Farklı Yüklerde Uygulanan Aktivasyon Sonrası Güçlendirme Uygulamalarının Fırlatma Performansına Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 70 - 82, 20.09.2023

Sena Hilal Alev Gülbin Rudarlı

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1309383

Abstract

Amaç: Post-aktivasyon potansiyeli (PAP) uygulamasının güç performansını iyileştirdiği ve genelde 1 tekrarlı maksimum (1TM) yükün %80’i ile uygulandığı gösterilmiştir. Buna karşılık farklı yüklerdeki PAP uygulamalarının performansa etkisi net değildir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada farklı yüklerde uygulanan (yüksüz, %80-90-100 1TM) silkme koparma egzersizi ile gerçekleştirilen PAP uygulamasının sporcuların çekiç atma performansına etkisinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmaya 17-30 yaş aralığındaki 8 antrenmanlı erkek sporcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. İlk test oturumunda boy, kütle, vücut yağ oranıyla beraber silkme ve koparma hareketi için sporcunun 1TM testi olimpik halter ve ağırlıklı plakalar yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. İkinci test oturumunda, dinamik ısınma ve sonrasında sırasıyla yüksüz 3 atış, %80 1TM PAP sonrası 3 atış, %90 1TM PAP sonrası 2 atış ve %100 PAP sonrası 1 atış yapılmıştır. Atışlar arasında 3 dk, uygulamalar arasında 8 dk dinlenme verilmiştir. Tüm atış mesafeleri metrik ölçüm bandı kullanılarak kaydedilmiştir. Atışlar arasındaki farklar Tekrarlı Ölçümlerde Varyans Analizi ile, bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişki düzeyi Pearson Korelasyon analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Ardışık, progresif olarak gerçekleştirilen testlemeyle %100 1TM PAP ile karşılaştırıldığında %90 1TM PAP ile atış mesafesi ortalamalarında anlamlı iyileşme vardır (p<0,05), 8 katılımcıdan 7’inin atış mesafelerinde artış görülmüştür. PAP uygulamaları sonrası gerçekleştirilen 1. atışların mesafeleri arasında anlamlı fark yoktur, fakat %90 1TM PAP sonrası 1. atışlarda katılımcıların tamamının atış mesafelerinde artış görülmüştür. En kötü atış performansı yüksüz atışlar ile %100 1TM PAP sonrası gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Sonuç: Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, çekiç atma performansına olumlu etki yarattığı görülen %90 1TM silkme ve koparma ile gerçekleştirilen PAP protokolünün, sporcuların ısınma programına dahil edilmesi önerilebilir.

Keywords

Akut etki, Atış mesafesi, Çekiç atma, PAP, Silkme ve koparma.

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

Thanks

Araştırmadaki katkı ve destekleri için Doç. Dr. Gökhan Delicoğlu’na, çalışmaya gönüllü katılan Kuveyt Ulusal çekiç atma sporcularına ve Kuveyt Ulusal Takım antrenörü Nasser Jarallah Al Hussaini’ye teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Effect of Post-activation Potentiation Practices with Different Loads on Throwing Performance

Abstract

Aim: Post-activation potential (PAP) has been shown to improve power and is generally applied with 80% of the 1-rep maximum (1RM) load. However, the effect of PAP at different loads on performance is not clear. This study aimed to compare the effect of PAP with jerk and snatch exercise with different loads on the hammer throwing performance of the athletes.
Methods: In the first day, the Eight trained male athlete's height, mass, body fat ratio, and 1RM test were determined for clean-and-jerk exercise. In the second day, dynamic warm-up followed by 3 unloaded throws, 3 throws after 80%1RM PAP, 2 throws after 90%1RMPAP and 1 throw after 100%1RMPAP. There was a rest of 3 minutes between throws and 8 minutes of rest between applications. The differences between the throws and the level of relationship between the dependent variables were evaluated.
Results: With consecutive, progressive testing, compared to 100%1RM, there was a significant improvement in the average throwing distance with 90%1RM PAP (p<0.05), an increase in throwing distances was observed in 7 out of 8 participants. There is no difference between the 1st throws after PAPs, but an increase was observed in distances of all participants in the 1st shots after 90% 1RMPAP. The worst throwing performances were seen after 100%1RMPAP and with unloaded throws.
Conclusion: It can be suggested that the PAP protocol, which is performed with 90%1RM jerk and snatch, which has a positive effect on hammer throwing performance, should be included in the warm-up program of the athletes.

