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ANALİZ ÖNCESİ NUMUNE HAZIRLAMA YÖNTEMİ OLARAK: QuEChERS

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 59 - 71, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1312964

Abstract

Karmaşık yapılı matrislerden, numune hazırlaması ve analizi çok sayıda işlem gerektirmesinin yanında çok miktarda masrafa neden olmaktadır. Hem numune hazırlama aşamalarını hızlandırmak ve kolaylaştırmak, hem de ortaya çıkan masrafı azaltmak için çok sayıda örnek hazırlama yöntemi ortaya konmuştur. Birçok çoklu kalıntı tarama yöntemi (MRM'ler) karmaşık, zahmetli, zaman alıcı, yüksek miktarda solvent gerektiren ve bu nedenle pahalı yöntemlerdir. Pek çok geleneksel numune hazırlama yöntemi hala kullanımda olsa da ideal olarak, çok sayıda kalıntının tarandığı yöntemlerden istenen temel özellikler; hızlı ve uygulaması kolay olması, minimum miktarda kimyasal gerektirmesi, kabul edilebilir bir seçicilik derecesi sağlaması ve tüm bunların yanında yeterince geniş bir analit spektrumunu kapsamasıdır. QuEChERS, açılımında da belirtildiği gibi gerçekleştirilmesi kolay, hızlı ve düşük maliyetli, minimum hacimde çözücü gerektiren ve geniş bir analit yelpazesinin analizini sağlayan, güvenilir sonuçlar ortaya koyan bir yöntemdir. QuEChERS ile tek bir analist, 1–3 € değerinde tek kullanımlık malzemeler kullanarak 45 dakikada 8 numune hazırlayabilir. Bu sayede laboratuvar verimliliği; işgücünün azaltılması, sarf malzeme tasarrufu, daha yüksek numune verimi ve azaltılmış atık üretimi açısından arttırılmış olur. Geliştirilmesinden itibaren 12 Haziran 2023'e kadar, Web of Science’a göre QuEChERS yöntemlerinin kullanımına ilişkin 4971 makale yayınlanmıştır. Bu araştırmalar neticesinde, çok sayıda araştırma grubu tarafından farklı matris tiplerine sahip çeşitli gıda ürünlerinde pestisitler, antibiyotikler, mikotoksinler, PAH'lar, PCB'ler gibi çeşitli kimyasal bileşiklerin analizi öncesi numune ekstraktasyonu amacıyla QuEChERS yönteminin aktif olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir.

