Gebeliğin ilk trimesterindeki ineklerde embriyonik ve fötal kayıplar

Year 2022, Volume: 93 Issue: 1, 76 - 86, 15.01.2022

Mehmet Cengiz , Vefa Tohumcu

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1002989

Abstract

Embriyonik ve fötal ölümler süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde hem ekonomik hem de biyolojik verimliliği olumsuz etkileyen kritik problemlerdir. Gebeliğin ilk trimesterindeki gebelik kayıpları, sonraki dönemlerdeki gebelik kayıplarına göre daha sık gözlenir. Her tohumlamada, oositlerin neredeyse tamamı fertilize olurken, oluşan embriyoların yaklaşık yarısı doğuma ulaşabilmektedir. İlk trimesterdeki gebelik kayıplarının çoğunluğu (%60 – 87) tohumlama sonrası ilk 28 günde meydana gelirken (erken embriyonik ölüm), ilerleyen günlerde de (28 – 90. günler) (%10 – 35) geç embriyonik veya erken fötal ölümler gözlenmektedir. Her ne kadar erken embriyonik ölümlerin prevalansı daha fazla olsa da, geç embriyonik ve erken fötal ölümler daha yüksek ekonomik zarara neden olmaktadır. Doğum sonrası jinekolojik problemler, uterus içi ve uterus dışı enfeksiyonlar, doğum sonrası erken dönemde yapılan tohumlamalar, tohumlama sayısı, kan progesteron düzeyi, genetik nedenler, ikiz gebelik, ırk ve süt verimi, mevsim ve vücut kondüsyon skoru gebelik kayıplarının en önemli nedenleridir. Gebelik kayıplarının tespitinde, rektal palpasyon, progesteron ölçümleri (P4), ultrasonografi ve gebelik ilişkili glikoprotein (PAG) ölçümleri kullanılmaktadır. İlk trimesterde meydana gelen gebelik kayıplarının önlenmesi amacıyla tohumlama sonrası GnRH (gonadotropin salıcı hormon) ve hCG (insan koriyonikgonadotropini) enjeksiyonu ile vajina içi progesteron salan gereçlerin kullanımı önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Embriyonik ölüm, Fötal ölüm, Gebelik, İnek

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır

Embryonic and foetal losses during the first trimester of gestation in cows

Abstract

Embryonic and foetal deaths are critical problems affecting dairy farms' economic and biological productivity. Pregnancy losses, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, are more frequent than the cases occur in later period. While almost all oocytes are fertilized at each insemination, about half reach parturition. As the majority of pregnancy losses in the first trimester (60-87%) occur in the first 28 days after insemination (early embryonic death), late embryonic or early foetal deaths are observed in the following days (28-90 days) (10-35%). Although early embryonic deaths have a higher prevalence, late embryonic and early fetal deaths cause higher economic losses. Postpartum gynecological problems, intrauterine and extrauterine infections, insemination in the early postpartum period, insemination number, blood progesterone level, genetic reasons, twin pregnancy, race and milk yield, season, and body condition score are the most prevalent reasons for pregnancy losses. Rectal palpation, progesterone measurements (P4), ultrasonography, and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) measurements are used to detect pregnancy losses. Following to insemination, GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) injections and insertion of intravaginal progesterone releasing devices are suggested in order to prevent pregnancy losses in the first trimester.

