Research Article
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The Effect of Loneliness Felt in Participating in Sportive Recreational Activities on Exercise Addiction

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 298 - 311, 26.10.2023

Abstract

Sportive recreational activities benefit individuals physically and mentally. However, it is an undeniable fact that exercise addiction can occur as a result of excessive exercise. On the other hand, it can be said that loneliness will create an addiction to exercise and have negative mental effects on young people. Based on this, the aim of this research is to examine the effect of loneliness felt during participation in sportive recreational activities on exercise addiction. In the research, 469 young individuals who participated in the exercises within the sportive recreational activities were determined as the sample. Loneliness and exercise addiction data obtained from young people through the survey were subjected to statistical analysis. After testing the reliability and validity levels of the measurement model, structural equation analysis was used to test the hypothesis determined in accordance with the theoretical model. In this context, the AMOS program was used. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the feeling of loneliness felt by young people affected the possibility of becoming addicted to exercise in sports recreational activities by 39.8%. As a result, it has been understood that loneliness is an important determining factor in sportive recreational activities as it can increase the possibility of becoming addicted to exercise. For this reason, it can be said that it is necessary to prioritize social interaction.

References

  • Bircher, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kasos, K., Demetrovics, Z., and Szabo, A. (2017). Exercise addiction and personality: A two-decade systematic review of the empirical literature (1995-2015). Baltic Journal of Sports and Health Sciences, 3(106), 19-33.
  • Chekroud, S. R., Gueorguieva, R., Zheutlin, A. B., Paulus, M., Krumholz, H. M., Krystal, J. H., and Chekroud, A. M. (2018). Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1-2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 739-746.
  • Chen, Y., While, A. E., and Hicks, A. (2015). Physical activity among older people living alone in Shanghai, China. Health Education Journal, 74(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896914523943
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 4-18.
  • Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H., Mouta, R., ... and Laks, J. (2009). Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology, 59(4), 191-198.
  • Doğan, T., Çötok, N.A., ve Tekin, E.G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15, 2058–2062. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
  • Dokuzoğlu, G., Çevik, A., Özmaden, M., Yıldız, Y., ve Tezcan, E. (2022). Gençlere yönelik egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği (GYEB): Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 644-653.
  • Elbe, A. M., Lyhne, S. N., Madsen, E. E., and Krustrup, P. (2019). Is regular physical activity a key to mental health? Commentary on “Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study”, by Chekroud et al., published in Lancet Psychiatry. Journal of sport and health science, 8(1), 6-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.005
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., and Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069-4081.
  • Gaskin, J. and Lim, J. (2016). Master Validity Tool. AMOS Plugin: Gaskination's Stat Wiki.
  • George, D., and Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
  • Güvendi, B., Güçlü, M. ve Güvendi, Y. (2019) Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılan Kadınlarda Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Yalnızlık İlişkisi (Esenyurt Belediyesi Örneği), Çukuroca II. Uluslararası Multidisipliner Çalışmalar Kongresi, 26-28 Nisan 2019, Adana, Bildiri Kitabı, 685.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition (7th Editio). Pearson Education.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121.
  • Herbert, C., Meixner, F., Wiebking, C., and Gilg, V. (2020). Regular physical activity, short-term exercise, mental health, and well-being among university students: The results of an online and a laboratory study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 509.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi kavramlar ilkeler teknikler (33.Baskı). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kovacsik R., Soós I., de la Vega R., Ruíz-Barquín R. and Szabo A. (2018). Passion and exercise addiction: Healthier profiles in team than in individual sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2018.1486873
  • Lee, D. C., Pate, R. R., Lavie, C.J., Sui, X., Church, T. S., and Blair, S. N. (2014). Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(5), 472–481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014. 04.058