References

  • Agilent (2010). QuEChERS 101: The Basics and Beyond. Erişim Adresi: https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/eseminars/Public/QuEChERS_101_10_11_01.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2023.
  • Ahmad, T., Masoodi, F. A., Rather, S. A., Wani, S. M. & Gull, A. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction: A review. J Biol Chem Chron, 5 (1), 114-122.
  • Alampanos, V. & Samanidou, V. (2021). An overview of sample preparation approaches prior to liquid chromatography methods for the determination of parabens in biological matrices. Microchemical Journal, 164, 105995.
  • Ali, I., Suhail, M., Alharbi, O. M. & Hussain, I. (2019). Advances in sample preparation in chromatography for organic environmental pollutants analyses. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 42 (5-6), 137-160.
  • Anastassiades, M. (2006). CRL-SRM 1st Joint CRL Workshop, Stuttgart. Erişim Adresi: http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/srm/1stws2006_lecture_anastassiades_quechers. pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2023.
  • Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J. & Štajnbaher, D. (2002). Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach for the determination of pesticide residues. WTQA 18th Annual Waste Testing & Quality Assurance Symposium.
  • Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Štajnbaher, D. & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86 (2), 412-431.
  • Anumol, T., Lehotay, S. J., Stevens, J. & Zweigenbaum, J. (2017). Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole–time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409, 2639-2653.
  • Bioküre, (2011). Protein Saflaştırmada Çöktürme Yöntemi. Erişim Adresi: http://biyokure.org/2011/04/29/protein-saflastirmada-cokturme-yontemleri/. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023.
  • Bioneks, (2023). QuEChERS. Erişim Adresi: http://www.bioneks.com/quechers.html. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023. Bokhary, A., Leitch, M. & Liao, B. Q. (2021). Liquid–liquid extraction technology for resource recovery: Applications, potential, and perspectives. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101762.
  • Capriotti, A. L., Cavaliere, C., La Barbera, G., Montone, C. M., Piovesana, S. & Laganà, A. (2019). Recent applications of magnetic solid-phase extraction for sample preparation. Chromatographia, 82, 1251-1274.
  • Casado, N., Morante-Zarcero, S. & Sierra, I. (2022). Application of the QuEChERS strategy as a useful sample preparation tool for the multiresidue determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed samples: A critical overview. Applied Sciences, 12 (9), 4325.
  • CEN (2008). Foods of plant origin–Determination of pesticide residues using GC‐MS and/or LC‐MS/MS following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean‐up by dispersive SPE. QuEChERS‐method. EN 15662, November 2008.
  • Dai, J., Lin, H., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Qiao, J. Q., Lian, H. Z. & Xu, C. X. (2023). Determination of chlorpromazine and its metabolites in animal-derived foods using QuEChERS-based extraction, EMR-Lipid cleanup, and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis. Food Chemistry, 403, 134298.
  • Diallo, T., Makni, Y., Lerebours, A., Thomas, H., Guérin, T. & Parinet, J. (2022). Development and validation according to the SANTE guidelines of a QuEChERS-UHPLC-QTOF-MS method for the screening of 204 pesticides in bivalves. Food Chemistry, 386, 132871.
  • Efsa, E. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. The EFSA Journal, 724 (1), 1-114.
  • El Azab, N. F., Hotar, S. F. & Trabik, Y. A. (2022). Investigation of a QuEChERS-based method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rat plasma by GC–MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 46 (4), 432-442.
  • González-Curbelo, M. Á., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., Ravelo-Pérez, L. M. & Hernández-Borges, J. (2012). Sample-preparation methods for pesticide-residue analysis in cereals and derivatives. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 38, 32-51.
  • González-Curbelo, M. Á., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., González-Sálamo, J., Hernández-Borges, J. & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Á. (2015). Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 169-185.
  • González-Jartín, J. M., Rodriguez-Canas, I., Alfonso, A., Sainz, M. J., Vieytes, M. R., Gomes, A., Ramos, I. & Botana, L. M. (2021). Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified mycotoxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Food Chemistry, 356, 129647.
  • Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y. & Lehotay, S. J. (2014). Streamlined sample cleanup using combined dispersive solid-phase extraction and in-vial filtration for analysis of pesticides and environmental pollutants in shrimp. Analytica Chimica Acta, 827, 40-46.
  • Islas, G., Ibarra, I. S., Hernandez, P., Miranda, J. M. & Cepeda, A. (2017). Dispersive solid phase extraction for the analysis of veterinary drugs applied to food samples: a review. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2017.
  • Ibanez, E. & Cifuentes, A. (2017). Green extraction techniques: principles, advances and applications. 1st Edition.
  • Jalili, V., Barkhordari, A. & Ghiasvand, A. (2020). A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews. Microchemical Journal, 152, 104319.
  • Kaufmann, A., Butcher, P., Maden, K., Walker, S. & Widmer, M. (2022). Improving the QuEChERS Liquid/Liquid Extraction of Analytes With Widely Varying Physicochemical Properties: Example of 201 Veterinary Drugs in Milk. Journal of AOAC International, 105 (4), 1030-1042.
  • Kinsella B., Whelan M., Cantwell H., McCormack M., Furey A., Lehotay S. J. & Danaher, M. (2010). A dual validation approach to detect anthelmintic residues in bovine liver over an extended concentration range, Talanta, 83 (1), 14-24.
  • Kole, P. L., Venkatesh, G., Kotecha, J. & Sheshala, R. (2011). Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomedical Chromatography, 25 (1‐2), 199-217.
  • Lehotay, S. (2007). AOAC official method 2007.01 pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. Journal of AOAC International, 90 (2), 485-520.
  • Lehotay, S. J., Anastassiades, M. & Majors, R. E. (2010). The QuEChERS Revolution. Lc Gc Europe, 23 (9), 418-428.
  • Lehotay, S. J. (2011). QuEChERS sample preparation approach for mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in foods. Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols, 65-91.
  • Li, W. K. & Shi, Y. P. (2019). Recent advances and applications of carbon nanotubes based composites in magnetic solid-phase extraction. TrAc Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 652-665.
  • Long, Y., Huang, Y., Zhu, M., Ma, Y., Gan, B., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Xie, J. & Chen, Y. (2023). Development of QuEChERS clean-up based on EMR-lipid for simultaneous analysis of 9 mycotoxins, acaylamide and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in biscuit by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 409, 135265.
  • Majors R. E. (2007). Modern techniques for the extraction of solid materials - an update. Lc Gc Europe, 20 (2), 574-576.
  • Majors R. E. (2013). Sample preparation fundamentals for chromatography, Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, Canada.
  • Mastovska, K., Dorweiler, K. J., Lehotay, S. J., Wegscheid, J. S. & Szpylka, K. A. (2010). Pesticide multiresidue analysis in cereal grains using modified QuEChERS method combined with automated direct sample introduction GC-TOFMS and UPLC-MS/MS techniques. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (10), 5959-5972.
  • Oymen, B., Aşır, S., Türkmen, D. & Denizli, A. (2022). Determination of multi-pesticide residues in honey with a modified QuEChERS procedure followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Journal of Apicultural Research, 61 (4), 530-542.
  • Ötles, S. & Kartal, C. (2016). Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE): Principles and applications in food samples. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 15 (1), 5-15.
  • Quechers, (2023). QuEChERS: About the Method. Erişim Adresi: https://www.quechers.eu/method. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023.
  • Pavlović, D. M., Babić, S., Horvat, A. J. & Kaštelan-Macan, M. (2007). Sample preparation in analysis of pharmaceuticals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 26 (11), 1062-1075.
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  • Rodríguez-Cañás, I., González-Jartín, J. M., Alvariño, R., Alfonso, A., Vieytes, M. R. & Botana, L. M. (2023). Detection of mycotoxins in cheese using an optimized analytical method based on a QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS quantification. Food Chemistry, 408, 135182.
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AS A PRE-ANALYSIS SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD: QuEChERS

