Physiogical Role of Kisspeptin in The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

Year 2017, Volume: 28 Issue: 1, 57 - 61, 20.04.2017

Nihal Taşkıran

Abstract

In neurohormonal system, mammalian reproductive
axis is regulated by combination of three fundamental tissues and parts; these
are hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonads. Females, the main physiological
function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG) in the reproductive
performance of activities required for continued secretion of hormones, ovum
acquisition, to ensure continuation of pregnancy with the formation of a
healthy pregnancy. This is part of a triple hypothalamic gonadotropin axis
releasing hormone (GnRH), pituitary follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormones (LH), estrogen and progesterone in the
ovary is the part. Classical information is released from the hypothalamus,
GnRH, pituitary receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation
through the front of the high-density gonodrop cells and stimulates FSH and LH
are secreted from these cells. Follicle-stimulating hormone, stimutales the
release of ovarian follicle development and estrogen hormone, ovulation takes
place in the LH. The hypothalamus, pituitary and gonadal axis
GnRH-FSH/LH-estrogen/progesterone way to the front of many mammalian species,
although well-defined molecular and cellular events that started in the brain
function is not fully understood yet. But in recent years the discovery of kisspeptin,  particularly in GnRH secretion, puberta and
metabolic regulation of reproduction has resulted in many of the unknown. The
Kiss1 gene encodes a family of peptides called kisspeptins, which are the
natural ligands for the receptor G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54). In humans
and mice, inactivating mutations of GPR54 results in hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism, indicating that kisspeptins play a vital role in the regulation
of GnRH secretion. Many aspects of the roles of kisspeptins on the
neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction are still not clear, despite the
knowledge of their regulatory effects on timing puberty and
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The aim of this review, to contribute our
knowledge about structure of the kisspeptins, neuronal control and draw
attention the importance role kisspeptins of in reproductive and nervous system
and shed light on future studies.

Keywords

Kisspeptin, GPR54, GnRH, FSH, LH, Puberty

Hipotalamo–Hipofizer-Gonadal Aks’ta Kisspeptin’in Fizyolojik Rolü

Abstract

Nörohormonal
sistemde, memeli üreme aksı üç temel doku ve bölümün birleşmesiyle düzenlenir;
bunlar hipotalamus, hipofiz ve gonadlardır. Dişilerde,
hipotalamo-hipofizer-gonadal (HPG) aksın temel fizyolojik fonksiyonu
reproduktif faaliyetlerin devamı ve performans için gerekli hormonların
salgılanmasını, ovumun elde edilmesini, gebeliğin oluşumunu ve sağlıklı gebeliğin
devamını sağlamaktır. Bu üçlü aksın hipotalamus kısmını gonadotropin
serbestleyici hormon (GnRH), hipofiz kısmını follikül uyarıcı (FSH) ve
lüteinleştirici (LH) hormonlar, ovaryum kısmını ise östrojen ve progesteron
oluşturmaktadır. Klasik bilgi olarak hipotalamustan GnRH salınmakta,
hipotalamo-hipofizer portal dolaşımla yüksek yoğunlukta ön hipofizdeki
reseptörler aracılığı ile gonodrop hücreleri uyarmakta ve bu hücrelerden FSH ve
LH salgılanmaktadır. Folikül uyarıcı hormon, ovaryumda follikül gelişimini ve
östrojen hormonunun salınımını uyarırken, LH ise ovulasyonu gerçekleşmektedir.
Hipotalamus, hipofiz ve gonadal aks da 
GnRH-FSH/LH-östrojen/progesteron yolu bir çok memeli türünde iyi
tanımlanmış olmasına rağmen ön beyindeki bu işlevi başlatan moleküler ve
hücresel olaylar henüz tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Fakat son yıllarda kisspeptinin keşfedilmesi, başta GnRH
salınım olmak üzere, puberta ve üremenin metabolik düzenlenmesinde birçok
bilinmeyenin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Kisspeptinler, peptit bir aileden oluşan ve Kiss 1 gen tarafından kodlanarak G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54)’e bağlanan hormonlardır. İnsanlarda ve
farelerde GPR54 mutasyonlarındaki eksiklik ya da yetersizlikler
hipogonadotropik hipogonadizmle sonuçlanmıştır. Bu da kisspeptinlerin GnRH
sekresyonu düzenlemesinde hayati bir rol üstlendiğini göstermektedir.
Kisspeptinlerin pubertenin zamanlanması ve HPG aks regülasyonunda etkili
oldukları bilinmekle birlikte üremenin nöronal kontrolü açısından açıklığa
kavuşturulmayı bekleyen pek çok nokta bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı,
kisspeptinlerin yapısı, nöronal kontrolü hakkındaki bilgilere katkı sağlayarak,
üreme ve sinir sistemindeki rolleri açısından kisspeptinlerin önemine dikkati
çekmek ve ileride yapılması planlanabilecek çalışmalara ışık tutmaktır.

Keywords

Kisspeptin, GPR54, GnRH, FSH, LH, Puberta

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