  • Levit, M., Weinstein, A., Weinstein, Y., Tzur-Bitan, D., and Weinstein, A. (2018). A study on the relationship between exercise addiction, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety and depression among athletes in Israel. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 800-805.
  • Lichtenstein, M.B., Griffiths, M.D., Hemmingsen, S.D., and Støving, R.K. (2018). Exercise addiction in adolescents and emerging adults–Validation of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 117-125.
  • Lim, M. A. (2020). Exercise addiction and COVID-19-associatedrestrictions, Journal of Mental Health, 30(7), 1-3. DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1803234
  • Lukács, A., Sasvári, P., Varga, B., and Mayer, K. (2019). Exercise addiction and its related factors in amateur runners. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 343-349.
  • Menczel Z. (2016). The behavioral and psychological context of exercise dependence (Doctoral dissertation). Semmelweis University, Budapest.
  • Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48-56.
  • Nogueira, A., Tovar-Gálvez, M., González-Hernández, J. (2019). Do It, Don't Feel It, and Be Invincible: A Prolog of Exercise Addiction in Endurance Sports. Frontiers Psycholgy, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692.
  • O’Donovan, G., Blazevich, A. J., Boreham, C., Cooper, A. R., Crank, H., Ekelund, U. … et al., (2010). The ABC of physical activity for health: A consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 573–591. doi:10.1080/0264041 1003671212
  • Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., ... and McIntyre, R. S. (2020). The effect of loneliness on distinct health outcomes: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 294,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514
  • Peluso M.A. and Guerra de Andrade L.H. (2005). Physical activity and mental health: The association between exercise and mood. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 60(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012.
  • Rastad, C., Martin, C., and Åsenlöf, P. (2014). Barriers, benefits, and strategies for physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Physical Therapy, 94(10), 1467-1479. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120443
  • Ren J, and Xiao H. (2023). Exercise for Mental Well-Being: Exploring Neurobiological Advances and Intervention Effects in Depression. Life, 13(7), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071505
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., and Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290–294.
  • Saglam, H.Y., ve Orsal, O. (2020). Effect of exercise on premenstrual symptoms: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 48, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102272
  • Shaphe, M. A., and Chahal, A. (2020). Relation of physical activity with the depression: A short review. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2020.10.1.1
  • Sharma, A., Madaan, V., and Petty, F. D. (2006). Exercise for mental health. Primary care companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 8(2), 106.
  • Syed, N. K., Alqahtani, S. S., Meraya, A. M., Elnaem, M. H., Albarraq, A. A., Syed, M. H., ... and Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Psychological impact of COVID-19 restrictions among individuals at risk of exercise addiction and their socio-demographic correlates: A Saudi Arabian survey study. Current Psychology, 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02892-8
  • Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., Marcos, R. D. L. V., Mervó, B., and Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Focus: addiction: methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 88(3), 303-308.
  • Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J. F., and Needle, R. (1985). The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public health reports, 100(2), 195.
  • TUİK (2023). https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/# Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023
  • Ural, A., ve Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve Spss ile veri analizi (İkinci Baskı). Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Weinstein, A., and Weinstein, Y. (2014). Exercise addiction-diagnosis, bio-psychological mechanisms and treatment issues. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4062–4069. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990614
  • Weinstein, A., Maayan, G., and Weinstein, Y. (2015). A study on the relationship between compulsive exercise, depression and anxiety. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 315-318.
  • Yanguas, J., Pinazo-Henandis, S., and Tarazona-Santabalbina F.J. (2018). The complexity of loneliness. Acta Biomed, 89(2), 302-314. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.

Sportif Rekreasyonel Aktivitelere Katılımda Hissedilen Yalnızlığın Egzersiz Bağımlılığına Etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 298 - 311, 26.10.2023

