Quality in higher education. Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
- Vuong, M., Brown-Welty, S., & Tracz, S. (2010). The effects of self-efficacy on academic success of first-generation college sophomore students. Journal of College Student Development, 51(1), 50-64.
- Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2010). Yükseköğretimde yeniden yapılanma: 66 Soruda Bologna süreci uygulamaları. http://www.yok.gov.tr/documents/10279/30217/yuksekogretimde_yeniden_yapilanma_66_soruda_bologna_2010.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2014.
- Zhao, J., & Gallant, D. J. (2012). Student evaluation of instruction in higher education: Exploring issues of validity and reliability. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(2), 227-235.
- Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self efficacy in changing societies (pp. 202-231). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Year 2020,
Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 68 - 89, 21.12.2020
Ahmet Doğanay
,
Melis Yeşilpınar Uyar
Project Number
SBA-2017-8647
References
- Arslantaş, H. İ. (2011). Öğretim elemanlarının öğretim stratejileri-yöntem ve teknikleri, iletişim ve ölçme değerlendirme yeterliklerine yönelik öğrenci görüşleri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 487–506.
- Arubayi, E. A. (1987). Improvement of instruction and teacher effectiveness: Are student ratings reliable and valid?. Higher Education, 16(3), 267-278.
- Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-effiicacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148.
- Baş-Collins, A. (2002). Üniversite öğrencileri öğretim elemanlarının başarısını değerlendirebilir mi? İkilemler ve problemler. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(1-2), 81-91.
- Benton, S. L., & Cashin, W. E. (2012). Student ratings of teaching: A summary of research and literature. IDEA Paper No. 50. Manhattan, KS: The IDEA Center.
- Boysen, G. A., Richmond, A. S., & Gurung, R. A. (2015). Model teaching criteria for psychology: Initial documentation of teachers’ self-reported competency. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 1(1), 48-59.
- Brown, G. & Atkins, M. (1988). Effective teaching in higher education. London: Routledge.
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers' self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students' academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473-490.
- Cashin, W. E. (1995). Student ratings of teaching: the research revisited. Idea Paper, no. 32. Center for Faculty Evaluation and Faculty Development, Kansas State University.
- Catano, V. M., & Harvey, S. (2011). Student perception of teaching effectiveness: development and validation of the Evaluation of Teaching Competencies Scale (ETCS). Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 36(6), 701–717.
- Clayson, D. E. (2009). Student evaluations of teaching: Are they related to what students learn? A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Journal of Marketing Education, 31(1), 16-30.
- Costin, F., Greenough, W. T. & Menges, R. J. (1971). Student ratings of college teaching: Reliability, validity, and usefulness. Review of Educational Research, 41(5), 511-535.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
- Davies, B. (2004). The relationship between teacher efficacy and higher order instructional emphasis, http://www.aare.edu.au/04pap/dav04854.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 31.01.2011.
- European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education [ENQA] .(2015).Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European higher education area (ESG). (2015). Retrieved from https://enqa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ESG_2015.pdf.
- Feldman, K. A. (1977). Consistency and variability among college students in rating their teachers and courses: A review and analysis. Research in Higher Education, 6(3), 223-274.
- Ganieva, Y. N., Sayfutdinova, G. B., Yunusova, A. B., Sadovaya, V. V., Schepkina, N. K., Scheka, N. Y. & Salakhova, V. B. (2015). Structure and content of higher professional school lecturer education competence. Review of European Studies, 7(4), 32–38.
- Germain, M. L., & Scandura, T. A. (2005). Grade inflation and student individual differences as systematic bias in faculty evaluations. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32(1), 58-67.
- Gibb, C. A. (1955). Classroom behavior of the college teacher. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 15(3), 254-263.
- Gibson, S.& Dembo, M.H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: a construct validation. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 76 (4), 569-582.
- Harvey, L. (2002). Evaluation for What ? Teaching in Higher Education, 7(3), 37–41.
- Hildebrand, M., Wilson, R. C., & Dienst, E. R. (1971). Evaluating university teaching. Center for Research and Development in Higher Education.
- Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
- Isaacson, R. L., McKeachie, W. J., Milholland, J. E., Lin, Y. G., Hofeller, M., & Zinn, K. L. (1964). Dimensions of student evaluations of teaching. Journal of Educational Psychology, 55(6), 344.
- Kalaycı, N. (2009). Yüksek öğretim kurumlarında akademisyenlerin öğretim performansını değerlendirme sürecinde kullanılan yöntemler. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(4), 625-656.
- Kazancı-Tınmaz, A. (2013). Öğrenci görüşlerine göre öğretim elemanlarının pedagojik yeterlikleri. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
- Keeley, J., Smith, D., & Buskist, W. (2006). The Teacher Behaviors Checklist: Factor analysis of its utility for evaluating teaching. Teaching of Psychology, 33(2), 84-91.
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practise of structural equation modeling. NewYork: Guilford Publications.
- Kunter, M., & Baumert, J. (2006). Who is the expert? Construct and criteria validity of student and teacher ratings of instruction. Learning Environments Research, 9(3), 231-251.
- MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., & Hunt, A. N. (2015). What’s in a name: Exposing gender bias in student ratings of teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 40(4), 291-303.
