Research Article
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Year 2019, Issue: 8, 1 - 38, 03.06.2019

Abstract

References

  • Alonso Moleiro, “Las refinerías venezolanas, cerca del colapso”, El Pais, 10 Nisan 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/04/09/america/1523310366_526567.html.
  • Ana Marcos, Javier Lafuente “La migración venezolana desborda a los Gobiernos de América Latina”,El Pais, 27 Ağustos 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/08/24/america/1535132953_486611.html.
  • Arthur S. Link, “The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (May 9-August 7, 1916)”, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1992), cilt XXVII.
  • Aylin Topal, Latin Amerika’yı Anlamak, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2007).
  • BBC Mundo, “Obama declara a Venezuela "amenaza para la seguridad nacional" de EE.UU.”, 9 Mart 2015, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2015/03/150309_ultnot_eeuu_venezuela_sanciones.
  • BBC,” Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue”, 27 Nisan 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605.
  • Daniel Garcia Marco, “"Peor que Obama no será": por qué Nicolás Maduro tiene esperanzas de que con la llegada de Donald Trump mejoren las relaciones entre Venezuela y EE.UU.”, BBC Mundo, 19 Ocak 2017, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38673127.
  • Daniel García Marco, ““Un fracaso militar, un éxito político”: 2 visiones opuestas del golpe de Estado fallido en Venezuela que creó la figura de Hugo Chávez hace 25 años”,BBC World Caracas, 5 Şubat 2017, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38863571.
  • Daniel Lozano,, “La pobreza es casi absoluta en Venezuela: llegó al 87%”, La Nacion, 22 Şubat 2018, https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2111091-la-pobreza-es-casi-absoluta-en-venezuela-llego-al-87.
  • Daniel Workman, “Venezuela’s Top 10 Exports”, Worlds Top Exports, 21 Mayıs 2018, http://www.worldstopexports.com/venezuelas-top-10-exports/.
  • David Binder,” U.S. Assembled a Force in 1964 For Possible Use in Brazil Coup”, 30 Aralık 1976, https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/30/archives/us-assembled-a-force-in-1964-for-possible-use-in-brazil-coup.html.
  • Eduardo Galeano, Latin Amerika’nın Kesik Damarları, Çev. Roza Hakmen, Attila Tokatlı, (İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık 2017).
  • El Mundo, “Chávez llama 'diablo' a Bush en la ONU por sus pretensiones hegemónicas”, 21 Eylül 2006, https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/20/internacional/1158767890.html.
  • El Nacional, “Estos fueron los 43 caídos en las protestas de 2014”, 12 Şubat 2015, http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sociedad/estos-fueron-los-caidos-las-protestas-2014_66320.
  • El Periodico, “Maduro: Estados Unidos coordina un golpe de Estado en Venezuela”, 10 Aralık 2018, https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20181210/maduro-golpe-de-estado-venezuela-eeuu-7192607.
  • El Tiempo,“En cifras: todo lo que debe saber sobre la migración venezolana”, 28 Kasım 2018, https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/venezuela/cifras-de-la-migracion-venezolana-en-colombia-septiembre-de-2018-290680.
  • Ernesto Londono, Nicholas Casey, “Trump Administration Discussed Coup Plans With Rebel Venezuelan Officers” The New York Times, 8 Eylül 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/08/world/americas/donald-trump-venezuela-military-coup.html.
  • Eva Golinger, Chavez Şifresi, Çev. Levent Doğan, (İstanbul: Bilim+Gönül Yayınları 2011).
  • Francesco Manetto, “El Gobierno de Maduro anuncia maniobras militares con Rusia”, El Pais, 11 Aralık 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/12/10/america/1544467683_239251.html.
  • Francisco Peregil, “Venezuela dice 'no' a la Constitución de Chávez”,El Pais, 3 Aralık 2007,
  • https://elpais.com/internacional/2007/12/03/actualidad/1196636401_850215.html.
  • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/monroe.asp.
  • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp.
  • https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-162-2.pdf.
  • https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1904/message-of-the-president.
