Kadınların Kariyer Gelişiminde Cam Tavan, Mesleki Öz Yeterlik, Rol-Model ve Güç Mesafesinin Rolü: Ordu İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü Kamu Hastaneleri Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 38, 496 - 515, 25.05.2023

Gökhan Karadirek

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1133040

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınların kariyer gelişiminde cam tavan, güç mesafesi, mesleki öz yeterlik ve rol-modelin etkisini belirlemektir. Çalışma, nicel araştırma deseninde ve ilişkisel tarama modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma, Ordu İl Sağlık Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı kamu hastanelerinde görev yapan kadın çalışanlar üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama işlemi, uygun örnekleme yöntemiyle 2 Mart 2022-11 Nisan 2022 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Örneklemi, 324 kadın sağlık çalışanı oluşturmaktadır. Veriler, SPSS 25 ve PROCESS macro yazılımı ile analiz edilmiştir. Değişkenlerin aralarındaki ilişki korelasyon ve regresyon analiziyle belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları, kadın çalışanların kariyer gelişimi ile mesleki öz-yeterlik ve rol-modeli arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Kadın çalışanların kariyer gelişimi ile cam tavan ve güç mesafesi arasında ise negatif bir ilişkinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bulgular, kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısı ile güç mesafesi arasında pozitif, rol-model arasında ise negatif bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan, kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısı ile mesleki öz yeterliği arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. PROCESS macro ile yapılan aracılık testi sonuçlarına göre kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısı, kariyer gelişimi ile rol-model ve güç mesafesi arasındaki ilişkide aracı etkiye sahiptir.

Keywords

Cam Tavan, Kariyer Gelişimi, Rol-Model, Mesleki Öz Yeterlik, Güç Mesafesi

The Role of Glass Ceiling, Occupational Self-Efficacy, Role Model and Power Distance in Women's Career Advancement: Example of Public Hospitals of Ordu Provincial Directorate of Health

Abstract

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of glass ceiling, power distance, occupational self-efficacy and role model in the career advancement of women. The study is designed in quantitative research design and relational survey model. The research is carried out on female employees working in public hospitals of Ordu Provincial Directorate of Health. The data collection process is collected between 2 March 2022 and 11 April 2022 through convenient sampling method. The sample consists of 324 female health employees. Data is analyzed using SPSS 25 and PROCESS macro statistics software. The relationship among the variables is identified by using correlation and regression analysis. Correlation and regression analysis are applied to determine the relationship between the variables. The research findings reveal positive relationships between female employees’ career advancement, and occupational self-efficacy and role model. The findings also exhibit that there are negative relationships between female employees’ career advancement, and glass ceiling and power distance. In addition, the findings show that there is a positive relationship between the glass ceiling perception of female employees and power distance, but a negative relationship with the role model. On the other hand, no significant relationship is found between the glass ceiling perception of female employees and occupational self-efficacy. According to the results of the mediation test conducted through the PROCESS macro, the glass ceiling perception of female employees has a mediating effect in the relationship between career advancement and, role model and power distance.

Keywords

Glass Ceiling, Career Advancement, Role Model, Occupational Self-Efficacy, Power Distance