Keywords

Acute effect, Hammer throw, Jerk and snatch, throw distance, PAP

Project Number

yok

References

• Arıtan, S. (1994). Dik gülle atma sporlarında yetenek seçiminde kullanılan kriterlerin belirlenmesini etkileyen faktörler. Atletizm Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 14, 9-13.
• Avloniti, A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Fatouros, I. G., Avloniti, C., Protopapa, M., Draganidis, D., ...Kambas, A. (2016). The acute effects of static stretching on speed and agility performance depend on stretch duration and conditioning level. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 30(10), 2767-2773. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000568
• Baechle, T., & Earle, R. (2000). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Baker, D. (2003). Acute effect of alternating heavy and light resistances on power output during upper-body complex power training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(3), 493-497. DOI: 10.1519/1533-4287
• Batista, M. A., Ugrinowitsch, C., Roschel, H., Lotufo, R., Ricard, M. D., & Tricoli, V. A. (2007). Intermittent exercise as a conditioning activity to induce postactivation potentiation. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(3), 837-840. DOI: 10.1519/R-20586.1.
• Behm, D. G., & Chaouachi, A. (2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111, 2633-2651. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1879-2.
• Bevan, H. R., Cunningham, D. J., Tooley, E. P., Owen, N. J., Cook, C. J., & Kilduff, L. P. (2010). Influence of postactivation potentiation on sprinting performance in professional rugby players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 701-705. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7b68a.
• Brandenburg, J. P. (2005). The acute effects of prior dynamic resistance exercise using different loads on subsequent upper-body explosive performance in resistance-trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(2), 427-432. DOI: 10.1519/R-15074.1.
• Chatzopoulos, D. E., Michailidis, C. J., Giannakos, A. K., Alexiou, K. C., Patikas, D. A., Antonopoulos, C. B., & Kotzamanidis, C. M. (2007). Postactivation potentiation effects after heavy resistance exercise on running speed. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1278-1281. DOI: 10.1519/R-21276.1.
• Chiu, L. Z., Fry, A. C., Weiss, L. W., Schilling, B. K., Brown, L. E., & Smith, S. L. (2003). Postactivation potentiation response in athletic and recreationally trained individuals. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 671-677. DOI: 10.1519/15334287
• Comyns, T. M., Harrison, A. J., & Hennessy, L. K. (2010). Effect of squatting on sprinting performance and repeated exposure to complex training in male rugby players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 610-618. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c3fc.
• Dolan, M., Sevene, T. G., Berninig, J., Harris, C., Climstein, M., Adams, K. J., & DeBeliso, M. (2017). Post-activation potentiation and the shot put throw. International Journal of Sports Science, 7(4), 170-176.
• Esformes, J. I., Cameron, N., & Bampouras, T. M. (2010). Postactivation potentiation following different modes of exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1911-1916. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181dc47f8.
• Ferreira, S. L., Panissa, V. L. G., Miarka, B., & Franchini, E. (2012). Postactivation potentiation: Effect of various recovery intervals on bench press power performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(3), 739-744. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318225f371
• Gahreman, D., Moghadam, M., Hoseininejad, E., Dehnou, V., Connor, J., Doma, K., & Stone, M. (2020). Postactivation potentiation effect of two lower body resistance exercises on repeated jump performance measures. Biology of Sport, 37(2), 105-112. DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.93034.
• Gilbert, G., & Lees, A. (2005). Changes in the force development characteristics of muscle following repeated maximum force and power exercise. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1576-1584. DOI: 10.1080/00140130500101163
• Hamada, T., Sale, D. G., MacDougall, J. D., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2000). Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985), 8, 2131-2137. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.2131
• Hancock, A. P., Sparks, K. E., & Kullman, E. L. (2015). Postactivation potentiation enhances swim performance in collegiate swimmers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(4), 912-917. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000744.