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 59 - 71, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1312964

Abstract

The analysis of complex matrices requires numerous operations and incurs significant expenses due to the need for extensive sample preparation and analysis. In order to expedite and simplify the sample preparation stages while reducing costs, numerous methods for sample preparation have been developed. Many multi-residue screening methods (MRMs) are complex, labor-intensive, time-consuming, and require large amounts of solvents, making them expensive. Although many traditional sample preparation methods are still in use, the desired characteristics of methods that scan numerous residues include being fast and easy to implement, requiring minimal amounts of chemicals, providing an acceptable degree of selectivity, and encompassing a wide spectrum of analytes. QuEChERS, as indicated by its acronym, is a method that is easy, fast, low-cost, requires minimal solvent volume, and enables the analysis of a wide range of analytes, yielding reliable results. With QuEChERS, a single analyst can prepare 8 samples in 45 minutes using disposable materials costing 1-3 €. This increases laboratory efficiency in terms of reduced workforce, savings in consumables, higher sample throughput, and reduced waste production. From its development until 12 June 2023, 4971 articles related to the use of QuEChERS methods were published in the Web of Science. TThe outcomes of these investigations have revealed that a multitude of research collectives actively employ the QuEChERS technique to analyze a diverse array of chemical categories, including pesticides, antibiotics, mycotoxins, PAHs, and PCBs, across an extensive spectrum of food commodities characterized by varying matrix compositions.

