Abstract
One of the most important elements which make environmental and economic loads in wastewater treatment is management of sewage sludge generated. Drying of the sewage sludge facilitates the management steps and increases the options for final application and disposal. Today, several different technologies exist for sewage sludge drying, which use fossil fuels or renewable energy sources. New investigations to decrease the environmental and economic costs of sludge drying technologies are being conducted and reported in the literature. Sludge drying efficiency of a hybrid system, which uses renewable energy sources, designed for drying of sewage sludge is investigated in this study. A modular and portable greenhouse-type system, which contains 5-storey drying belt and automatic loading and unloading system, was designed. The system named as moisture removal and drying system (NKS), is being operated under the control of an automation system (PLC). Sludge that is spread with a thickness of 5 cm over the surface of the top layer of the drying belt is transmitted to the lower storey belt and dried with solar energy. In the framework of this study, 1600 kg sewage sludge with a dry matter content varying between 14 and 19% was loaded to the NKS system, with loading rate of 400 kg each day. It was found that the dry matter content of the sludge increased to a level varying between 93 and 98% dry matter at the end of 4th day of experiments. It was seen that the system uses less energy when compared to mechanic sludge drying systems and necessitates less field needs when compared to conventional sludge drying systems. Use of similar drying systems that use renewable energy sources would offer several advantages in terms of investment and operational costs.
Keywords
References
- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Edition, 1998. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore Maryland. ISBN-10: 0875532357
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- Eric P.A, Michael J.G . (1992) Sludge dewatering system, Patent, US 5135651 A.
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- Leon, M.A., Kumar, S., Bhattacharya, S.C. (2002) A comprehensive procedure for performance evaluation of solar food dryers, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 6, 367–93.doi: 10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00005-9
- Madhlopa A. and Ngwalo G. (2003) Solar dryer with thermal storage and biomassbackup heater. Solar Energy 2007;81:449–62. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.08.008
- Mealey R.E, JR. (2009) Sludge Dewatering System. Patent, US 20090090256 A1.
- Pfänder,M,. Lüpfert,E,.Pistor,P. (2007) Infrared temperature measurements on solar trough absorber tubes, Solar Energy Volume 81, Issue 5, May 2007, 629-635. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.08.016
- Richard A. (2011) Drying system and method of using same. Patent, US 8006407 B2.
- Salihoğlu, N.K., Pınarlı, V., (2007) atıksu arıtma çamurlarının kapalı yataklarda güneş enerjisiyle kurutulması. İTÜ Dergisi / e Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Cilt:17, Sayı:1, 3-14 Mart 2007.
- Salihoğlu, N.K. (2011) The effects of limited liming on solar dried wastewater sludges ın covered drying beds . YTÜ, Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sigma 3,193-199.
- Salihoğlu, N.K. (2016) Türk Patent Enstitüsü, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Kullanıldığı Kurutma Sistemi. 2013/11364 Y nolu patent belgesi.
- Shanmuga V, Natarajan E. (2006). Experimental investigation of forced convection and desiccant integrated solar dryer. Renewable Energy 2006;31:1239–51. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2005.05.019
- Thirugnanasambandam, M., Iniyan, S., Goic, R., 2010. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, 312–322. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.014
- Vaxelaire,J. and Cézac,P . (2004) Moisture distribution in activated sludges: a review, Water Research, 38, 9, 2215-2230. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.02.021
Abstract
Atık su arıtımında çevresel yük ve maliyeti oluşturan en önemli unsurlardan biri, oluşan çamurların yönetimidir. Arıtma çamurlarının kurutulması, yönetim süreçlerini kolaylaştırmakta, nihai uygulama veya bertaraf seçeneklerini artırmaktadır. Günümüzde, arıtma çamurlarının kurutulması için gerek fosil yakıtların gerekse yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanıldığı farklı teknolojiler bulunmaktadır. Arıtma çamurlarının kurutulmasının çevresel ve ekonomik maliyetini azaltacak yeni araştırmalar yapılmakta ve bilimsel literatüre sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, atıksu arıtma çamurlarının kurutulması için tasarlanmış ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanıldığı hibrit bir sistemin çamur kurutma verimi