• Hanson, E. D., Leigh, S., & Mynark, R. G. (2007). Acute effects of heavy-and light-load squat exercise on the kinetic measures of vertical jumping. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1012-1017. DOI: 10.1519/R-20716.1
• Harmancı, H., Karavelioğlu, M. B., Ersoy, A., Yüksel, O., Erzeybek, M. S., & Başkaya, G. (2017). Post aktivasyon potansiyel (pap) ve statik germe modeli ısınmalarının sıçrama performansına etkisi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 56-68.
• Harris, C., Wattles, A. P., DeBeliso, M., Sevene-Adams, P. G., Berning, J. M., & Adams, K. J. (2011). The seated medicine ball throw as a test of upper body power in older adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(8), 2344-2348. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181ecd27b.
• Hodgson, M., Docherty, D., & Robbins, D. (2005). Post-activation potentiation: underlying physiology and implications for motor performance. Sports Medicine, 35, 585-595. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004
• Judge, L. W., Bellar, D. M., Craig, B. W., Gilreath, E. L., Cappos, S. A., & Thrasher, A. B. (2016). Influence of postactivation potentiation on shot put performance of collegiate throwers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(2), 438-445. DOI: 10.1097/JSC.0000000000000202.
• Judge, L. W., Bellar, D., & Judge, M. (2010). Efficacy of potentiation of performance through overweight implement throws on male and female high-school weight throwers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1804-1809. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e06e27.
• Karampatsos, G. P., Korfiatis, P. G., Zaras, N. D., Georgiadis, G. V., & Terzis, G. D. (2017). Acute effect of countermovement jumping on throwing performance in track and field athletes during competition. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(2), 359-364. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001508
• Khamoui, A. V., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Judelson, D. A., Uribe, B. P., Nguyen, D., ... Noffal, G. J. (2009). Effect of potentiating exercise volume on vertical jump parameters in recreationally trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1465-1469.DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a5bcdd
• Kilduff, L. P., Bevan, H. R., Kingsley, M. I., Owen, N. J., Bennett, M. A., Bunce, P. J., Cunningham, D. J. (2007). Postactivation potentiation in professional rugby players: Optimal recovery. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1134-1138. DOI: 10.1519/R-20996.1.
• Lima, L. C. R., Oliveira, F. B. D., Oliveira, T. P., Assumpcao, C. D. O., Greco, C. C., Cardozo, A. C., ...Denadai, B. S. (2014). Postactivation potentiation biases maximal isometric strength assessment. BioMed Research International. DOI: 10.1155/2014/126961.
• Linder, E. E., Prins, J. H., Murata, N. M., Derenne, C., Morgan, C. F., & Solomon, J. R. (2010). Effects of preload 4 repetition maximum on 100-m sprint times in collegiate women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1184-1190. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d75806.
• Mahlfeld, K., Franke, J., & Awiszus, F. (2004). Postcontraction changes of muscle architecture in human quadriceps muscle. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 29(4), 597-600. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20021.
• Miyamoto, N., Kanehisa, H., Fukunaga, T., & Kawakami, Y. (2011). Effect of postactivation potentiation on the maximal voluntary isokinetic concentric torque in humans. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 186-192. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c1d
• Naclerio, F., Chapman, M., Larumbe-Zabala, E., Massey, B., Neil, A., & Triplett, T. N. (2015). Effects of three different conditioning activity volumes on the optimal recovery time for potentiation in college athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(9), 2579-2585. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000915.
• Peng, H. T., & Huang, C. (2006). Electromyography comparisons on the upper extremity between shot put and discus standing throw. Journal of Biomechanics, (39), S560.
• Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Hernández, D., Gonzalo-Skok, O., Nakamura, F. Y., & Sanchez-Sanchez, J. (2019). Post-activation potentiation: Effects of different conditioning intensities on measures of physical fitness in male young professional soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1167. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01167.
• Rahimi, R. (2007). The acute effects of heavy versus light-load squats on sprint performance. Facta Universitatis-Series: Physical Education and Sport, 5(2), 163-169.