Abstract

Sportif rekreasyonel aktiviteler fiziksel ve zihinsel anlamda bireylere fayda sağlamaktadır. Ancak aşırı şekilde yapılan egzersiz sonucunda egzersiz bağımlılığı oluşabilme durumu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Öte yandan yalnızlığın egzersize karşı bir bağlılık oluşturma ve gençlere zihinsel anlamda olumsuz etkileri olacağı söylenebilir. Buradan hareketle bu araştırmanın amacı, sportif rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımda hissedilen yalnızlığın egzersiz bağımlılığına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada sportif rekreasyonel aktiviteler içerisinde yer alan egzersizlere katılan 469 genç birey örneklem olarak belirlenmiştir. Anket yoluyla gençlerden elde edilen yalnızlık ve egzersiz bağımlılığı verileri istatistiksel analizlere tabi tutulmuştur. Ölçüm modelinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik düzeylerinin test edilmesinin ardından kurgulanan teorik modele uygun olarak belirlenen hipotezin test edilmesi amacıyla yapısal eşitlik analizlerine başvurulmuştur. Bu kapsamda AMOS programından faydalanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre, gençlerin hissettiği yalnızlık duygusunun sportif rekreasyonel aktivitelerde yaşanan egzersiz bağımlısı olma ihtimalini %39,8 oranında etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sportif rekreasyonel aktivitelerde yalnızlığın egzersiz bağımlısı olma ihtimalini arttırabilmesi nedeniyle önemli bir belirleyici unsur olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle sosyal etkileşimin önde tutulmasının gerekli olduğu söylenebilir.