- Malechwanz, J. M., Lei, H., & Wang, L. (2016). Students’ perceptions and faculty measured competencies in higher education. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(3), 56-69.
- Marsh, H. W. (1982). SEEQ: A reliable, valid, and useful instrument for collecting students'evaluations of university teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 52(1), 77-95.
- Meyerberg, J. M., & Legg, A. M. (2015). Assessing professor-student relationships using self-report scales. In R S., Jhangiani, J. D. Troisi, B. Fleck, A. M. Legg, H. D. Hussey (Eds.), A compendium of scales for use in the scholarship of teaching and learning (pp. 149-160. Washingtion, DC: Division 2 of the American Psychological Association.
- Moreno-Murcia, J., Torregrosa, Y. S., & Pedreo, N. B. (2015). Questionnaire evaluating teaching competencies in the university environment. Evaluation of teaching competencies in the university. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research (NAER Journal), 4(1), 54-61.
- Patrick, J., & Smart, R. M. (1998). An empirical evaluation of teacher effectiveness: The emergence of three critical factors. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 23(2), 165-178.
- Pohlmann, J. T. (1975). A description of teaching effectiveness as measured by student ratings. Journal of Educational Measurement, 12(1), 49-54.
- Ramsden, P. (1991). A performance indicator of teaching quality in higher education: The Course experience questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 16(2), 129-150.
- Raudenbush, S.W., Rowan, B. & Cheong, Y. F. (1992). Contextual effects on the self perceived efficacy of high school teachers. Sociology Of Education, 65 (2), 150-167.
- Richmond, A. S., Berglund, M. B., Epelbaum, V. B., & Klein, E. M. (2015). a+(b1) Professor–student rapport+(b2) humor+(b3) student engagement=(Ŷ) Student ratings of instructors. Teaching of Psychology, 42(2), 119-125.
- Schaub‐de Jong, M. A., Schönrock‐Adema, J., Dekker, H., Verkerk, M., & Cohen‐Schotanus, J. (2011). Development of a student rating scale to evaluate teachers’ competencies for facilitating reflective learning. Medical education, 45(2), 155-165.
- Schunk, D.H. (1995). Self- efficacy and education and instruction. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self- Efficacy, Adaptation, and adjustment: theory, research and application (pp. 281- 303). New York: Plenum.
- Sheskin, D. J. (2004). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures (Third edition). Boca Raton: Chapman&Hall/CRC.
- Shevlin, M., Banyard, P., Davies, M., & Griffiths, M. (2000). The validity of student evaluation of teaching in higher education: love me, love my lectures?. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 25(4), 397-405.
- Simpson, R. D., & Smith, K. S. (1993). Validating teaching competencies for graduate teaching assistants: A national study using the Delphi method. Innovative Higher Education, 18(2), 133-146.
- Smith, K. S. & Simpson, R. D. (1995). Validating teaching competencies for faculty members in higher education: A national study using the Delphi method. Innovative Higher Education, 19(3), 223–234.
- Solomon, D. (1966). Teacher behavior dimensions, course characteristics, and student evaluations of teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 3(1), 35-47.
- Stefani, L. A. (1992). Comparison of collaborative self, peer and tutor assessment in a biochemistry practical. Biochemical education, 20(3), 148-151.
Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74.
Swartz, C. W., White, K. P., Stuck, G. B., & Patterson, T. (1990). The factorial structure of the North Carolina teaching performance appraisal instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 50(1), 175-182.
- Şad, S. N. & Göktaş, Ö. (2013). Öğretim elemanlarının geleneksel ve çağdaş ölçme değerlendirme yaklaşımlarının incelenmesi. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 14(2), 79-105.
- Şahin, M. (2014). Üniversite öğretim elemanlarının sınıf içi öğretimsel davranışlarına yönelik öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesi (Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Örneği). Turkish Studies, 9(11), 499–515.
- Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tezbaşaran, A.A. (1996). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu. Ankara, Türk Psikoloji Derneği Yayınları.
- Tigelaar, D., Dolmans, D. H., Wolfhagen, H. A. & Van Der Vleuten, C. P. (2004). The development and validation of a framework for teaching. Higher Education, 48, 253–268.
- Trigwell, K. & Prosser, M. (2004). Development and use of the approaches to teaching inventory. Educational Psychology Review, 16(4), 409–424.
- Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A.W. (2001).Teacher efficacy: capturing an elusive construct. Teaching And Teacher Education, 17, 783- 805.
- Turner, D. A. (2011). Quality in higher education. Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
- Vuong, M., Brown-Welty, S., & Tracz, S. (2010). The effects of self-efficacy on academic success of first-generation college sophomore students. Journal of College Student Development, 51(1), 50-64.
- Yükseköğretim Kurulu. (2010). Yükseköğretimde yeniden yapılanma: 66 Soruda Bologna süreci uygulamaları. http://www.yok.gov.tr/documents/10279/30217/yuksekogretimde_yeniden_yapilanma_66_soruda_bologna_2010.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2014.
- Zhao, J., & Gallant, D. J. (2012). Student evaluation of instruction in higher education: Exploring issues of validity and reliability. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 37(2), 227-235.
- Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-efficacy and educational development. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self efficacy in changing societies (pp. 202-231). New York: Cambridge University Press.