References

  • Agilent (2010). QuEChERS 101: The Basics and Beyond. Erişim Adresi: https://www.agilent.com/cs/library/eseminars/Public/QuEChERS_101_10_11_01.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2023.
  • Ahmad, T., Masoodi, F. A., Rather, S. A., Wani, S. M. & Gull, A. (2019). Supercritical fluid extraction: A review. J Biol Chem Chron, 5 (1), 114-122.
  • Alampanos, V. & Samanidou, V. (2021). An overview of sample preparation approaches prior to liquid chromatography methods for the determination of parabens in biological matrices. Microchemical Journal, 164, 105995.
  • Ali, I., Suhail, M., Alharbi, O. M. & Hussain, I. (2019). Advances in sample preparation in chromatography for organic environmental pollutants analyses. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 42 (5-6), 137-160.
  • Anastassiades, M. (2006). CRL-SRM 1st Joint CRL Workshop, Stuttgart. Erişim Adresi: http://www.eurl-pesticides.eu/library/docs/srm/1stws2006_lecture_anastassiades_quechers. pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2023.
  • Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J. & Štajnbaher, D. (2002). Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) approach for the determination of pesticide residues. WTQA 18th Annual Waste Testing & Quality Assurance Symposium.
  • Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Štajnbaher, D. & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86 (2), 412-431.
  • Anumol, T., Lehotay, S. J., Stevens, J. & Zweigenbaum, J. (2017). Comparison of veterinary drug residue results in animal tissues by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole or quadrupole–time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry after different sample preparation methods, including use of a commercial lipid removal product. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 409, 2639-2653.
  • Bioküre, (2011). Protein Saflaştırmada Çöktürme Yöntemi. Erişim Adresi: http://biyokure.org/2011/04/29/protein-saflastirmada-cokturme-yontemleri/. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023.
  • Bioneks, (2023). QuEChERS. Erişim Adresi: http://www.bioneks.com/quechers.html. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023. Bokhary, A., Leitch, M. & Liao, B. Q. (2021). Liquid–liquid extraction technology for resource recovery: Applications, potential, and perspectives. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101762.
  • Capriotti, A. L., Cavaliere, C., La Barbera, G., Montone, C. M., Piovesana, S. & Laganà, A. (2019). Recent applications of magnetic solid-phase extraction for sample preparation. Chromatographia, 82, 1251-1274.
  • Casado, N., Morante-Zarcero, S. & Sierra, I. (2022). Application of the QuEChERS strategy as a useful sample preparation tool for the multiresidue determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed samples: A critical overview. Applied Sciences, 12 (9), 4325.
  • CEN (2008). Foods of plant origin–Determination of pesticide residues using GC‐MS and/or LC‐MS/MS following acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and clean‐up by dispersive SPE. QuEChERS‐method. EN 15662, November 2008.
  • Dai, J., Lin, H., Pan, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Qiao, J. Q., Lian, H. Z. & Xu, C. X. (2023). Determination of chlorpromazine and its metabolites in animal-derived foods using QuEChERS-based extraction, EMR-Lipid cleanup, and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS analysis. Food Chemistry, 403, 134298.
  • Diallo, T., Makni, Y., Lerebours, A., Thomas, H., Guérin, T. & Parinet, J. (2022). Development and validation according to the SANTE guidelines of a QuEChERS-UHPLC-QTOF-MS method for the screening of 204 pesticides in bivalves. Food Chemistry, 386, 132871.
  • Efsa, E. (2008). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. The EFSA Journal, 724 (1), 1-114.
  • El Azab, N. F., Hotar, S. F. & Trabik, Y. A. (2022). Investigation of a QuEChERS-based method for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rat plasma by GC–MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 46 (4), 432-442.
  • González-Curbelo, M. Á., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., Ravelo-Pérez, L. M. & Hernández-Borges, J. (2012). Sample-preparation methods for pesticide-residue analysis in cereals and derivatives. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 38, 32-51.
  • González-Curbelo, M. Á., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., González-Sálamo, J., Hernández-Borges, J. & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Á. (2015). Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 169-185.