  • https://knoema.com/atlas/topics/Energy/Oil/Production-of-crude-oil.
  • https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4587/text.
  • https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/US-address-of-president-to-congress-April-1917-1-OCR-SPLIT.pdf. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/US-joint-res-declaring-war-against-Germany-2-OCR-SPLIT.pdf.
  • Jeremy B. White, “American officials join world in condemning Venezuela ‘sham’ election”, Independent, 21 Mayıs 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/venezuela-election-latest-nicolas-maduro-trump-us-mike-pence-a8362476.html.
  • Jesús Tarazón,“El gran viraje y la crisis del modelo puntofijista”, Aporrea, 5 Şubat 2018, https://www.aporrea.org/ideologia/a258904.html. John Lynch, Simon Bolivar, Çev. Bülent O. Doğan, (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2011).
  • Josh Rogin, “Bolton Promises to Confront Latin America’s “Troika of Tyranny”, The Washington Post, 1 Kasım 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/bolton-promises-to-confront-latin-americas-troika-of-tyranny/2018/11/01/df57d3d2-ddf5-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html?utm_term=.b5552e438db6,
  • Key Lender, “China to Lend Venezuela $5 Billion as Maduro Visits Beijing”, Bloomberg, 13 Eylül 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-13/china-to-give-venezuela-5-billion-loan-as-maduro-visits-beijing.
  • Larry Rohter, “U.S., Irritated by Criticism, Calls Envoy Home From Venezuela”, The New York Times, 3 Kasım 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/03/world/us-irritated-by-criticism-calls-envoy-home-from-venezuela.html,
  • Maolis Castro ve Alonso Moleiro, “Turquía da un balón de oxígeno a Maduro con inversiones y apoyo político”, El Pais, 4 Aralık 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/12/04/america/1543935322_811223.html.
  • Michael G. Roskin ve Nicholas O. Berry, Uluslararası İlişkiler: Uİ’nin Yeni Dünyası, (Ankara: Adres Yayınları 2014).
  • Noticias 24, “Nicolás Maduro vence su gran reto: gana las elecciones por 235 mil votos y será Presidente”, 18 Nisan 2014, https://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/162704/nicolas-maduro-vence-su-gran-reto-gana-las-elecciones-y-sera-presidente-de-venezuela/.
  • Perry Anderson, Amerikan Dış Politikası ve Düşünürleri, Çev. Barış Baysal, (Ankara: NotaBene Yayınları 2015).
  • Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, (New York: The New Press, 2003).
  • Reuters Espana, “Chávez pierde el referéndum sobre la reforma de la Constitución”, 3 Aralık 2007, https://es.reuters.com/article/topNews/idESROD32179620071203.
  • Richard Gott, Hugo Chavez ve Bolivarcı Devrim, Çev. Hasan Böğün, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap 2008).
  • Richard Gott, Hugo Chavez ve Bolivarcı Devrim, Çev. Hasan Böğün, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2008).
  • Roberta Rampton, Steve Holland, “Trump increases pressure on Venezuela with sanctions on gold”, Reuters, 1 Kasım 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-bolton/trump-increases-pressure-on-venezuela-with-sanctions-on-gold-idUSKCN1N65P6.
  • Telesur, “¿Qué pasó el 12 de febrero de 2014 en Venezuela?”, 12 Şubat 2017, https://www.telesurtv.net/news/Conozca-que-son-las-guarimbas-en-Venezuela-y-quienes-estan-detras-20140312-0050.html.
  • The Guardian, “Trump says Venezuela 'could be toppled very quickly' by military coup”, 25 Eylül 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/25/us-sanctions-venezuela-first-lady-vice-president.
  • TİKA, “Latin Amerika Çalıştayı Bildiriler Kitabı (22-23 Kasım 2012, Ankara)”, (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2013).
  • U.S Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTIMUSVE2&f=A.
  • Virginia Lopez, “Nicolás Maduro: Hugo Chávez's incendiary heir”, The Guardian, 13 Aralık 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/12/hugo-chavez-heir.
  • Zenaida Mercado, “Hoy se cumplen 33 años del nacimiento del Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200, YVKE Radio Mundial, 24 Temmuz 2016, http://www.radiomundial.com.ve/article/hoy-se-cumplen-33-a%C3%B1os-del-nacimiento-del-movimiento-bolivariano-revolucionario-200.

Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz

Year 2019, Issue: 8, 1 - 38, 03.06.2019

Abstract

Eşsiz
yer altı ve doğal kaynaklara sahip Latin Amerika ülkesi Bolivarcı Venezuela
Cumhuriyeti, sahip olduğu zenginlikler ile aynı oranda toplumsal huzura ve
refaha ulaşabilmiş değildir. Hugo Chavez’in göreve gelmesi ile birlikte
başlayan büyük değişim süreci anti emperyalizm politikaları temelinde
şekillenmiş, neo liberal sistem karşısında sosyalist ekonomik sisteme yönelik
adımlar atılmıştı. Maduro dönemi ile birlikte ekonomik ve siyasal sorunların
arttığı Venezuela, yaşanan ekonomik krizden ötürü bölgedeki en yoğun göç
dalgasının yaşanmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Venezuela’da yaşanan
krize sebebiyet veren sürecin doğru analiz edilmesi açısından Caracas ve
Washington yönetimlerinin politikaları beraber ele alınmış, İspanyolca ve
İngilizce kaynakların kullanımına özen gösterilmiştir.

References

  • Alonso Moleiro, “Las refinerías venezolanas, cerca del colapso”, El Pais, 10 Nisan 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/04/09/america/1523310366_526567.html.
  • Ana Marcos, Javier Lafuente “La migración venezolana desborda a los Gobiernos de América Latina”,El Pais, 27 Ağustos 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/08/24/america/1535132953_486611.html.
  • Arthur S. Link, “The Papers of Woodrow Wilson (May 9-August 7, 1916)”, (New Jersey: Princeton University Press 1992), cilt XXVII.
  • Aylin Topal, Latin Amerika’yı Anlamak, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2007).
  • BBC Mundo, “Obama declara a Venezuela "amenaza para la seguridad nacional" de EE.UU.”, 9 Mart 2015, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2015/03/150309_ultnot_eeuu_venezuela_sanciones.
  • BBC,” Venezuela to withdraw from OAS as deadly protests continue”, 27 Nisan 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39726605.
  • Daniel Garcia Marco, “"Peor que Obama no será": por qué Nicolás Maduro tiene esperanzas de que con la llegada de Donald Trump mejoren las relaciones entre Venezuela y EE.UU.”, BBC Mundo, 19 Ocak 2017, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38673127.
  • Daniel García Marco, ““Un fracaso militar, un éxito político”: 2 visiones opuestas del golpe de Estado fallido en Venezuela que creó la figura de Hugo Chávez hace 25 años”,BBC World Caracas, 5 Şubat 2017, https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-38863571.
  • Daniel Lozano,, “La pobreza es casi absoluta en Venezuela: llegó al 87%”, La Nacion, 22 Şubat 2018, https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2111091-la-pobreza-es-casi-absoluta-en-venezuela-llego-al-87.
  • Daniel Workman, “Venezuela’s Top 10 Exports”, Worlds Top Exports, 21 Mayıs 2018, http://www.worldstopexports.com/venezuelas-top-10-exports/.
  • David Binder,” U.S. Assembled a Force in 1964 For Possible Use in Brazil Coup”, 30 Aralık 1976, https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/30/archives/us-assembled-a-force-in-1964-for-possible-use-in-brazil-coup.html.
  • Eduardo Galeano, Latin Amerika’nın Kesik Damarları, Çev. Roza Hakmen, Attila Tokatlı, (İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık 2017).
  • El Mundo, “Chávez llama 'diablo' a Bush en la ONU por sus pretensiones hegemónicas”, 21 Eylül 2006, https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/20/internacional/1158767890.html.
  • El Nacional, “Estos fueron los 43 caídos en las protestas de 2014”, 12 Şubat 2015, http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sociedad/estos-fueron-los-caidos-las-protestas-2014_66320.
  • El Periodico, “Maduro: Estados Unidos coordina un golpe de Estado en Venezuela”, 10 Aralık 2018, https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20181210/maduro-golpe-de-estado-venezuela-eeuu-7192607.
  • El Tiempo,“En cifras: todo lo que debe saber sobre la migración venezolana”, 28 Kasım 2018, https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/venezuela/cifras-de-la-migracion-venezolana-en-colombia-septiembre-de-2018-290680.
  • Ernesto Londono, Nicholas Casey, “Trump Administration Discussed Coup Plans With Rebel Venezuelan Officers” The New York Times, 8 Eylül 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/08/world/americas/donald-trump-venezuela-military-coup.html.
  • Eva Golinger, Chavez Şifresi, Çev. Levent Doğan, (İstanbul: Bilim+Gönül Yayınları 2011).
  • Francesco Manetto, “El Gobierno de Maduro anuncia maniobras militares con Rusia”, El Pais, 11 Aralık 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/12/10/america/1544467683_239251.html.
  • Francisco Peregil, “Venezuela dice 'no' a la Constitución de Chávez”,El Pais, 3 Aralık 2007,
  • https://elpais.com/internacional/2007/12/03/actualidad/1196636401_850215.html.
  • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/monroe.asp.
  • http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp.
  • https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-162-2.pdf.
  • https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1904/message-of-the-president.
  • https://knoema.com/atlas/topics/Energy/Oil/Production-of-crude-oil.
  • https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4587/text.