References

• Abele, A. ve Spurk, D. (2009). The longitudinal impact of self-efficacy and career goals on objective and subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 53-62.
• Akdöl, B. (2009). Cam tavan ve kurumsal bir strateji pozitif ayrımcılık; ilaç sektöründe bir sınıflandırma [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. .İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Akın Acuner, Ş. (2019). Kadın Çalışanların Kariyer Geliştirme Sürecinde Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi-IJEAS, (23), 35-52.
• Alga, E. (2020). Cam tavan sendromu ve bölgesel boyut: bir kamu bankası örneği. Türk İdare Dergisi, 491, 11-39.
• Arthur, M. ve Kram, K. (1989). Reciprocity at work: The separate, yet inseparable possibilities for individual and organizational. M. Arthur, D. Hall ve B. Lawrence (Ed.), Handbook of career theory içinde (s. 292-312). Cambridge University Press.
• Austin, M. ve Nauta, M. (2016). Entrepreneurial role-model exposure, self-efficacy, and women’s entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Career Development, 43(3), 260-272.
• Ayoğul, H. ve Baraz, A. (2020). Kadın çalışanların kariyer engelleri: Eskişehir’de bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 44, 13-27.
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Bandura, A. (2009). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. E. Locke (Ed.) Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior (2. Baskı.) içinde (s. 179-200). Wiley: Blackwell.
• Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. ve Pastorelli, C. (2001). Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children’s aspirations and career trajectories. Child Development, 72(1), 187–206.
• Barreto, M., Ryan, M. ve Schmitt, M. (2009). The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality. American Psychological Association.
• Baum, J., Frese, M. ve Baron, R. (2012). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press.
• Baumgartner, M. ve Schneider, D. (2010). Perceptions of women in management: A thematic analysis of razing the glass ceiling. Journal of Career Development, 37(2), 559-576.
• Bombuwela, P. ve De Alwis, A. (2013). Effects of glass ceiling on women career development in private sector organizations – case of sri lanka. Journal of Competitiveness, 5(2), 3-19.
• Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Van Praag, M. ve Verheul, I. (2011). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 410-424.
• Budhwar, P. (2000). Indian and British personnel specialists’ understanding of the dynamics of their function: An empirical study. International Business Review, 9(6), 727-753.
• Can, E., Kaptanoğlu, S. ve Halo, L. (2018). Akademisyenlerde cam tavan sendromunun güç mesafesi ile ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, 13(50), 52-64.
• Chaudhary, R., Rangnekar, S. ve Barua, M. (2012). Relationships between occupational self efficacy, human resource development climate, and work engagement. Team Performance Management, 18(7/8), 370-383.
• Cotter, D., Hermsen, J., Ovadia, S. ve Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Ocial Forces, 80(2), 655-682.
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Araştırma deseni. [Research design]. (S. B. Demir, Çev. Ed.). Eğiten Kitap.
• Datta, S. ve Agarwal, U. (2017). Factors effecting career advancement of Indian women managers. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(3), 314-336.
• Dickerson, A. ve Taylor, M. (2000). Self-limiting behavior in women: self-esteem and self-efficacy as predictors. Group & Organization Management, 25(2), 191-210.
• Eryılmaz, A. ve Mutlu, T. (2017). Yaşam boyu gelişim yaklaşımı perspektifinden kariyer gelişimi ve ruh sağlığı. Psikiyatride GüncelYaklaşımlar, 9(2), 227-249.
• Firdausia, S., Yusuf, M. ve Anggarani, F. (2020). Gender stereotypes and self-efficacy as determinants of the glass ceiling effect: a study of female civil servants in central java. Jurnal Psikologi, 47(1), 56-63.
• Fraenkel, J. ve Wallen, N. (2009). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York McGraw-Hill.
• Ganiyu, R., Oluwafemi, A., Ademola, A. ve Olatunji, O. (2018). The glass ceiling conundrum: Illusory belief or barriers that impede women’s career advancement in the workplace. Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business, 3(1),137-166.
• Gerni, G. ve Denizli, A. (2021). Öz yeterliliğin kariyer uyum yeteneklerine etkisinde proaktif kişiliğin aracı rolü. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 22(1), 1-19.
• Gibbs, P. (2015). The effect of power distance on the career advancement of women. University of Pretoria, Gordon Institute of Business Science.
• Gibson, D. (2004). Role models in career development: New directions for theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134-156.
• Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: felsefe-yöntem-analiz (5. Baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Hackett, G. ve Lent, R. (1992). Theoretical advances and current inquiry in career psychology. S. Brown ve R. Lent (Ed.), Handbook of counseling psychology içinde (s. 419-451). Wiley.
• Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
• Hartman, R. ve Barber, E. (2020). Women in the workforce The effect of gender on occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and career aspirations. Gender in Management, 35(1), 1-27.
• Hauff, S. ve Richter, N. (2015). Power distance and its moderating role in the relationship between situational job characteristics and job satisfaction: An empirical analysis using different cultural measures. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 22(1), 68-89.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do american theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
• Hofstede, G. (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 389-398.
• Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy oi Management Executive, 7(1), 81-94.
• Hofstede, G. (1994). Management scientists are human. Management Science, 40(1), 4-13.
• Hofstede, G. ve Bond, M. (1988). The confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16(4), 5-21.
• Hoşgör, H., Gündüz Hoşgör, D. ve Memiş, K. (2016). Sosyo-demografik özellikler ile cam tavan sendromu arasındaki ilişki ve farklılıkların incelenmesi: Sağlık çalışanları örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(35), 345-362.
• İmadoğlu, T., Kurşuncu, R. ve Çavuş , M. (2020). The effect of glass ceiling syndrome on women’s career barriers in management and job motivation. HOLISTICA: Holistica Journal of Business and Public Administration, 11(2), 85-99.
• Jahangirov, N., Ari, G., Jahangirov, S. ve Tosunoglu, N. (2015). The relationship between glass ceiling and power distance as a cultural variable by a new method. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 4(4), 465-483.