• Rhea, M. R. (2004). Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18, 918–920. DOI:10.1519/14403.1
• Sanchez-Sanchez, J., Rodriguez, A., Petisco, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Martínez, C., & Nakamura, F. Y. (2018). Effects of different post-activation potentiation warm-ups on repeated sprint ability in soccer players from different competitive levels. Journal of Human Kinetics, 61, 189-197. DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0131.
• Scott, S. L., & Docherty, D. (2004). Acute effects of heavy preloading on vertical and horizontal jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(2), 201-205. DOI: 10.1519/R-13123.1.
• Seitz, L. B., & Haff, G. G. (2016). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation of jump, sprint, throw, and upper-body ballistic performances: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 46, 231-240. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0415-7.
• Smith, C. E., Hannon, J. C., McGladrey, B., Shultz, B., Eisenman, P., & Lyons, B. (2014). The effects of a postactivation potentiation warm-up on subsequent sprint performance. Human Movement, 15(1), 36-44.
• Terzis, G., Karampatsos, G., & Georgiadis, G. (2007). Neuromuscular control and performance in shot-put athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(3), 284-290
• Terzis, G., Karampatsos, G., Kyriazis, T., Kavouras, S. A., & Georgiadis, G. (2012). Acute effects of countermovement jumping and sprinting on shot put performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(3), 684-690. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822a5d15.
• Terzis, G., Spengos, K., Karampatsos, G., Manta, P., & Georgiadis, G. (2009). Acute effect of drop jumping on throwing performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2592-2597. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b1b1a3.
• Terzis, G., Spengos, K., Kavouras, S., Manta, P., & Georgiadis, G. (2010). Muscle fibre type composition and body composition in hammer throwers. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(1), 104-109.
• Tillin, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2009). Factors modulating post-activation potentiation and its effect on performance of subsequent explosive activities. Sports Medicine, 39, 147-166. DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004.
• Tsimachidis, C., Patikas, D., Galazoulas, C., Bassa, E., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2013). The post-activation potentiation effect on sprint performance after combined resistance/sprint training in junior basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(10), 1117-1124. DOI: 10.1080/02640414. 2013.771817.
• Weber, K. R., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., & Zinder, S. M. (2008). Acute effects of heavy-load squats on consecutive squat jump performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 726-730. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181660899.
• Wilmore, J. H., Costill, D. L., & Kenney, W. L. (2004). Physiology of sport and exercise (Vol. 20). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
• Wilson, J. M., Duncan, N. M., Marin, P. J., Brown, L. E., Loenneke, J. P., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2013). Meta-analysis of postactivation potentiation and power: effects of conditioning activity, volume, gender, rest periods, and training status. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 854-859. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825c2bdb.
• Wyland, T. P., Van Dorin, J. D., & Reyes, G. F. C. (2015). Postactivation potentation effects from accommodating resistance combined with heavy back squats on short sprint performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(11), 3115-3123. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000991.
• Xenofondos, A., Laparidis, K., Kyranoudis, A., Galazoulas, C., Bassa, E., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2010). Post-activation potentiation: Factors affecting it and the effect on performance. Journal of Physical Education & Sport/Citius Altius Fortius, 28(3), 32-38.
• Yetter, M., & Moir, G. L. (2008). The acute effects of heavy back and front squats on speed during forty-meter sprint trials. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 159-165. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f958d.
• Young, W., & Elliott, S. (2001). Acute effects of static stretching, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching, and maximum voluntary contractions on explosive force production and jumping performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(3), 273-279. DOI: 10.1080/027013 67.2001.10608960