  • González-Jartín, J. M., Rodriguez-Canas, I., Alfonso, A., Sainz, M. J., Vieytes, M. R., Gomes, A., Ramos, I. & Botana, L. M. (2021). Multianalyte method for the determination of regulated, emerging and modified mycotoxins in milk: QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC–MS/MS analysis. Food Chemistry, 356, 129647.
  • Han, L., Sapozhnikova, Y. & Lehotay, S. J. (2014). Streamlined sample cleanup using combined dispersive solid-phase extraction and in-vial filtration for analysis of pesticides and environmental pollutants in shrimp. Analytica Chimica Acta, 827, 40-46.
  • Islas, G., Ibarra, I. S., Hernandez, P., Miranda, J. M. & Cepeda, A. (2017). Dispersive solid phase extraction for the analysis of veterinary drugs applied to food samples: a review. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2017.
  • Ibanez, E. & Cifuentes, A. (2017). Green extraction techniques: principles, advances and applications. 1st Edition.
  • Jalili, V., Barkhordari, A. & Ghiasvand, A. (2020). A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews. Microchemical Journal, 152, 104319.
  • Kaufmann, A., Butcher, P., Maden, K., Walker, S. & Widmer, M. (2022). Improving the QuEChERS Liquid/Liquid Extraction of Analytes With Widely Varying Physicochemical Properties: Example of 201 Veterinary Drugs in Milk. Journal of AOAC International, 105 (4), 1030-1042.
  • Kinsella B., Whelan M., Cantwell H., McCormack M., Furey A., Lehotay S. J. & Danaher, M. (2010). A dual validation approach to detect anthelmintic residues in bovine liver over an extended concentration range, Talanta, 83 (1), 14-24.
  • Kole, P. L., Venkatesh, G., Kotecha, J. & Sheshala, R. (2011). Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for effective bioanalytical methods. Biomedical Chromatography, 25 (1‐2), 199-217.
  • Lehotay, S. (2007). AOAC official method 2007.01 pesticide residues in foods by acetonitrile extraction and partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate. Journal of AOAC International, 90 (2), 485-520.
  • Lehotay, S. J., Anastassiades, M. & Majors, R. E. (2010). The QuEChERS Revolution. Lc Gc Europe, 23 (9), 418-428.
  • Lehotay, S. J. (2011). QuEChERS sample preparation approach for mass spectrometric analysis of pesticide residues in foods. Mass Spectrometry in Food Safety: Methods and Protocols, 65-91.
  • Li, W. K. & Shi, Y. P. (2019). Recent advances and applications of carbon nanotubes based composites in magnetic solid-phase extraction. TrAc Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 652-665.
  • Long, Y., Huang, Y., Zhu, M., Ma, Y., Gan, B., Wang, Y., Yu, Q., Xie, J. & Chen, Y. (2023). Development of QuEChERS clean-up based on EMR-lipid for simultaneous analysis of 9 mycotoxins, acaylamide and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in biscuit by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 409, 135265.
  • Majors R. E. (2007). Modern techniques for the extraction of solid materials - an update. Lc Gc Europe, 20 (2), 574-576.
  • Majors R. E. (2013). Sample preparation fundamentals for chromatography, Agilent Technologies, Mississauga, Canada.
  • Mastovska, K., Dorweiler, K. J., Lehotay, S. J., Wegscheid, J. S. & Szpylka, K. A. (2010). Pesticide multiresidue analysis in cereal grains using modified QuEChERS method combined with automated direct sample introduction GC-TOFMS and UPLC-MS/MS techniques. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58 (10), 5959-5972.
  • Oymen, B., Aşır, S., Türkmen, D. & Denizli, A. (2022). Determination of multi-pesticide residues in honey with a modified QuEChERS procedure followed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Journal of Apicultural Research, 61 (4), 530-542.
  • Ötles, S. & Kartal, C. (2016). Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE): Principles and applications in food samples. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 15 (1), 5-15.
  • Quechers, (2023). QuEChERS: About the Method. Erişim Adresi: https://www.quechers.eu/method. Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023.
  • Pavlović, D. M., Babić, S., Horvat, A. J. & Kaštelan-Macan, M. (2007). Sample preparation in analysis of pharmaceuticals. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 26 (11), 1062-1075.
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There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Pharmacology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hikmet Özgün İşcan 0000-0002-5786-9247

Abdurrahman Aksoy 0000-0001-9486-312X

Publication Date September 1, 2023
Acceptance Date July 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İşcan, H. Ö., & Aksoy, A. (2023). ANALİZ ÖNCESİ NUMUNE HAZIRLAMA YÖNTEMİ OLARAK: QuEChERS. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 14(2), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1312964