• Jain, N. ve Mukherji, S. (2010). The perception of 'glass ceiling' in Indian organizations: An exploratory study. South Asian Journal of Management, 17(1), 23-42.
• Jasielska, A. (2014). Women's career success in a man's workplace-a cross-national study. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 5(1), 23-32.
• Kabaklı Çimen, L. (2019). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin rol model tercihleri. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 88-110.
• Kagan, J. (1958). The concept of identification. Psychological Review, 65(5), 296-305.
• Karcıoğlu, F. ve Leblebici, Y. (2014). Kadın yöneticilerde kariyer engelleri: “Cam Tavan sendromu” üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(4), 1-20.
• Katkat Özçelik, M. (2017). Çalışma hayatında kadının yeri ve kariyer gelişim engelleri. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 5(52), 49-70.
• Karadirek, G. ve Genç, K. (2020). Örgüt kültürü. Astana Yayunları.
• Kendir, H. ve Özkoç, A. (2018). Otel işletmelerinde çalışanların kariyer tatmini ve kariyer bağlılığı ilişkisinde öz yeterliliğin rolü. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(4), 78-112.
• Khuong, M. N. ve Chi, N. T. (2017). Effects of the corporate glass ceiling factors on female employees organizational commitment: An empirical of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal of Advanced Management Science, 5(4), 255-263.
• King, Z. (2004). Career self-management: Its nature, causes and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 112-133
• Kılıç, T. (2017). Relationship between glass ceiling syndrome and self-efficacy; in health sector. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(3), 84-87.
• Kılıç, T. ve Çakıcı, A. (2016). Sağlık ve eğitim sektöründeki kadın çalışanların cam tavan algısının karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3), 283-303.
• Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York London: (Third Edition) Guilford Press.
• Kolade, O. ve Kehinde, O. (2013). Glass ceiling and women career advancement: evidence from Nigerian construction industry. Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 6(1), 77-97.
• Lee, C., Pillutla, M. ve Law, K. (2000). Power-distance, gender and organizational justice. Journal of Management, 26(4), 685-704.
• Lent, R., Brown, S. ve Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45(1), 79-122.
• Lockwood, P. (2006). "Someone like me can be successful": Do college students need samegender. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(1), 36-46.
• Morrison, A., White, R. ve Ellen, V. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America’s largest corporations? Addison-Wesley.
• Nauta, M. ve Kokaly, M. (2001). Assessing role model influences on students’ academic and vocational decisions. Journal of Career Assessment, 9(1), 81-99.
• Ottu, I. ve Inwang, W. (2013). Perceived self-efficacy, domestic violence and women’s ability to break ındustrial glass ceiling. Advancing Women in Leadership, 33, 177-187.
• Öztürk, İ. ve Şimşek, A. (2019). Systematic review of glass ceiling effect in academia: The case of Turkey. OPUS–International Journal of Society Researches, 9(13), 481-499.
• Pajares, F. (2002). Gender and perceived self-efficacy in self-regulated learning. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 116-125.
• Powell, G. ve Butterfield, D. (1994). Investigating the "glass ceiling" phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 68-86.
• Rai, U. ve Srivastava, M. (2010). Women executives and the glass ceiling: Myths and mysteries From Razia Sultana to Hillary Clinton. BHU Management Review, 1(2), 79-83.
• Rigotti, T., Schyns, B. ve Mohr, G. (2008). A short version of the occupational self-efficacy scale: structural and construct validity across five countries. Journal of Career Assessment, 16(2), 238-255.
• Serinikli, N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin cam tavan algıları ile beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ilişkisi. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 16-28.
• Sever, H. (2016). The comparison of glass ceiling perception of employees working in public and private enterprises. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 6(5), 577-588.
• Shields, S. (2005). The politics of emotion in everyday life: “appropriate” emotion and claims on identity. Review of General Psychology, 9(1), 3-15.
• Soysal, A. ve Baynal, T. (2016). Sağlık kurumlarında cam tavan sendromu: Kayseri özel sağlık kurumlarında bir araştırma. KSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(2), 225-264.
• Sue-Chan, C. ve Ong, M. (2002). Goal assignment and performance: Assessing the mediating roles of goal commitment and self-efficacy and the moderating role of power distance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89(2), 1140-1161.
• Tabachnick, B. ve Fidell, L. (2014). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
• Turner, S. ve Lapan, R. (2002). Career self-efficacy and perceptions of parent support in adolescent career development. The Career Development Quarterly, 51(1), 44-55.
• Utma, S. (2019). Kadına yönelik cinsiyet ayrımcılığı ve cam tavan sendromu. Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 4-58.
• Valero, D., Keller, A. ve Hirschi, A. (2019). The perceived influence of role models and early career development in native and migrant youth. Journal of Career Development, 46(3), 265-279.
• Wang, H., Hall, N. ve Rahimi, S. (2015). Self-efficacy and causal attributions in teachers: Effects on burnout, job satisfaction, illness, and quitting intentions. Teaching and Teacher Education, 47, 120-130.
• Yang, J.-H. (2019). The effect of role model on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: Focused on Korean and Chinese university students. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 211-220.
• Yaratım , I. (2019). Glass ceiling perceptions of public employees [Master's Thesis]. Çankaya University Graduate School Of Social Sciences.
• Yenihan, B., Balcı, B. ve Vardar, Ç. (2018). Cinsiyet farklılığının kadın çalışanların kariyer planlarına ve kariyer hedeflerine etkileri: havayolu şirketlerinde çalışan kabin memurları üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(1), 176-192.
• Yörük Karakılıç, N. (2019). Evaluation of glass ceiling syndrome in terms of gender discrimination perception. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 17(2), 214-233.
• Zeldin, A. ve Pajares, F. (2000). Against the odds: self-efficacy beliefs of women in mathematical, scientific, and technological careers. American Educational Research Association, 37(1), 215-246.