araştırılmıştır. Çamurun kurutulması için otomatik yükleme ve boşaltma sistemlerine sahip, 5 kat kurutma bandından oluşan, sera modelinde modüler ve portatif bir sistem tasarlanmıştır. Nem alma ve kurutma sistemi (NKS) olarak adlandırılan sistem, otomasyon (PLC) sistemi kontrolünde işletilmektedir. Sisteme her gün en üstteki bantın yüzey alanını 5 cm kalınlıkta kaplayacak şekilde serilen çamur, bir alt kattaki banta devrettirilerek güneş enerjisi ile kurutulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında sisteme % 14-19 aralığında Katı Madde (KM) içeren 1600 kg arıtma çamuru 4 gün boyunca her gün 400 kg olacak şekilde yüklenmiştir. Yüklenen çamurun 4. günün sonunda % 93-98 KM’ye ulaştığı görülmüştür. İncelenen sistemin konvansiyonel güneşle çamur kurutma sistemlerine göre daha az alan ihtiyacının bulunduğu ve mekanik çamur kurutma sistemlerine göre daha düşük enerji kullandığı görülmüştür. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanıldığı bu tür kurutma sistemlerinin kullanılmasının ilk yatırım ve işletme maliyetlerinde avantajlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Edition, 1998. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). United Book Press, Inc., Baltimore Maryland. ISBN-10: 0875532357
- Bux, M., Baumann, R., Quadt, S., Pinnekamp J,Mühlbauer W. (2002) Volume reduction and biological stabilization of sludge in small sewage plants by solar drying, Drying Technology, 20, 829–37.doi: 10.1081/DRT-120003765
- Chen CR, Sharma A, Tyagi SK, Buddhi D. (2008) Numerical heat transfer studies of PCMs used in a box-type solar cooker. Renewable Energy 2008; 33:1121–9. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.06.014
- Eric P.A, Michael J.G . (1992) Sludge dewatering system, Patent, US 5135651 A.
- Ekechukwu, O.V., Norton, B. (1999) Review of solar energy drying systems II: an overview of solar drying technology. Energy Conversion and Management, 1999; 40, 615–655. doi: 10.1016/S0196-8904(98)00093-4
- Fridleifsson IB. (2001) Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2001 ;5:299–312. doi: 10.1016/S1364-0321(01)00002-8
- Hossain, M.A. and Bala B.K.. (2007). Drying of hot chilli using solar tunnel drier. Solar Energy;81:85–92.doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.06.008
- Kürklü, A., Bilgin, S., Özkan, B. (2003) A study on the solar energy storing rock-bed to heat a polyethylene tunnel type greenhouse, Renewable Energy, 28, 683–97. doi: 10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00109-X
- Leon, M.A., Kumar, S., Bhattacharya, S.C. (2002) A comprehensive procedure for performance evaluation of solar food dryers, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 6, 367–93.doi: 10.1016/S1364-0321(02)00005-9
- Madhlopa A. and Ngwalo G. (2003) Solar dryer with thermal storage and biomassbackup heater. Solar Energy 2007;81:449–62. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.08.008
- Mealey R.E, JR. (2009) Sludge Dewatering System. Patent, US 20090090256 A1.
- Pfänder,M,. Lüpfert,E,.Pistor,P. (2007) Infrared temperature measurements on solar trough absorber tubes, Solar Energy Volume 81, Issue 5, May 2007, 629-635. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.08.016
- Richard A. (2011) Drying system and method of using same. Patent, US 8006407 B2.
- Salihoğlu, N.K., Pınarlı, V., (2007) atıksu arıtma çamurlarının kapalı yataklarda güneş enerjisiyle kurutulması. İTÜ Dergisi / e Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü Cilt:17, Sayı:1, 3-14 Mart 2007.
- Salihoğlu, N.K. (2011) The effects of limited liming on solar dried wastewater sludges ın covered drying beds . YTÜ, Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sigma 3,193-199.
- Salihoğlu, N.K. (2016) Türk Patent Enstitüsü, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Kullanıldığı Kurutma Sistemi. 2013/11364 Y nolu patent belgesi.
- Shanmuga V, Natarajan E. (2006). Experimental investigation of forced convection and desiccant integrated solar dryer. Renewable Energy 2006;31:1239–51. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2005.05.019
- Thirugnanasambandam, M., Iniyan, S., Goic, R., 2010. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, 312–322. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.014
- Vaxelaire,J. and Cézac,P . (2004) Moisture distribution in activated sludges: a review, Water Research, 38, 9, 2215-2230. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.02.021
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 5, 2018 |
| Submission Date | May 21, 2017 |
| Acceptance Date | February 8, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 Volume: 23 Issue: 1 |
Cite
Cited By
Energy and Economical Analysis of Drying Process of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Sludge with Heat Pump
Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1472611
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