Özelleşen Savaş ve Askeri Şirketlerin İnsan Hakları Sorumlulukları

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 254 - 270, 24.10.2023

Mehmet Özyürek

Abstract

Küreselleşme özel sektörün payını birçok alanda artırmaktadır. Geleneksel olarak ulus devletlerin sorumluluğu altında değerlendirilen eğitim, sağlık, demiryolları gibi hizmetler bugünün küresel dünyasında birçok ülkede özel şirketler tarafından yerine getirilmektedir. Ayrıca özel işletmeler ulusal hükümetlere silah, silahlı personel ve güvenlik hizmetleri de sağlamaktadır. Son yıllarda yaşanan savaşlar bu özel işletmelerden olan özel askeri şirketlere (ÖAŞ) olan ilgiyi ve talebi artırmıştır. ÖAŞ’lere olan talep artarken savaşların geleceğinde bu şirketlerin rolünün daha önemli hale geleceği tahmin edilmektedir. Öte yandan son 20 yılda ÖAŞ’lerin insan hakları ihlalleri tüm dünyanın dikkatini çekmektedir. ÖAŞ personellerinin karıştığı hak ihlalleri çoğu zaman cezasız kalmaktadır. ÖAŞ’lerin uluslararası denetimi önünde birçok engel bulunmakla birlikte söz konusu şirketlerin insan hakları konusunda küresel denetimini sağlayacak bağlayıcı bir sözleşmeye henüz ulaşılamamıştır. Diğer taraftan söz konusu şirketlerin kontrolünü sağlamak adına bağlayıcı olmayan bazı iyi uygulama ilkeleri oluşmaktadır. Söz konusu ilkeler ÖAŞ’leri diğer sektörlerde olduğu gibi piyasa mekanizmaları aracılığıyla düzenleyerek bu şirketlere etik sorumluluklar yüklemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu gelişmeler ve ÖAŞ’lerin uluslararası denetimindeki zorluklar ÖAŞ'lerin sosyal ve etik sorumluluklarının tartışılmasını da elzem kılmaktadır. Literatürde ÖAŞ’lerin bazı sorumluluklar üstlenebileceği iddia edilmiş olsa da bu çalışmada söz konusu sorumlulukların devletlerin politik tutumları üzerinden şekilleneceği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, günümüz küresel dünyasında savaşın özelleşmesini analiz etmenin yanı sıra ÖAŞ’lerin bağlayıcı olmayan yumuşak hukuk ilkeleri ile uluslararası yönetişiminde ortaya çıkabilecek sorunların normatif bir analizini sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Küreselleşme, uluslararası hukuk, insan hakları, özelleşme, paralı askerler

Privatised War and Responsibilities of Military Companies

Abstract

Globalisation is the main factor improving the share of private actors in different sectors. In today’s global world, a myriad of services, traditionally known as the responsibility of nation states, are being fulfilled by private companies in different countries. Companies address a significant portion of the public needs through private schools, hospitals, railway services etc. Moreover, private companies also provide weapons, armed combat, and security services for national governments. Private Military Companies (PMCs) is one of these companies which have gained importance in the recent wars. It is also expected that the demand for PMSCs will be augmented in the future wars. In addition, human rights violations of PMCs have attracted the attention of the whole world over a couple of decades. The mercenaries of the PMCs responsible for these human rights violations have been unpunished since there are many obstacles in the international regulation of PMCs. Unfortunately, in today’s world, there is no international treaty to regulate global activities of PMCs with respect to human rights. However, some soft law documents, such as non-binding guidelines and codes of conduct, aim to control the activities of PMCs. Such soft law norms focus on improving the ethical behaviour of PMCs through market mechanisms like the codes in other private sectors. These developments and the difficulties in terms of regulation of international activities of PMCs make the discussion of social and ethical responsibilities of PMCs significant. Even though it is claimed that PMCs may have some ethical responsibilities in the existing literature, this study asserts that such responsibilities are likely to be affected by the political interests of national governments. Besides investigating the privatisation of war in today’s global world, this study analyses the difficulties in the international governance of PMCs through non-binding soft law norms.

Keywords

Globalisation, international law, human rights, privatisation, mercenaries

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