Keywords

Embryonic death, Foetal death, Gestation, Cow

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır

References

• Abbitt B, Ball L, Kitto GP, Sitzman CG, Wilgenburg B, Raim LW, Jr. Seidel GE. Effect of three methods of palpation for pregnency diagnosis perrectum on embryonic and fetal attrition in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1978;173(8):973-977.
• Abdalla H, Elghafghuf A, Elsohaby I, Nasr MA. Maternal and non-maternal factors associated with late embryonic and early fetal losses in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2017;100:16-23.
• Alexander BM, Johnson MS, Guardia RO, Van de Graaf WL, Senger PL, Sasser RG. Embryonic loss from 30 to 60 days post breeding and the effect of palpation per rectum on pregnancy. Theriogenology 1995;43(3):551-556.
• Arshad U, Qayyum A, Hassan M, Husnain A, Sattar A, Ahmad N. Effect of resynchronization with GnRH or progesterone (P4) intravaginal device (CIDR) on Day 23 after timed artificial insemination on cumulative pregnancy and embryonic losses in CIDR-GnRH synchronized Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Theriogenology 2017;103:104-109.
• Ataman MB, Erdem H, Bülbül B, Ümütlü S, Çolak M. The effect of buserelin injection 12 days after insemination on selected reproductive characteristics in cows. Acta Vet Brno 2011;80(2):171-177.
• Bartolome JA, Kamimura S, Silvestre F, Arteche ACM, Trigg T, Thatcher WW. The use of a deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist) during the late embryonic period to reduce pregnancy loss. Theriogenology 2006;65(8):1443-1453.
• Baştan A (2019). İneklerde meme sağlığı ve sorunları, 1st ed. Neyir Matbaacılık Tanıtım Hizmetleri, Ankara.
• Carter F, Forde N, Duffy P, Wade M, Fair T, Crowe MA, Lonergan P. Effect of increasing progesterone concentration from Day 3 of pregnancy on subsequent embryo survival and development in beef heifers. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 2008;20(3);368-375.
• Clemente M, de La Fuente J, Fair T, Al Naib A, Gutierrez-Adan A, Roche JF, Lonergan P. Progesterone and conceptus elongation in cattle: a direct effect on the embryo or an indirect effect via the endometrium?. Reprod 2009;138(3):507.
• Diskin MG, Morris DG. Embryonic and early foetal losses in cattle and other ruminants. Reprod Domest Anim 2008;43:260-267.
• Diskin MG, Murphy JJ, Sreenan JM. Embryo survival in dairy cows managed under pastoral conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 2006;96(3-4):297-311.
• e Silva JC, Da Costa LL, Silva JR. Plasma progesterone profiles and factors affecting embryo-fetal mortality following embryo transfer in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2002;58(1):51-59.
• Fair T. The contribution of the maternal immune system to the establishment of pregnancy in cattle. Front Immunol 2015;6:7. Franco G, Reese S, Poole R, Rhinehart J, Thompson K, Cooke R, Pohler K. Sire contribution to pregnancy loss in different periods of embryonic and fetal development of beef cows. Theriogenology 2020;154:84-91.
• Franco OJ, Drost M, Thatcher MJ, Shille VM, Thatcher WW. Fetal survival in the cow after pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum. Theriogenology 1987;27(4):631-644.
• Freret S, Ponsart C, Rai DB, Jeanguyot N, Paccard P, Humblot P. Facteurs de variation de la fertilité en première insémination et des taux de mortalités embryonnaires en élevages laitiers Prim’Holstein. Rencontres Recherches Ruminants 2006;13:281-284.
• Fricke PM, Wiltbank MC. Effect of milk production on the incidence of double ovulation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 1999;52(7):1133-1143.
• Gábor G, Tóth F, Ózsvári L, Abonyi‐Tóth Z, Sasser RG. Factors influencing pregnancy rate and late embryonic loss in dairy cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2008;43(1):53-58.
• García-Ispierto I, López-Gatius F, Santolaria P, Yániz JL, Nogareda C, López-Béjar M, De Rensis F. Relationship between heat stress during the peri-implantation period and early fetal loss in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2006;65(4):799-807.
• Gilbert RO. The effects of endometritis on the establishment of pregnancy in cattle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011;24(1)252-257.
• Giordano JO, Guenther JN, Lopes Jr G, Fricke PM. Changes in serum pregnancy-associated glycoprotein, pregnancy-specific protein B, and progesterone concentrations before and after induction of pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012;95(2): 683-697.
• Green JA, Parks TE, Avalle MP, Telugu BP, McLain AL, Peterson AJ, Roberts RM. The establishment of an ELISA for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the serum of pregnant cows and heifers. Theriogenology 2005;63(5):1481-1503.
• Griffin PG, Ginther OJ. Research applications of ultrasonic imaging in reproductive biology. J Anim Sci 1992;70(3):953-972.
• Grimard B, Freret S, Chevallier A, Pinto A, Ponsart C, Humblot P. Genetic and environmental factors influencing first service conception rate and late embryonic/foetal mortality in low fertility dairy herds. Anim Reprod Sci 2006;91(1-2):31-44.
• Gustavsson I. Symposium: cytogenetics of farm animals. J Dairy Sci 1979;62(5):825-835.