  • https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/US-address-of-president-to-congress-April-1917-1-OCR-SPLIT.pdf. https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/US-joint-res-declaring-war-against-Germany-2-OCR-SPLIT.pdf.
  • Jeremy B. White, “American officials join world in condemning Venezuela ‘sham’ election”, Independent, 21 Mayıs 2018, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/venezuela-election-latest-nicolas-maduro-trump-us-mike-pence-a8362476.html.
  • Jesús Tarazón,“El gran viraje y la crisis del modelo puntofijista”, Aporrea, 5 Şubat 2018, https://www.aporrea.org/ideologia/a258904.html. John Lynch, Simon Bolivar, Çev. Bülent O. Doğan, (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları 2011).
  • Josh Rogin, “Bolton Promises to Confront Latin America’s “Troika of Tyranny”, The Washington Post, 1 Kasım 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/bolton-promises-to-confront-latin-americas-troika-of-tyranny/2018/11/01/df57d3d2-ddf5-11e8-85df-7a6b4d25cfbb_story.html?utm_term=.b5552e438db6,
  • Key Lender, “China to Lend Venezuela $5 Billion as Maduro Visits Beijing”, Bloomberg, 13 Eylül 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-13/china-to-give-venezuela-5-billion-loan-as-maduro-visits-beijing.
  • Larry Rohter, “U.S., Irritated by Criticism, Calls Envoy Home From Venezuela”, The New York Times, 3 Kasım 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/03/world/us-irritated-by-criticism-calls-envoy-home-from-venezuela.html,
  • Maolis Castro ve Alonso Moleiro, “Turquía da un balón de oxígeno a Maduro con inversiones y apoyo político”, El Pais, 4 Aralık 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/12/04/america/1543935322_811223.html.
  • Michael G. Roskin ve Nicholas O. Berry, Uluslararası İlişkiler: Uİ’nin Yeni Dünyası, (Ankara: Adres Yayınları 2014).
  • Noticias 24, “Nicolás Maduro vence su gran reto: gana las elecciones por 235 mil votos y será Presidente”, 18 Nisan 2014, https://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/162704/nicolas-maduro-vence-su-gran-reto-gana-las-elecciones-y-sera-presidente-de-venezuela/.
  • Perry Anderson, Amerikan Dış Politikası ve Düşünürleri, Çev. Barış Baysal, (Ankara: NotaBene Yayınları 2015).
  • Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, (New York: The New Press, 2003).
  • Reuters Espana, “Chávez pierde el referéndum sobre la reforma de la Constitución”, 3 Aralık 2007, https://es.reuters.com/article/topNews/idESROD32179620071203.
  • Richard Gott, Hugo Chavez ve Bolivarcı Devrim, Çev. Hasan Böğün, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap 2008).
  • Richard Gott, Hugo Chavez ve Bolivarcı Devrim, Çev. Hasan Böğün, (İstanbul: Yordam Kitap, 2008).
  • Roberta Rampton, Steve Holland, “Trump increases pressure on Venezuela with sanctions on gold”, Reuters, 1 Kasım 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-venezuela-bolton/trump-increases-pressure-on-venezuela-with-sanctions-on-gold-idUSKCN1N65P6.
  • Telesur, “¿Qué pasó el 12 de febrero de 2014 en Venezuela?”, 12 Şubat 2017, https://www.telesurtv.net/news/Conozca-que-son-las-guarimbas-en-Venezuela-y-quienes-estan-detras-20140312-0050.html.
  • The Guardian, “Trump says Venezuela 'could be toppled very quickly' by military coup”, 25 Eylül 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/25/us-sanctions-venezuela-first-lady-vice-president.
  • TİKA, “Latin Amerika Çalıştayı Bildiriler Kitabı (22-23 Kasım 2012, Ankara)”, (Ankara:Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2013).
  • U.S Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTIMUSVE2&f=A.
  • Virginia Lopez, “Nicolás Maduro: Hugo Chávez's incendiary heir”, The Guardian, 13 Aralık 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/12/hugo-chavez-heir.
  • Zenaida Mercado, “Hoy se cumplen 33 años del nacimiento del Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200, YVKE Radio Mundial, 24 Temmuz 2016, http://www.radiomundial.com.ve/article/hoy-se-cumplen-33-a%C3%B1os-del-nacimiento-del-movimiento-bolivariano-revolucionario-200.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gökhan Çin 0000-0003-4210-0563

Publication Date June 3, 2019
Submission Date March 10, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Çin, G. (2019). Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(8), 1-38.
AMA Çin G. Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz. JOSOC. June 2019;(8):1-38.
Chicago Çin, Gökhan. “Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 8 (June 2019): 1-38.
EndNote Çin G (June 1, 2019) Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8 1–38.
IEEE G. Çin, “Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz”, JOSOC, no. 8, pp. 1–38, June 2019.
ISNAD Çin, Gökhan. “Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8 (June 2019), 1-38.
JAMA Çin G. Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz. JOSOC. 2019;:1–38.
MLA Çin, Gökhan. “Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 8, 2019, pp. 1-38.
Vancouver Çin G. Amerikan Emperyalizminin Latin Amerika’daki Son Örneği: Bolivarcı Venezuela Cumhuriyeti’nde Yaşanan Kriz. JOSOC. 2019(8):1-38.

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