References

  • Bircher, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kasos, K., Demetrovics, Z., and Szabo, A. (2017). Exercise addiction and personality: A two-decade systematic review of the empirical literature (1995-2015). Baltic Journal of Sports and Health Sciences, 3(106), 19-33.
  • Chekroud, S. R., Gueorguieva, R., Zheutlin, A. B., Paulus, M., Krumholz, H. M., Krystal, J. H., and Chekroud, A. M. (2018). Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1-2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), 739-746.
  • Chen, Y., While, A. E., and Hicks, A. (2015). Physical activity among older people living alone in Shanghai, China. Health Education Journal, 74(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896914523943
  • Demir, A. (1989). UCLA yalnızlık ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(23), 4-18.
  • Deslandes, A., Moraes, H., Ferreira, C., Veiga, H., Silveira, H., Mouta, R., ... and Laks, J. (2009). Exercise and mental health: many reasons to move. Neuropsychobiology, 59(4), 191-198.
  • Doğan, T., Çötok, N.A., ve Tekin, E.G. (2011). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 15, 2058–2062. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053
  • Dokuzoğlu, G., Çevik, A., Özmaden, M., Yıldız, Y., ve Tezcan, E. (2022). Gençlere yönelik egzersiz bağımlılığı ölçeği (GYEB): Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 644-653.
  • Elbe, A. M., Lyhne, S. N., Madsen, E. E., and Krustrup, P. (2019). Is regular physical activity a key to mental health? Commentary on “Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: A cross-sectional study”, by Chekroud et al., published in Lancet Psychiatry. Journal of sport and health science, 8(1), 6-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.005
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., and Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069-4081.
  • Gaskin, J. and Lim, J. (2016). Master Validity Tool. AMOS Plugin: Gaskination's Stat Wiki.
  • George, D., and Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
  • Güvendi, B., Güçlü, M. ve Güvendi, Y. (2019) Rekreatif Faaliyetlere Katılan Kadınlarda Egzersiz Bağımlılığı ile Yalnızlık İlişkisi (Esenyurt Belediyesi Örneği), Çukuroca II. Uluslararası Multidisipliner Çalışmalar Kongresi, 26-28 Nisan 2019, Adana, Bildiri Kitabı, 685.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Global Edition (7th Editio). Pearson Education.
  • Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., and Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106-121.
  • Herbert, C., Meixner, F., Wiebking, C., and Gilg, V. (2020). Regular physical activity, short-term exercise, mental health, and well-being among university students: The results of an online and a laboratory study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 509.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi kavramlar ilkeler teknikler (33.Baskı). Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kovacsik R., Soós I., de la Vega R., Ruíz-Barquín R. and Szabo A. (2018). Passion and exercise addiction: Healthier profiles in team than in individual sports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2018.1486873
  • Lee, D. C., Pate, R. R., Lavie, C.J., Sui, X., Church, T. S., and Blair, S. N. (2014). Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(5), 472–481. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014. 04.058
  • Levit, M., Weinstein, A., Weinstein, Y., Tzur-Bitan, D., and Weinstein, A. (2018). A study on the relationship between exercise addiction, abnormal eating attitudes, anxiety and depression among athletes in Israel. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 800-805.
  • Lichtenstein, M.B., Griffiths, M.D., Hemmingsen, S.D., and Støving, R.K. (2018). Exercise addiction in adolescents and emerging adults–Validation of a youth version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(1), 117-125.
  • Lim, M. A. (2020). Exercise addiction and COVID-19-associatedrestrictions, Journal of Mental Health, 30(7), 1-3. DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1803234
  • Lukács, A., Sasvári, P., Varga, B., and Mayer, K. (2019). Exercise addiction and its related factors in amateur runners. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 343-349.
  • Menczel Z. (2016). The behavioral and psychological context of exercise dependence (Doctoral dissertation). Semmelweis University, Budapest.
  • Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., and Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48-56.
  • Nogueira, A., Tovar-Gálvez, M., González-Hernández, J. (2019). Do It, Don't Feel It, and Be Invincible: A Prolog of Exercise Addiction in Endurance Sports. Frontiers Psycholgy, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02692.
  • O’Donovan, G., Blazevich, A. J., Boreham, C., Cooper, A. R., Crank, H., Ekelund, U. … et al., (2010). The ABC of physical activity for health: A consensus statement from the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28, 573–591. doi:10.1080/0264041 1003671212
  • Park, C., Majeed, A., Gill, H., Tamura, J., Ho, R. C., Mansur, R. B., ... and McIntyre, R. S. (2020). The effect of loneliness on distinct health outcomes: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 294,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113514
  • Peluso M.A. and Guerra de Andrade L.H. (2005). Physical activity and mental health: The association between exercise and mood. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 60(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1807-59322005000100012.
  • Rastad, C., Martin, C., and Åsenlöf, P. (2014). Barriers, benefits, and strategies for physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Physical Therapy, 94(10), 1467-1479. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120443
  • Ren J, and Xiao H. (2023). Exercise for Mental Well-Being: Exploring Neurobiological Advances and Intervention Effects in Depression. Life, 13(7), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13071505
  • Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., and Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290–294.
  • Saglam, H.Y., ve Orsal, O. (2020). Effect of exercise on premenstrual symptoms: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 48, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102272
  • Shaphe, M. A., and Chahal, A. (2020). Relation of physical activity with the depression: A short review. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 10(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.15280/jlm.2020.10.1.1
  • Sharma, A., Madaan, V., and Petty, F. D. (2006). Exercise for mental health. Primary care companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 8(2), 106.
  • Syed, N. K., Alqahtani, S. S., Meraya, A. M., Elnaem, M. H., Albarraq, A. A., Syed, M. H., ... and Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Psychological impact of COVID-19 restrictions among individuals at risk of exercise addiction and their socio-demographic correlates: A Saudi Arabian survey study. Current Psychology, 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02892-8
  • Szabo, A., Griffiths, M. D., Marcos, R. D. L. V., Mervó, B., and Demetrovics, Z. (2015). Focus: addiction: methodological and conceptual limitations in exercise addiction research. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 88(3), 303-308.
  • Taylor, C. B., Sallis, J. F., and Needle, R. (1985). The relation of physical activity and exercise to mental health. Public health reports, 100(2), 195.
  • TUİK (2023). https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/# Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2023
  • Ural, A., ve Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel araştırma süreci ve Spss ile veri analizi (İkinci Baskı). Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Weinstein, A., and Weinstein, Y. (2014). Exercise addiction-diagnosis, bio-psychological mechanisms and treatment issues. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4062–4069. https://doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990614
  • Weinstein, A., Maayan, G., and Weinstein, Y. (2015). A study on the relationship between compulsive exercise, depression and anxiety. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 315-318.
  • Yanguas, J., Pinazo-Henandis, S., and Tarazona-Santabalbina F.J. (2018). The complexity of loneliness. Acta Biomed, 89(2), 302-314. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v89i2.7404.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports and Recreation
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ramazan Özavci 0000-0003-3370-8067

Okan Ünver 0000-0002-9271-3395

Early Pub Date October 24, 2023
Publication Date October 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özavci, R., & Ünver, O. (2023). Sportif Rekreasyonel Aktivitelere Katılımda Hissedilen Yalnızlığın Egzersiz Bağımlılığına Etkisi. Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 298-311.