• Hansen PJ, Dobbs KB, Denicol AC. Programming of the preimplantation embryo by the embryokine colony stimulating factor 2. Anim Reprod Sci 2014;149(1-2):59-66.
• Humblot P. Use of pregnancy specific proteins and progesterone assays to monitor pregnancy and determine the timing, frequencies and sources of embryonic mortality in ruminants. Theriogenology 2001;56(9):1417-1433.
• Inskeep EK, Dailey RA. Embryonic death in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 2005;21(2):437-461. Kastelic JP, Curran S, Pierson RA, Ginther OJ. Ultrasonic evaluation of the bovine conceptus. Theriogenology 1988;29(1):39-54.
• Kinsel ML, Marsh WE, Ruegg PL, Etherington WG. Risk factors for twinning in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1998;81(4):989-993.
• Kumar S, Purohit GN. Effect of different hormonal therapies on day 5 of estrus on plasma progesterone profile and conception rates in repeat breeding dairy cows. J Anim Health Prod 2017;50(3):103-106.
• Ledoux D, Ponsart C, Grimard B, Gatien J, Deloche MC, Fritz S, Humblot P. Sire effect on early and late embryonic death in French Holstein cattle. Anim 2015;9(5):766-774.
• López‐Gatius F. The effect on pregnancy rate of progesterone administration after manual reduction of twin embryos in dairy cattle. J Vet Med 2005;52(4):199-201.
• López-Gatius F. Factors of a noninfectious nature affecting fertility after artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows. A review. Theriogenology 2012;77(6):1029-1041.
• Lopez-Gatius F, Hunter RHF, Garbayo JM, Santolaria P, Yaniz J, Serrano B, Beckers JF. Plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 (PAG-1) in high producing dairy cows suffering early fetal loss during the warm season. Theriogenology 2007;67(8):1324-1330.
• López-Gatius F, Labèrnia J, Santolaria P, López-Béjar M, Rutllant J. Effect of reproductive disorders previous to conception on pregnancy attrition in dairy cows. Theriogenology 1996;46(4): 643-648.
• López-Gatius F, Santolaria P, Yaniz J, Rutllant J, López-Béjar M. Factors affecting pregnancy loss from gestation day 38 to 90 in lactating dairy cows from a single herd. Theriogenology 2002;57(4):1251-1261.
• López-Gatius F, Santolaria P, Yániz JL, Hunter RHF. Progesterone supplementation during the early fetal period reduces pregnancy loss in high-yielding dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2004;62(8):1529-1535.
• Meeusen EN, Bischof RJ, Lee CS. Comparative T‐cell responses during pregnancy in large animals and humans. Am J Reprod Immunol 2001;46(2):169-179.
• Moore DA, Overton MW, Chebel RC, Truscott ML, Bon Durant RH. Evaluation of factors that affect embryonic loss in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;226(7):1112-1118.
• Musilová D, Bartoněk J, Čech S, Páleník T, Doležel R. Induction of accessory corpus luteum in cows by gonadotropin-releasing hormone administrated after insemination. Acta Vet Brno 2014;83(2):107-111.
• Pegorer MF, Vasconcelos JL, Trinca LA, Hansen PJ, Barros CM. Influence of sire and sire breed (Gyr versus Holstein) on establishment of pregnancy and embryonic loss in lactating Holstein cows during summer heat stress. Theriogenology 2007;67(4):692-697. Pohler KG, Pereira MHC, Lopes FR, Lawrence JC, Keisler DH, Smith MF, Green JA. Circulating concentrations of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins and late embryonic mortality in lactating dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2016;99(2):1584-1594.
• Robertson SA, Guerin LR, Moldenhauer LM, Hayball JD. Activating T regulatory cells for tolerance in early pregnancy—the contribution of seminal fluid. J Reprod Immunol 2009;83(1-2):109-116.
• Sartori R, Sartor-Bergfelt R, Mertens SA, Guenther JN, Parrish JJ, Wiltbank MC. Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter. J Dairy Sci 2002;85(11):2803-2812.
• Shanks RD, Robinson JL. Embryonic mortality attributed to inherited deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase. J Dairy Sci 1989;72(11):3035-3039.
• Silke V, Diskin MG, Kenny DA, Boland MP, Dillon P, Mee JF, Sreenan JM. Extent, pattern and factors associated with late embryonic loss in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2002;71(1-2):1-12.
• Sreenan JM, Diskin MG. The extent and timing of embryonic mortality in the cow. In: Sreenan JM, Diskin MG. Embryonic mortality in farm animal. 1st. ed. Dordrecht: Springer; 1986. p. 1-11.
• Thatcher WW, Guzeloglu A, Mattos R, Binelli M, Hansen TR, Pru JK. Uterine-conceptus interactions and reproductive failure in cattle. Theriogenology 2001;56(9):1435-1450.
• Vanroose G, de Kruif A, Van Soom A. Embryonic mortality and embryo–pathogen interactions. Anim Reprod Sci 2000;60:131-143.
• Yamada O, Todoroki J, Kizaki K, Takahashi T, Imai K, Patel OV, Hashizume K. Expression of prolactin-related protein I at the fetomaternal interface during the implantation period in cows. Reprod 2002;124(3)427-437.
• Yamauchi N, Takezawa T, Kizaki K, Herath CB, Hashizume K. Proliferative potential of endometrial stromal cells, and endometrial and placental expression of cyclin in the bovine. J Reprod Dev 2003;49(6):553-560.
• Zobel R, Tkalčić S, Pipal I, Buić,V. Incidence and factors associated with early pregnancy losses in Simmental dairy cows. Anim reprod sci 2011;127(3-4):121-125.